Slashdot Mirror


US Will Clean Area In Spain Where Hydrogen Bombs Fell (nytimes.com)

HughPickens.com writes: Rafael Minder writes in the NY Times that almost 50 years after coming close to possibly provoking a nuclear disaster, Secretary of State John Kerry, following years of wrangling between Spain and the U.S., signed an agreement to remove contaminated soil from an area in southern Spain where an American warplane accidentally dropped hydrogen bombs. In 1966 a bomber collided with a refueling tanker in midair and dropped four hydrogen bombs, two of which released plutonium into the atmosphere. No warheads detonated, narrowly averting what could have been an explosion more powerful than the atomic strikes against Japan at the end of World War II. Four days after the accident, the Spanish government stated that "the Palomares incident was evidence of the dangers created by NATO's use of the Gibraltar airstrip," announcing that NATO aircraft would no longer be permitted to fly over Spanish territory either to or from Gibraltar. The U.S. later announced that it would no longer fly over Spain with nuclear weapons, and the Spanish government formally banned U.S. flights over its territory that carried such weapons.

Neither Kerry nor Spanish Foreign Minister García-Margallo said exactly how much contaminated soil would be sent back, where it would be stored in the United States, or who would pay for the cleanup — some of the issues that have held up a deal until now. Spain has insisted that any contaminated soil be sent to the United States, because Spain does not have plants to store it. Concern over the site was reawakened in the 1990s when tests revealed high levels of americium, an isotope of plutonium, and further tests showed that 50,000 cubic meters of earth were still contaminated. The Spanish government appropriated the land in 2003 to prevent it being used.

28 of 216 comments (clear)

  1. Americium is NOT an isotope of plutonium by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Informative

    Americium is NOT an isotope of plutonium, it is a decay product of Uranium/Plutonium, specifically

    see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium#Isotope_nucleosyntheses

    Jack ass

    1. Re:Americium is NOT an isotope of plutonium by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Americium, Fuck Yeah!

    2. Re:Americium is NOT an isotope of plutonium by quenda · · Score: 4, Informative

      and while you are at it, plutonium 239 is not "highly radioactive" as claimed in TFA. They might be thinking of pu-238 used in RTGs, or just have no idea what they are talking about. Plutonium 239 is an alpha emitter, so very dangerous if inhaled - a risk after the explosion 50 years ago, but not now that it is bound up in the soil and water. You could safely grown vegetables in the soil and eat them. Just don't grow tobacco - getting pu239 traces in your lungs could give you cancer.

    3. Re:Americium is NOT an isotope of plutonium by Jane+Q.+Public · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Americium is NOT an isotope of plutonium, it is a decay product of Uranium/Plutonium, specifically

      That was the first thing that struck me when I read OP.

      And I think it's probably fair to say that the fact that they didn't blow up was far from an accident; they were designed that way.

  2. Sell it all to FirstAlert by Overzeetop · · Score: 3, Funny

    They'll turn all that Americium into smoke detectors and we'll all get to listen to that fucking beep in the middle of the night because nobody can seem to make a detector that has a light sensor on it.

    --
    Is it just my observation, or are there way too many stupid people in the world?
  3. Americium is a byproduct, not an isotope of Pu by dunkindave · · Score: 3, Informative

    I know the poster pulled it from the article, but Americium is a by-product from the radioactive decay of Plutonium, not an isotope of Plutonium. Isotopes have the same number of protons, and Pu has 94 while Am has 95. Plutonium converts to Americium via a beta decay, which causes a neutron to turn into a proton.

    1. Re:Americium is a byproduct, not an isotope of Pu by CrimsonAvenger · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Plutonium converts to Americium via a beta decay, which causes a neutron to turn into a proton.

      After a couple neutrons are captured. Am-241 is the most common isotope (half life of 400-odd years). Pu-239 captures two neutrons (rarely), then undergoes beta decay to become Am-241.

      Since this normally requires a specially designed reactor to produce, the amount produced casually by four bombs will have been minuscule.

      Which is not to say it shouldn't be cleaned up. Just that the urgency of the cleanup is pretty much consistent with taking 50 years to get around to it.

      Note the amount of material being discussed (50000 m^3 of dirt). Cleanup can be done with one of those big earth movers used when strip mining in a few months, tops....

      --

      "I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
    2. Re:Americium is a byproduct, not an isotope of Pu by bobbied · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Yea it won't take much to clean this up, that's for sure...

      One thing, I'm guessing the Am-241 was in the original fission material of the bomb and not really from Pu-239 decay, but either way, there is going to be so very little of it. Given it's spread out over about 500 acres by the conventional explosives, I'm wondering why Spain is still pushing to get this clean up done. It's been over 50 years now and all a huge excavation project will really accomplish is to make a mess.

