Slashdot Mirror


Big Test Coming Up For Kilogram Redefinition (ieee.org)

szotz writes: Electromechanical balances have got to be better than an aged lump of platinum and iridium right? Teams are working to get kilograms measured and shipped to Paris in time for a test to see whether the technology (along with another that uses ultrapure silicon spheres) is now ready to redefine the kilogram. Why is this redefinition interesting? Because it's about using physics to overcome one problem with weight standards based on tightly held exemplars in standards bodies' inner sanctums: the mass of those exemplars can change, however subtly, introducing uncertainty and confusion. From the article: The world's metrologists aim to change this state of affairs in 2018 by fixing the kilogram to the Planck constant, a fundamental physical constant. That shift would, at least in principle, allow any laboratory to "realize" the kilogram from scratch with a series of experiments and specialized equipment. But for that scheme to work, the kilogram derived by one laboratory must be the same as those derived by others.

127 comments

  1. So really... by houstonbofh · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    So really it is just a global scientific test of who's is bigger.

    1. Re:So really... by sehlat · · Score: 3, Funny

      So really it is just a global scientific test of who's is bigger.

      No, it's a multiplayer game of "You show me yours and I'll show you mine."

    2. Re:So really... by WarJolt · · Score: 0

      So really it is just a global scientific test of who's is bigger.

      I've got giant silicon balls.

    3. Re:So really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    4. Re:So really... by Noah+Haders · · Score: 0, Offtopic

      if they're looking for a massive weight, I know for a fact that your mom is free right now.

    5. Re:So really... by davester666 · · Score: 1

      Mine is closer to "just right" than yours is.

      --
      Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
    6. Re:So really... by davester666 · · Score: 0

      Nope. Her break between clients is only 2 minutes.

      --
      Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
    7. Re:So really... by bickerdyke · · Score: 1

      But are they ultra-pure?

      --
      bickerdyke
    8. Re:So really... by thegarbz · · Score: 1, Funny

      I only come here for the comments and quality discussion. Did not leave disappointed.

    9. Re:So really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, really it's a test of whose is bigger.

    10. Re:So really... by Golddess · · Score: 1

      Usually, one wants to be the biggest in such tests. Here, presumably everyone wants to be the same.

      --
      "I'm not sure I like the fugnutish tone you used in your post!" -RogL (608926)-
    11. Re:So really... by U2xhc2hkb3QgU3Vja3M · · Score: 1

      This is no time to be eating cereals, get back to work!

    12. Re:So really... by rubycodez · · Score: 1

      he's referring to first-time customers getting a freebie

    13. Re:So really... by rubycodez · · Score: 1

      It's my new hit song, "would anyone like to weigh my giant white silicon balls"

    14. Re:So really... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      She escaped again?

    15. Re:So really... by Bengie · · Score: 1
      http://www.nist.gov/pml/si-red...

      The balls are highly enriched, consisting of 99.9995% silicon-28 with a minimum of the other isotopes found in natural-abundance silicon.

    16. Re:So really... by slashdotwannabe · · Score: 2

      My mom is a 1 Kilogram reference weight you insensitive clod!

      --
      This comment is my opinion and does not represent an official position of Donald Trump or others I do not work for
  2. so by slazzy · · Score: 2, Funny

    Sounds like they won't be needing that kilo of platnium anymore... Send it to me please.

    --
    Website Just Down For Me? Find out
  3. conventions and relativity by eyenot · · Score: 0

    hey, that's cool. the planck constant can not and will not ever, ever possibly change. right, literally everyone alive now and in the foreseeable future?

    *hell freezes over*

    hello?

    --
    "Stratigraphically the origin of agriculture and thermonuclear destruction will appear essentially simultaneous" -- Lee
    1. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why the planck constant then? Why not e, or (pi), or any other constant, for that matter? If you're going to change the definition, isn't it just a matter of choosing the close enough factor?

      By the way, I'm asking. I am ignorant about this.

    2. Re:conventions and relativity by stevelinton · · Score: 2

      e and pi are numbers. You need actual physical constants like the mass of a proton or Planck's cpnstant.

      It is indeed just a matter of choosing "close enough factor", but close enough (to avoiding needing to redo or change any measurements that anyone uses) is pretty close, about one part in 100 billion. Being sure that we have done that is the hard part.

    3. Re:conventions and relativity by aliquis · · Score: 2

      Shouldn't it be the "general" definition? Fuck the metal weight - 1 kg is 1 liter of (distilled/pure) water (at 1 atmosphere pressure)? The amount of heavy hydrogen messes it up? 1 atmosphere of pressure isn't the same at all places on the earth due to varying gravity?

    4. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Yes. How many atoms are there in 1 liter? I guess you could go more 'general' and say how many drops of water? But then, how big are the drops of water? What about the absorbtion rate of the material, can it only be measured in glass? is this deformed at 1 atmosphere pressure? evaporation rates?

      Then you get to mineral/chemical impurities, atmospheric disturbances, etc.

      Maybe 1 kg vs 0.999997 kg doesn't mater to you but there are many cases where it will. And calibrating our scales to allow that fine-grained approach is nothing but a Good Thing.

    5. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Because of units. Planck is in J*s == kg*m^2/s , or so. So, you combine things we're pretty sure are constants (generally, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units or things derived from them), that have the right units, until you get kilograms. e.g., speed of light in vacuum is m/s, so it's easy to define a meter as the distance light travels in some (small) amount of time.

      Then you'll have some constant factor left over you multiply by to get it "close enough" to what we currently consider a kilogram.

    6. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why the planck constant then? Why not e, or (pi), or any other constant, for that matter?

      All mathematical constants are dimensionless. There's no way, for example, to relate a measurement of frequency (in hertz) to a measurement of energy (in joules) with mathematical constants. Whereas the Planck constant has dimensions of energy-over-frequency, so it converts between the two: you can take light of a given frequency, multiply it by the Planck constant, and you'll get an amount of energy (which just happens to correspond to the energy per photon of that light).

    7. Re:conventions and relativity by stevelinton · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Whatever standard you adopt needs to be reproducable within the limits of the best current measurements by any other technique. Otherwise when people want a stable reproducible result they will use the other technique and the standard won't have worked. Measuring volume of water, purity, temperature and pressure is just not precisely reproducible enough

    8. Re:conventions and relativity by complete+loony · · Score: 2

      First we define what Avogadro's number is. Based on a measurement of the number of atoms in a silicon sphere of known mass. The ratio between the weight of a single silicon atom and plancks constant is already known, so this would give us a way to convert from plancks constant to a new definition of a kilogram.

      Of course, measuring the number of atoms in a silicon sphere is hard to reproduce. Enter the other competing method, the watt balance.

      Place an object on a speaker cone, then measure the current required to hold it aloft. Move the speaker cone, measure both the created voltage and the velocity. We can use these measurements of current, voltage, velocity and a measurement of the local acceleration of gravity, to calculate the mass of the object. This is equivalent to measuring the value of an electrical watt in SI units, which allows us to also compare the measured mass to plancks constant.

      --
      09F91102 no, 455FE104 nope, F190A1E8 uh-uh, 7A5F8A09 that's not it, C87294CE no. Ah! 452F6E403CDF10714E41DFAA257D313F.
    9. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why go for some exotic constant which, given the development of science, won't be constant in a couple of years, and not go for the total quantity of intelligence in the world, which everybody knows it's constant.

    10. Re:conventions and relativity by silentcoder · · Score: 1

      Because if Planck's constant changes - every law of physics is diffferent and we can't make any predictions about how. Seriously, a universe where Planck's constant is different could be 3x3m square vaccuum containing a single deck chair. There is nothing in modern physics that preclude the big bang forming into this tiny pet universe with it's comfortable single amalgamation of matter that is NOT dependent on Planck's constant being the one we know.

      --
      Unicode killed the ASCII-art *
    11. Re:conventions and relativity by silentcoder · · Score: 1

      Actually - it would make more sense to define that one the other way around. If you have an atomic-accuracy measurement for mass, then it's much more sensible to define volume from mass than the other way around: so you would instead define liter as "the volume of a kilogram of water when these conditions are all at these specific values".

      --
      Unicode killed the ASCII-art *
    12. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh, it used to be that. Turns out its impossible to really ever get this reliably to work at good accuracy.

      Your water - how pure is it really? How high is the deuterium fraction? What kind of gas is in solution? How does it corrode the vessel it is in? whats the pH value? How much does evaporate?

      Remember, if you have it in a closed vessel, you always also have to weight the vessel, too .

    13. Re:conventions and relativity by rubycodez · · Score: 2

      except your 1 atmosphere is 101325 Pa, a Pa being 1 newton per square meter, a newton being defined as force needed to accelerate *1 kilgram* at 1 meter per second squared

      do you see any problem?

    14. Re:conventions and relativity by Goaway · · Score: 1

      This was the definition for a few years in the eighteenth century, before it was quickly changed.

      It's such a bad definition, it was not worthy using even back then.

    15. Re:conventions and relativity by UnknownSoldier · · Score: 2

      > Why the planck constant then? Why not e, or (pi), or any other constant, for that matter?

      Because:

      a) the universe is quantized / discrete / digital,
      b) Plank Length and Planck Time are thought to be the smallest possible divisions of space and time respectively, (if there are any smaller divisions we're unable to measure them)
      c)

      The Planck length can be defined from three fundamental physical constants: the speed of light in a vacuum, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant.

      Planck units also has this interesting tidbit:

      Natural units began in 1881, when George Johnstone Stoney derived units of length, time, and mass, now named Stoney units in his honor, by normalizing G, c, and the electron charge e to 1. (Stoney was also the first to hypothesize that electric charge is quantized and hence to see the fundamental character of e.) Max Planck first set out the base units (qP excepted) later named in his honor, in a paper presented to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in May 1899.[9][10] That paper also includes the first appearance of a constant named b, and later called h and named after him. The paper gave numerical values for the base units, in terms of the metric system of his day, that were remarkably close to those in Table 2. We are not sure just how Planck came to discover these units because his paper gave no algebraic details.

      Cleaning up the "sloppy" definition of kg for something extremely precise is LONG overdue.