      Well, if it pumps some dollars into the local Spanish economy it might be worth the trouble... But really, what's the big deal at this point? Couldn't we just pay them for the land, put up a fence with "keep out for 3,000 years" signs and be done with this? Or is having this material so dangerous to Spain that it's worth taking a few million cubic meters of dirt and dumping it in the ocean?

      --
      "File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
  4. "No Explosion" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Of course there wasn't. This isn't nitroglycerin, and there are SO MANY layers of safety devices on these bombs this just not a possibility. The bomb has to be employed intentionally.

    1. Re:"No Explosion" by Beck_Neard · · Score: 4, Informative

      While it's true that nuclear weapons usually have to be detonated in a very precise manner to create a full yield explosion, it's not true that accidental detonation is not a possibility. Depending on the weapon design, accidental detonation can actually be quite likely (a few percent of all hypothetical impact/fire scenarios). The details of this can get very technical, but the gist of it is that due to various size constraints many weapons were designed with two-point detonation systems ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... ) and these are very prone to accidental nuclear detonation. It was partly as a response to this that insensitive high explosive detonators were developed. Labs like DART have the responsibility of thoroughly testing nuclear weapons primaries to make sure that (1) they will explode when required and (2) will not explode when not required.

      'Safety devices' are a completely different issue and they prevent an unauthorized person from activating the device's detonator.

      --
      A fool and his hard drive are soon parted.
    2. Re:"No Explosion" by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 4, Informative

      Isn't it wonderful that Spain appreciates that we kept a certain person from waltzing through France and down the Iberian peninsula

      Spain was an ally of the Nazis. The Nazis helped Franco win the Spanish Civil War. Spain sent more than 45,000 troops to fight with the Germans on the Eastern Front. Hitler pressured Franco to attack the British and drive them out of Gibraltar, but the British made it clear that if Gibraltar was attacked, they would immediately seize the Canary Islands.

    3. Re:"No Explosion" by bobbied · · Score: 4, Informative

      This bomb design actually was a bit dangerous because the conventional explosives where a bit unstable during aircraft crash events. This crash and another one two years later caused a number of changes to nuclear bomb design after the Mk28.

      Where I don't think "narrowly avoided a nuclear explosion" is anywhere near accurate, these bombs did explode conventionally and spread their radioactive content around and there is a *remote* possibility that these devices when flying in the "Chrome Dome" operation could have accidently caused a nuclear explosion during a crash because they would have been fully armed physically. I hear that the Mk28 had a number of fail physical and electrical fail safe systems that made it nearly impossible to explode in a nuclear way, but it's not impossible to have these systems disabled/defeated during an accident. If it could go nuclear on command, it's remotely possible to do it on accident.

      --
      "File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
    4. Re:"No Explosion" by Eythian · · Score: 4, Informative

      You should read "Command and Control." It's a very good book, but you come away with the feeling that it was more good luck than good management that there were no accidental nuclear detonations. And then you consider that the Soviet side was probably at least as bad, if not worse, and you're surprised there's still a planet here at all.

  5. Re:wait a second by sexconker · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I know I shat on your carpet while running through your house uninvited, but why should I have to clean it up?

  6. That's not what "narrow" means by chispito · · Score: 3, Insightful
    Sorry, but that's not what "narrow" means, because that's not how nuclear weapons are detonated. If there was a remote chance of setting off a hydrogen bomb simply by dropping it, I don't think even the craziest hawk would have been putting the things in planes to begin with.

    No warheads detonated, narrowly averting what could have been an explosion more powerful than the atomic strikes against Japan at the end of World War II.

    --
    The Daddy casts sleep on the Baby. The Baby resists!
    1. Re:That's not what "narrow" means by tnk1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Because nuclear weapons tend to require carefully timed simultaneous detonations of explosives in a controlled manner in order to compress the fission core to a supercritical mass, it is unlikely that simply dropping the bomb (unarmed) or even having some of the explosives used for core compression go off will create an actual nuclear scale detonation.

      However, the explosives for the explosive lens can go off and distribute radioactive material over a relatively wide area. This was more of a threat in the past, when explosives used in the bombs were somewhat more sensitive. Additionally, some explosives become more sensitive over time, so bombs stored for long periods could have somewhat more sensitive explosives and react badly to an accidental drop or crash.

      All of that being said... an actual accidental nuclear explosion is extremely unlikely, but not entirely impossible in the case of an accident, and it was much, much more likely back when these bombs were dropped in Spain.

      Also, there was one time where a bomb was lost where all but one of the safeties had been deactivated. And that was a mechanical breaker which could well have been flipped. Luckily, that sort of thing was much more common when SAC was actually doing regular strategic deterrent missions and bomb design had not progressed as far as it has today.