      However, the bigger problem with the SI system is that the 7 fundamental (sic.) units are NOT independent from one another; that is, the definitions for Candela, Mole, Amp and Kelvin, are *dependent* upon the definition of the kg !? Worse, the mole and candela are completely _redundant_. So much for being "fundamental units."

      See this pic:

      http://www.blazelabs.com/pics/...

      --
      When are Scientists going to discover the 6 fundamental forces?

    16. Re:conventions and relativity by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      However, the bigger problem with the SI system is that the 7 fundamental (sic.) units are NOT independent from one another; that is, the definitions for Candela, Mole, Amp and Kelvin, are *dependent* upon the definition of the kg !? Worse, the mole and candela are completely _redundant_. So much for being "fundamental units."

      Why exactly is this a problem?

      When are Scientists going to discover the 6 fundamental forces?

      You don't have to advertise that you're a crank, you know. However, if you do, then you may as well throw in a hyperlink so we know what kind of crank you are.

    17. Re:conventions and relativity by aliquis · · Score: 1

      But we already have one for the liter?
      "1 liter = 1.18101066 Ã-- 10^(-51) cubic light years"
      (that one likely rounded off but you get the idea.)

      "Add one 6 Ã-- 10^(-54) cubic light years of tea-leaves per cup."

    18. Re:conventions and relativity by aliquis · · Score: 1

      The idea was that 1 atmosphere would be the the pressure of 10 meters of water (where?! :D) and it would all be solved out by having the same water and the same light-speed.

      Bwah, imperial is better:
      One liter = "The volume of the brain-substance you easily can scrape out with some residues left in the skull." ;D

    19. Re:conventions and relativity by UnknownSoldier · · Score: 1

      > Why exactly is this a problem?

      /sarcasm If only there was a place on the internet that discussed this ... Problem with redundant SI fundamental units

      "Proposed_redefinition_of_SI_base_units#Impact_on_base_unit_definitions"
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

      Impetus for change

      Changing the underlying principles behind the definition of the SI base units is not without precedent. The 11th CGPM (1960) defined the SI metre in terms of the wavelength of krypton-86 radiation, replacing the pre-SI metre bar. The 13th CGPM (1967) replaced the original definition of the second (which was based on a back-calculation of the Earth's rotation in the year 1900) with a definition based on the frequency of the radiation emitted between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. And the 17th CGPM (1983) replaced the 1960 definition of the metre with one based on the second, by giving an exact definition of the speed of light in units of metres per second. [14]

      Over the years, drifts of up to 2x10â'8 kilograms per annum in the national prototype kilograms relative to the international prototype kilogram have been detected. There was no way of determining whether the national prototypes were gaining mass or whether the IPK was losing mass. [15] At the 21st meeting of the CGPM (1999), national laboratories were urged to investigate ways of breaking the link between the kilogram and a specific artefact. Newcastle University metrologist Peter Cumpson has since identified mercury vapour absorption or carbonaceous contamination as possible causes of this drift. [16][17]

      Independently of this drift having been identified, the Avogadro project and development of the Watt balance promised methods of indirectly measuring mass with a very high precision. These projects provided tools that would enable alternative means of redefining the kilogram. [18]

      A report published in 2007 by the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) to the CIPM noted that their current definition of temperature has proved to be unsatisfactory for temperatures below 20 kelvins and for temperatures above 1300 kelvins. The committee was of the view that the Boltzmann constant provided a better basis for temperature measurement than did the triple point of water, as it overcame these difficulties.[19]

      At its 23rd meeting (2007), the GCPM mandated the CIPM to investigate the use of natural constants as the basis for all units of measure rather than the artefacts that were then in use. The following year this was endorsed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).[20] At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading, United Kingdom, in September 2010, a resolution [21] and draft changes to the SI brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle. [22] The CIPM meeting of October 2010 found that "the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met.[Note 2] For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time"; [24] however, the CIPM presented a resolution for consideration at the 24th CGPM (17â"21 October 2011) to agree the new definitions in principle, but not to implement them until the details have been finalised. [25] This resolution was accepted by the conference, [26] and in addition the CGPM moved the date of the 25th meeting forward from 2015 to 2014.[27][28] At the 25th meeting (18â"20 November 2014), it was found that "despite [the progress in the necessary requirements] the data do not yet appear to be sufficiently robust for the CGPM to adopt the revised SI at its 25th meeting", [29] thus postponing the revision to the next meeting in 2018.

      > You don't have to advertise that

    20. Re:conventions and relativity by eyenot · · Score: 1

      (people, my point was that if the universe is contracting or expanding, something as co-involved as Planck's constant could easily change and we wouldn't be able to measure it as all of our measuring devices and things they're measuring would be contracting or expanding simultaneously. sheesh. how i got downvoted to 0 on a subject that sprang so much discussion is typical slashdot and yet completely beyond me.)

      --
      "Stratigraphically the origin of agriculture and thermonuclear destruction will appear essentially simultaneous" -- Lee
  4. Silicone. It's called silicone. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I don't get it why you always keep confusing those two. The one for implants is called silicone.

    Capito?

    1. Re:Silicone. It's called silicone. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't get it why you always keep confusing those two. The one for implants is called silicone.

      Capito?

      Yeah, these idiots think there's silicon in silicone.

    2. Re:Silicone. It's called silicone. by rpstrong · · Score: 1

      I don't get it why you always keep confusing those two. The one for implants is called silicone.

      Capito?

      But my balls are sandy.

  5. Measurements by Okian+Warrior · · Score: 4, Informative

    Why the planck constant then? Why not e, or (pi), or any other constant, for that matter? If you're going to change the definition, isn't it just a matter of choosing the close enough factor?

    By the way, I'm asking. I am ignorant about this.

    The fundamental distinction between math and physics is measurement. We need to base the physical constants on something measured from the universe we're interested in.

    As a simple example, mathematics defines and explores 3 basic forms of geometry: Euclidean, hyperbolic, and elliptic.

    The distinction between these is based on the curvature of space as defined by the behaviour of parallel lines: if parallel lines eventually meet, then space has positive curvature like the surface of a sphere. If parallel lines diverge, then space has a negative curvature like the surface of a saddle. And if parallel lines stay parallel, then space has zero curvature and is Euclidean.

    Three equally valid forms of geometry, but which one does the universe have? To choose the correct model, we have to measure the actual universe.

    The same is true with the fundamental physical constants. There's any number of ways to base our measurements on pure math, but these don't necessarily reflect the reality we live in.

    To do that, we need to take a measurement.

    1. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Interesting

      To bolster the argument, look at the fine-structure constant. When Arnold Sommerfeld introduced the constant in 1916, Arthur Eddington argued that you could get to it by pure math and found that for completely logical reasons, the constant should be exactly 1/136. When later measurements put the value closer to 1/137, he discovered an error in his deduction and published a new paper that the constant should be for even more logical reasons exactly 1/137. Currently measurements put the value of the fine-structure constant at about 1/137.036, and no numerological explanation so far has been accepted.

    2. Re:Measurements by tal_mud · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Though the above is true, it is *not* the reason why we can't base the kilo on some arbitrary multiple of Pi. The point is that we want to be able to actually reproduce the reference kilo in any lab. Take for example the definition of the meter as the distance travelled by light in 1/(299,792,458) of a second. A lab can actually measure the length light travels in that amount of time and thus reproduce the canonical meter. If we just defined the meter as 1/Pi, there would be no way to convert this number to an actual length.

      When the article says that they define the kilo in terms of Planck's constant, they mean that you take the ratio of all sorts of measured quantities in the lab and the laws of physics say that the result should be the mass of what you are measuring times Planck's constant. The true emphasis is that the measurement is proportional to the mass of what you measured, not that the constant of proportionality is Planck's constant (except of course for the fact that we assume that the constant of proportionality, Planck's constant, being part of the fundamental laws of physics, is independent of where and when we do the measurement (at least in the time and distance scales that physics has managed to probe).

    3. Re:Measurements by serviscope_minor · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Well, this certainly qualifies as news for nerds! It's news, technical and amazingly esoteric.

      Why the planck constant then? Why not e, or (pi), or any other constant, for that matter?

      Neither e nor pi are physical constants. They are unitless mathematical constants, so you'd have to specify e or pi *somethings*. It's the somethings that are important at which point neither e nor pi would come into it all that much.

      By way of example:

      The second is defined in terms of a physical constant: "the duration of 9192631770 cycles of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom." The important thing about this is that this was not the original definition of a second. The second was a bit more vague, so at some point a bunch of metrologists got together and declared that from now on this SHALL be the definition of a second and shall supercede all previous definitions.

      The kit to measure a second is withing reach of well funded science labs and can be reproduced independently. You need the high frequency counter (capable of 10GHz operation), some pure caesium, and an assload of expensive support equipment and liquid helium and you can measure a second.

      Once you have the second, you can move on. The meter is defined in terms of the second and the speed of light: as the distance travelled by light in a specific fraction (1/299 792 458) of a second. Much like before, this is a declaration by fiat, and is very very close to and supersedes the old platinum iriduim rod in Paris.

      Now, here's where it gets interesting!

      First, an aside:

      The reason for Planck's constant comes down to what is colloquially known as E=mc^2, or more generally E= h v where v is momentum and h is plank's constant. In other words, Planck's constant connects energy, mass and time.

      Here's a nice link:

      www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/RoySoc/Michael_Stock.pdf

      It's a bit more detailed, but essentially it relates the Kg, Planck's constant and a few others which are known. So, if you know what the Kg is exactly then you can measure Planck's constant with a Watt balance very accurately.

      So what you do is calibrate the Watt balance with the prototype Kg, and measure Planck's constant. You then declare (by fiat) that Planck's constant is EXACTLY what you've written down and so now the Kg is defined in terms of that number, not the other way around.

      In principal, now someone can build their own Watt balance, plug in the numbers which are now just numbers and measure their own chunk of metal to find out how much it weighs in Kg.

      So that is a nutshell is why h is appropriate and pi and e aren't.

      The other option is to build a very very pure, very very precise silicon sphere, in which case the Kg will be essentially determined by a single number which is the number of silicon atoms in a Kg. That will be measures in terms of the meter (for both the bond spacing of silicon and the radius of the sphere). In that case, Planck's constant will still be defined in terms of the Kg, not the reverse. In this case, pi would make it into the definition, via the volume of a sphere, of course, but in a somewhat peripheral role.