  7. Re:wait a second by AHuxley · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The highly toxic US equipment left scattered over the years can be found and recovered by US crews that are used to dealing with such rather common events.
    The US has mentioned it had a few nuclear related issues due to the huge numbers of nuclear armed flights around the world, crew issues, equipment issues.
    United States military nuclear incident terminology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
    List of military nuclear accidents https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...
    has other details over the decades surrounding issues like accidental criticality, non-nuclear detonation of an atomic bomb, partial meltdown, weapons jettisoned and not recovered, fire, release of nuclear materials, nuclear bomb lost...
    Most nations like to be seen to clean up after their own crashes to fully recover secrets, methods, materials and put a good media spin on been nice to nations where they have bases or want to have more bases.

    --
    Domestic spying is now "Benign Information Gathering"
  8. Re:wait a second by willworkforbeer · · Score: 4, Funny

    Wells, we did drop four hydrogen bombs during a plane wreck....

    Worst. Pilot. Resume. Ever.

    --
    Pretending this is my office full of bitter coworkers..
  9. Re:wait a second by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    no, it's more like saying your grandfather took a dump on my carpet and the estate has been dodging responsibility ever since.

  10. Re:Long time by lhowaf · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Yes, we'll all remember your name, A.C.

    So much for accepting responsibility...

  11. Not sure if funny or sad. by sims+2 · · Score: 3, Funny

    So we have agreed to clean it up where are we going to put it?

    The US agreed to store nuclear waste from all of our reactors back in the 1960's they still haven't been able to decide where to put it over 50 years later.

    If they do clean it up and ship it back to the US by boat it will stay on that boat at the dock until the boat rusts out and sinks.

    --
    Minimum threshold fixed. Thanks!
  12. Re:wait a second by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Are you serious ?
    If it were Spanish H bombs on US soil would you let Spain off the hook for the expensive cleanup ?
    Since you don't believe in responsibility, let's give BP a refund for clearing up their own mess too.

    Fuckwit.

  13. Re:wait a second by bobbied · · Score: 4, Insightful

    i mean it sucks and all, but why should we be on the hook for this???

    Well, let me see. The aircraft that crashed where ours. The bombs where ours. The pilots where ours and we where flying alone. The wreckage from the accident which was totally our fault fell on Spain... Hmmm...I don't know, Maybe we are responsible for the mess and should clean it up?

    --
    "File to fit, pound to insert, paint to match" - Aircraft Maintenance 101
  14. Radioactive or chemical hazard? by Michael+Woodhams · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Although people associate uranium with radioactivity, it is only very slightly radioactive (half life > 1 billion years), so if you don't assemble a critical mass the danger is actually chemical. (Heavy metals have a strong tendency to be toxic.)

    Other posters have said that here we are dealing with plutonium-239, which has a half life of 24000 years. That is orders of magnitude greater activity (shorter life) than uranium. I've reached the end of my knowledge here - which is worse, is the radioactivity or the chemical toxicity of plutonium-239?

    TFA suggests they are worried about radioactivity: "A main concern has been that the remaining plutonium was being allowed to degenerate into other radioactive components like americium, which emits gamma rays that travel farther and are hard to block" but concern is not always well founded, and reporters don't always get it right.

    --
    Quattuor res in hoc mundo sanctae sunt: libri, liberi, libertas et liberalitas.
  15. read "Command and Control" by decsnake · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The posters here with the blase attitudes regarding nuclear weapons accidents ought to consider reading the book "Command and Control" and marvel at the fact we made it thru the cold war at all.

    Regarding clean-up: when accidents happened on US territory we cleaned it up, even at Thule AFB, which is about as close to the end of the earth as you can get. We also contaminated the other end of the earth for good measure (leaky reactor at McMurdo Station Antarctica). In both cases the contaminated soil was 'disposed of' at the Savannah River Plant.

  16. They do have light sensors by Roger+W+Moore · · Score: 4, Funny

    They'll turn all that Americium into smoke detectors and we'll all get to listen to that fucking beep in the middle of the night because nobody can seem to make a detector that has a light sensor on it.

    Of course they have light sensors in them. That's how they know to wait until the middle of the night before they start beeping.

  17. Re:An excuse by turbidostato · · Score: 4, Informative

    "I'm guessing a lot of American dollars will also head that way since Spain is pretty much insolvent"

    Debt-to-GDP ratio:
    USA: 101.33%
    Spain: 97.70%

    If Spain is "pretty much insolvent" what does that make for USA?

  18. Re:wait a second by silentcoder · · Score: 3

    >They were our nukes. It's not cool to drop nukes on a country you're not at war with.

    To be fair, it's also not cool to drop nukes on a country you ARE at war with... that sort of shit leads to extinction level events.

    --
    Unicode killed the ASCII-art *