      The question is whether we (collectively) can make silicon spheres more accurately than we can make Watt balances, or the reverse, right now.

      --
      SJW n. One who posts facts.
    4. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      FYI: kg, not Kg. The kilo prefix is lowercase k. (Nevermind the broken "K" and related prefixes used in IT.) Kg could be interpreted as Kelvin-grams, which would be an interesting measure, though I've no idea where you might find that being used...

    5. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Here, you dropped this -----> )

    6. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      If they converge or diverge, then they are not parallel. Problem solved. Give me my nobel.

    7. Re:Measurements by lsllll · · Score: 1

      A lab can actually measure the length light travels in that amount of time and thus reproduce the canonical meter.

      I hope they all use the same excellent pump to create a vacuum as closely equal to the outer space as possible, otherwise their measurements will vary significantly

      --
      Is that a roll of dimes in your pocket or are you happy to see me?
    8. Re:Measurements by Swave+An+deBwoner · · Score: 1

      The key is to use the same amount of oil in the pump: exactly 1 kilogram.

    9. Re:Measurements by thisisauniqueid · · Score: 2

      You forgot your units: 1 meter = 1/Pi wandering albatross wingspans. Therein lies the problem for reproducibility between labs: the albatrosses won't hold still.

    10. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Moreover, 1/137.036 is \alpha in the Thompson limit (\alpha(\mu = m_e)), but it's a running constant which is energy-scale-dependent. For instance, far from the Thompson limit, at the electroweak energy scale, it's about 1/128 (\alpha(\mu = M_Z)).

      A numerological explanation for something which should be tested experimentally, that's very 1930s. Eddington just missed out on fixing the value in a seance involving Arthur Conan Doyle...

    11. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Devil's advocate.

      Units of time are not based on physical constants but:

      1) The breakdown of bigger units of time derived from the amount of time it takes a random planet to rotate with respect to a random (non-typical) star and without regard to changes in that observation from the planet's orbit around said star (which was a later and still flawed basis for time), movements of the planet's surface, or the release of rotational energy to tectonics or artificial and natural satellites being boosted or retarded from their initial velocities on close passes or impacts.

      2) The vibrations of an atom which isn't terribly stable (chemically) or found in much abundance with respect to the rest of the universe and which is actually calculated as a weighted average of hundred's of such clocks opposed to a single experiment thereby adding statistical error to what should be a deterministic calculation.

      So, how much can we rely on a meter to be a meter WRT the natural world again?

    12. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hate to reply to myself, but I don't like leaving problems without answers. If a physicist can explain if this is inherently more error prone and how/why, I would appreciate it.

      So the problem, to restate, is not the precision of the atomic clock, but it's accuracy

      My proposal is to derive both distance and length using speed of light (fundamental constant), but use quantum energy of electrons to define distance.

      If we take a neutral hydrogen atom (fully ground state), there is a finite amount of energy in the form of a single photon that can kick that electron up to an elevated energy level. That one photon must carry that energy via its wavelength / frequency as it's velocity is locked at c (as it is for all photons regardless of energy)

      So, experimentally we send one photon at a time to our ground state atom(s), and when we finally excite an electron, the system should react differently than prior tests (prior to this point we should just get our photon back out with no interactions)

      Now, we have a set frequency. We can measure distance as the displacement from source it takes that photon (or the emitted photon from the adsorbing / interacting hydrogen atom as it returns to ground state) to go through one (or any integer number more) wavelength(s). Time could then be defined as the amount of time required to go that distance using the speed of light in a vacuum.

      The measurement of time then distance can be done in opposite order if desired since wavelength is the inverse of frequency.

      My guess is the major sources of error are the tuning / measuring of the frequency of photons being fired at the hydrogen atom and how much (if any) does temperature affect the absorption spectra of hydrogen (if it does have appreciable effect, then how close to absolute zero do we need to be to have a true standard?)

    13. Re:Measurements by lhowaf · · Score: 1

      Thanks - that was clear and concise!

      Wouldn't it be a lot easier to use a gram or micro-gram or some smaller sphere?

    14. Re:Measurements by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I always imagined that if our universe is a simulation in some giant computer, then the basic physical constants would be nice round integers. And we don't see it because we chose stupid prototype base units (meter, kg, second).

    15. Re:Measurements by jfengel · · Score: 1

      Planck's constant itself is really just an artifact of having chosen units like meters, grams, and seconds, which are arbitrary products of a combination of numerology and the dimensions of the earth. In natural units, Planck's constant would be 1. So would the speed of light, Newton's gravitational constant, and several others.

      The "real" constants of the universe are dimensionless constants that hold no matter what your units are, like the ratio of the mass of the down quark to the electron, and the coupling constants of the Standard Model (which includes the fine structure constant). Those appear to be the actual tuning knobs of the universe, at least as far as we can tell so far.

      Physicists work in natural units all the time, which saves a lot of scratching on paper. Engineers, of course, don't like to work in them, so you have to convert everything back into meters and kilograms and such if you're going to build experiments. So you still need those arbitrary agreed-upon units and the constants needed to get there, with as much precision as you can muster.

    16. Re:Measurements by Martin+Blank · · Score: 1

      The smaller the object to be measured to a given degree, the greater the uncertainty. Measuring a 1kg mass to within a nanogram gives you a thousand times less uncertainty than measuring a 1g mass to within a nanogram.

      --
      You can never go home again... but I guess you can shop there.
    17. Re:Measurements by sexconker · · Score: 1

      No, it gives you 1/1000th the uncertainty. It doesn't give you negative 999 times the uncertainty of the other (1 - 1000).

    18. Re:Measurements by tal_mud · · Score: 1

      Thanks for "picking up" on that :-)

    19. Re:Measurements by Martin+Blank · · Score: 1

      That's what "1000 times less" refers to. Multiplication is part of that, and the "less" implies division.

      --
      You can never go home again... but I guess you can shop there.
    20. Re:Measurements by sexconker · · Score: 1

      You're completely wrong.

      More means addition, less means subtraction. Just like in math and English.
      Times means multiplication. Just like in math and English.
      Fractions (half, third, fourth) mean division. Just like in math and English.

      4 is 2 more than 2.
      4 is 1 time more than 2.
      4 is 2 times 2.
      4 is 100 percent more than 2.

      2 is 2 less than 4.
      2 is 0.5 times less than 4.
      2 is 0.5 times 4.
      2 is 50 percent less than 4.

      The only thing implied is what "times" and "percent" relate to. (Hint, it's the thing being compared to - the thing after "than").

      4 is 1 time 2 more than 2.
      4 is 100 percent of 2 more than 2.

      2 is 0.5 times 4 less than 4.
      2 is 50 percent of 4 less than 4.

    21. Re:Measurements by Bengie · · Score: 1

      adding statistical error to what should be a deterministic calculation

      Atomic vibrations when nearing absolute zero, are caused by non-deterministic quantum fluctuations, which are statistical in nature. Modern atomic clocks are getting so stable that two clocks right next to each other disagree because they experience different amounts of gravity. They're working on some new clocks that should allow the accuracy and precision to give accurate millimeter precision to GPS. That is the epitome of "stable".

    22. Re:Measurements by toddestan · · Score: 1

      Well, you can always define everything in terms of Planck units:
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_units

      Basically Planck units define several physical constants to be 1. Such as the speed of light, so instead of E=mc^2, you now have E=m. Problem is that for everyday use, things like the planck length, time, and to a lessor extent, mass, are absurdly tiny. The planck temperature, on the other hand, is absurdly high, which is the case because any black body at the planck temperature emits radiation with a wavelength of the planck length...

  6. A weighty matter by penguinoid · · Score: 4, Funny

    This is a massive development.

    --
    Don't waste your vote! Vote for whoever you want, unless you live in a swing state it won't matter anyways
    1. Re:A weighty matter by aliquis · · Score: 2

      This is a massive development.

      So low:

      This announcement came down like a ton of bricks on the physics department.

    2. Re:A weighty matter by AmiMoJo · · Score: 1

      It's hard to underestimate the gravity of this weighty decision.

      --
      const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
      SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
    3. Re:A weighty matter by Falos · · Score: 1

      There it is again! "Heavy"! Why is everything heavy? Has something gone wrong with the Earth's gravitational pull in the future??

  7. Interest groups by worf_mo · · Score: 4, Funny

    Weight Watchers International weighted in on the discussion requesting the new kg to be defined at twice the weight of the current kg ("Yes Sandy, I lost half of my weight in the blink of an eye!"), while grocers all over the planet petitioned to divide the current value by four.

    1. Re:Interest groups by I4ko · · Score: 1

      where are my mod points when I need them.

  8. Pounds and ounces by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So better to stay with our standards! They prove to be better, as we are number 1! USA! USA!

    Bonus: as we have at least two standards, we can keep to the other when one fails.

    1. Re:Pounds and ounces by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      The Pound is defined as a fraction of a kilogram...

    2. Re:Pounds and ounces by ChunderDownunder · · Score: 1

      That seems rather daft.

      Surely an ounce should be defined in terms of grams.

    3. Re:Pounds and ounces by x0ra · · Score: 1

      the SI unit is the kilogram, not the gram. The gram is defined as 1/1000 of a kilogram.

    4. Re:Pounds and ounces by ChunderDownunder · · Score: 1

      Which itself is daft, considering the morpheme kilo-

  9. Somebody should go down to the hardware store... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Somebody should go down to the hardware store and get some ball bearings, just to fuck with them.

  10. All kilograms... by SharpFang · · Score: 5, Funny

    All kilograms are equal

    but some are more equal than others.

    --
    45 5F E1 04 22 CA 29 C4 93 3F 95 05 2B 79 2A B2
  11. Will a Litre be Redefined? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Isn't a litre 1kg of pure water at normal room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, so presumably that will change if the definition of 1kg changes?

    I don't know why they don't switch a litre to being 1000cc. For most purposes 1000cc is close enough to a current litre that it won't make any difference, and 1000cc would give the litre a more precise definition than it currently has.

    1. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 2

      Perhaps; but it'll always be true that a pint's a pound the world 'round.

      --
      #DeleteChrome
    2. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Perhaps; but it'll always be true that a pint's a pound the world 'round.

      Nah, pints were around 9 euro last time I was in Paris.

    3. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by alexhs · · Score: 2

      Isn't a litre 1kg of pure water at normal room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure, so presumably that will change if the definition of 1kg changes?
      I don't know why they don't switch a litre to being 1000cc.

      By definition, 1 litre is 1 dm^3, which is exactly 1000 cc (1 cc = 1 cm^3), units of volume are derived from length, not mass.
      And about 1 litre of pure water having a mass of 1kg at 1 atm, yes, but not at room temperature, at 4C instead, and it was the initial definition of a kg.

      --
      I have discovered a truly marvelous proof of killer sig, which this margin is too narrow to contain.
    4. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The weight of a kilo doesn't change, so 1 liter of water at the tripple point of water (about 4 C, which is where water occupies the smallest volume) is indeed a kg at sea surface level pressure.

      There are problems to measure that, since water is seldom pure and it evaporates as you measure it, also gravity is different at different places on earth. I understand they are going to use some way of magnetically measure how a weight would naturally oscillate when it is lifted by a voice coil.

    5. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      By definition, 1 litre is 1 dm^3, which is exactly 1000 cc (1 cc = 1 cm^3)

      That's actually incorrect and in reality 1cc = 0.99997ml. You can see this in various text books, for example the "Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" or "A Laboratory Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology":

      https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Av-xb_AEHmIC&pg=PA529&lpg=PA529&dq=1+cc+%3D+0.99997+ml&source=bl&ots=rv-eGLZ9xW&sig=s9Y3m8NRmuEWF-H1me-ON49avIk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiSxcmur5DLAhWIVxoKHQmRCtYQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=1%20cc%20%3D%200.99997%20ml&f=false

      I believe the discrepancy is caused by the weight of the kilogram being poorly defined. That's why I wonder if the litre will have to be redefined if the kilogram is redefined and why I said I think it would be better to use 1000cc for the definition of a litre.

    6. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by Rising+Ape · · Score: 1

      Not in the UK, where a pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter.

    7. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by GuB-42 · · Score: 1

      Initially, 1kg was defined as the weight of 1 litre of water but it changed because it isn't something that is easy to measure accurately. Currently, there is no link between mass and volume.
      The litre is just an alias for the cubic decimeter, the same way that the (metric) ton is just an alias for the megagram. Just different names for the same thing. So 1 litre is and has always been 1000cc or 0.001m3.

    8. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by alexhs · · Score: 4, Informative

      I thought it was a stupid conversion mistake, but investigating on the topic :

      One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, due to the gram being defined in 1795 as one cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice.

      So, originally as I wrote.

      From 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density and standard pressure. The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of a platinum/iridium cylinder held at Sèvres in France and was intended to be of the same mass as the 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, a litre was about 1.000028 dm3.

      Oops. Not too bad, given that at that time the metre was wrong too:

      it was later determined that the first prototype metre bar was short by about 200 micrometres because of miscalculation of the flattening of the Earth, making the prototype about 0.02% shorter than the original proposed definition of the metre.

      And all is fine again:

      In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was abandoned in favour of the current one.

      The litre [...] is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre.

      Sources:
      Litre
      Metre

      --
      I have discovered a truly marvelous proof of killer sig, which this margin is too narrow to contain.
    9. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by justthinkit · · Score: 1

      There is great deal of variation throughout the world, to the extent that the saying I was taught was "A pint's a pound the world 'round...within 5%" [more]

      --
      I come here for the love
    10. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by Goaway · · Score: 1

      That was the definition of a kilogram for a few years, several centuries ago. You're a little bit out of date.

    11. Re:Will a Litre be Redefined? by SharpFang · · Score: 1

      In fact, the litre *could* be redefined to be exactly 1kg of water and simultaneously exactly 1dm^3 of water. The definition just needs to adjust the atmospheric pressure and temperature of water at the moment of measurement - while thermal and pressure expansion/compression of water is minuscule, a change by 0.003% is well within reasonable limits of what occurs on Earth.

      --
      45 5F E1 04 22 CA 29 C4 93 3F 95 05 2B 79 2A B2
  12. Re:Trump by aliquis · · Score: 0

    Trump can't save the west but he can fight its death.
    I hope he wins. We need more Putins and Orbans and Trumps.

  13. Don't change the definition! 1 kg = 1024 g by thisisauniqueid · · Score: 5, Funny

    I bet they're going to change the definition from 1 kg = 1024 grams to 1 kg = 1000 grams. And we'll probably have to write "kig" too to make sure we don't get confused about the old definition.

    1. Re:Don't change the definition! 1 kg = 1024 g by GeekWithAKnife · · Score: 1

      I bet they're going to change the definition from 1 kg = 1024 grams to 1 kg = 1000 grams. And we'll probably have to write "kig" too to make sure we don't get confused about the old definition.

      Was gonna mod this "Funny" but unfortunately there choice is via a drop-down list which confuse CMD people like myself. To make it worse there's no "undo". So I'll just post to take any mods away. Boo.

      --
      A 'singular oddity' is an event that cannot be explained and only happens when you are alone.
    2. Re:Don't change the definition! 1 kg = 1024 g by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      your mistake has been remedied

    3. Re:Don't change the definition! 1 kg = 1024 g by Zeroko · · Score: 1

      If it were really about marketing, laptop manufacturers should have started using 1024 g = 1 kg so they could say their laptops were lighter.

  14. Good thing by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Troll

    So glad to be living in the US, where we do not use this satanic SI weight measure and all the attendant confusion.

  15. Re:Trump by RoboJ1M · · Score: 1

    And have Bill Gates switch off the internet to save your children.

  16. A grocer's redefinition by Laxator2 · · Score: 1

    The unit formerly known as the "pound" shall now be called the "kilogram". The prices will be adjusted accordingly.

  17. Plot twist by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Plot twist: The Planck constant turns out to be changing slowly.

    1. Re:Plot twist by SharpFang · · Score: 1

      That wouldn't be a problem, because the universe would change accordingly, and the kilogram in relation to the rest of the universe would remain unchanged.

      --
      45 5F E1 04 22 CA 29 C4 93 3F 95 05 2B 79 2A B2
  18. Kilo-gram by buck-yar · · Score: 1

    So it'll be 999.000000001 grams or something?

    Maybe they'll redefine gram one of these days

    1. Re:Kilo-gram by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      More likely 1000.0000000000001, depending on how your float precision works.

      But since a kilogram contains 1000 grams, isn't defining the unit also defining all its dependencies?

    2. Re:Kilo-gram by buck-yar · · Score: 1

      Agreed. After I clicked submit I realized my example was a little goofy

  19. Let's all remember by argStyopa · · Score: 1

    ...the Imperial system of weights and measures is bad because it's "arbitrary".

    --
    -Styopa
    1. Re:Let's all remember by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      s/imperial/every

    2. Re:Let's all remember by rubycodez · · Score: 1

      nonsense, the universe provides some absolute ones. rest mass of fundamental particle for example. However these are not convenient enough to use in most cases

  20. Re:Trump by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    That's a researchable fact. Trump supporters don't like those.

    If Trump wins (shudder), don't be surprised if the inauguration is moved to halftime at the Superbowl.

  21. The earth is flat by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This proves it even better. The kilogram is fake and so is constant "g" for gravity. It's just a matter of "deciding" your own personal truths.

    1. Re:The earth is flat by peragrin · · Score: 1

      That's right, I take every an AC says with a grain of salt and a fifth of tequila.

      After all my standard is that 1 us dollar equals 1 million US dollars and that is true because my own world view says so

      [/sarcasm may be present in the above. Read at your own risk. Not liable for any stupidity you get on you]

      --
      i thought once I was found, but it was only a dream.
  22. The Germans should prevail by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The US approach is silly. The apparatus must be isolated from the environment to such a degree that it is impractical. Oner must monitor and dissuade wildlife a quarter mile away from the apparatus to get useful measurements. In essence the US approach is not to make a standard but a very impractical scale. The German approach is not so touchy. There is nonsense about only one Australian guy being able to form the spherical reference but that is ridiculous cult of personality. The German approach is both defined by a physical description and produces an actual physical kilogram reference. The US approach has the wow factor of a physical constant used to define the kilo but who cares? The US approach would result in inconsistent kilos if adopted. Anything that touchy is not suitable as a definitive reference.

    1. Re:The Germans should prevail by rubycodez · · Score: 2

      you are missing the point, these experiments are being done to ascertain the superiority of one approach over the other. You are trying to argue without lack of experimental support, but those involved in this test are doing things scientifically.

  23. Since a Kg measures mass by rossdee · · Score: 5, Funny

    It should be defined by Pope Francis
    He used to be a chemist, and is infallible.

    1. Re:Since a Kg measures mass by david_thornley · · Score: 1

      Except that his kilogram will differ from the Orthodox kilogram by some obscure Aristotelian philosophical disagreement, every Protestant scientist will feel obliged to determine his or her own kilogram from personal inspiration, and it'll get even worse as we get to other religions. The Muslims will want it defined in terms of Muhammed's body parts, and the Buddhists will insist it's all illusory anyway.

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
  24. The silicon sphere mentioned by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    is this one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMByI4s-D-Y

  25. Moderation by Tenebrousedge · · Score: 1

    Use the D1 discussion system. It still works just fine, and it has both a dropdown and a "confirm" button. Find it in your account options under 'Discussion'.

    --
    Those who advocate genocide deserve every protection afforded by law, and none afforded by common human decency.
  26. Pound for pound by dhaen · · Score: 1

    It's more than 2.2 times better..

  27. E and Pi by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    e and pi are ratios. What is interesting to think about is that pi could be argued to be variable depending on space-time (ex: variations in ratio of circumference to diameter for a given circle could indicate variances in local space-time--if the measuring devices is somehow unaffected [or affected differently in a known, correctable way] by those local variations).

  28. Planck mass by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What about Planck mass? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_mass

  29. No worries by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    We still use the pound in the US of fucking A.