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Trump Picks Top Climate Skeptic To Lead EPA Transition (cbsnews.com)

Billly Gates writes: Trump's transition team is steamrolling ahead to transition the government. Trump chose Myron Ebell to oversee environmental policies. Myron Ebell is chairman of the Cooler Heads Coalition, a group of climate change denialists and alarmists. Scientific American provides some background information about Ebell in a report from earlier this year: "In a biography submitted when he testified before Congress, he listed among his recognitions that he had been featured in a Greenpeace 'Field Guide to Climate Criminals,' dubbed a 'misleader' on global warming by Rolling Stone and was the subject of a motion to censure in the British House of Commons after Ebell criticized the United Kingdom's chief scientific adviser for his views on global warming. More recently, Ebell has called the Obama administration's Clean Power Plan for greenhouse gases illegal and said that Obama joining the Paris climate treaty 'is clearly an unconstitutional usurpation of the Senate's authority.' He told Vanity Fair in 2007, 'There has been a little bit of warming ... but it's been very modest and well within the range for natural variability, and whether it's caused by human beings or not, it's nothing to worry about.' Ebell's views appear to square with Trump's when it comes to EPA's agenda. Trump has called global warming 'bullshit' and he has said he would 'cancel' the Paris global warming accord and roll back President Obama's executive actions on climate change."

39 of 1,066 comments (clear)

  1. And the hits keep on coming ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Well the white baby boomers have now solved the problem of leaving a shitty planet to the next generation ... they are going to help end it themselves.by electing trump and his clown show. They don't give a crap they won't be around in 10-15 years anyway. They just want to go out on top, even if noone is left to see it.

    1. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by Waffle+Iron · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Do you realize what the difference in magnitude between 100,000 and 100 is?

      It's about the same as the difference between a walking pace and a hypersonic aircraft.

    2. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by yakumo.unr · · Score: 2, Insightful
    3. Re: And the hits keep on coming ... by NatasRevol · · Score: 1, Insightful

      I don't disagree. But then we need to hold Reagan, both Bushes, and Obama responsible for all the innocent people killed in the middle east under the guise of protecting our 'freedom'.

      --
      There are two types of people in the world: Those who crave closure
    4. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by drinkypoo · · Score: 5, Insightful

      IF global warming is anthropogenic - WE ARE FUCKED. Sticking a carbon tax is like putting a toll on a toilet at a bar and expecting that people will stop peeing.

      Under capitalism, taxing something is basically the best way we have to encourage people not to do it, especially if the money is spent cleaning up after the people who do the thing anyway. We have alternatives to carbon release (even if the alternative is just to fix as much as we emit) and if we don't take them, we're gonna have a bad time. It may not even be necessary for industry to have net zero carbon emissions; it may be that if we ratchet back substantially we'll find a stasis point at which we can reasonably operate.

      There are alternatives to carbon release, and the free market will find them if you make carbon release expensive. You know what doesn't work, though? Cap and trade schemes. Carbon caps are helpful, but if you let people trade you miss the point entirely. If you tax, then alternatives will be found.

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    5. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by gumbi+west · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I am an economist. There is really very little difference between a tax and cap and trade. The tax is great if you know the cost of remediation or are pretty sure you know the price of the externality. But if you know your target quantity, then cap (at that target) and trade makes the most sense. The main difference is that in cap and trade you might issue permits instead of charging for them. Simple fix, cap and sell. You could even make it revenue neutral by using the revenue to cut the income tax.

    6. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by MightyMartian · · Score: 4, Insightful

      But there is something we can do about climate within the scale of a century or two, and we do that by stopping the vomiting of large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. What you're doing is the last redoubt of the AGW deniner, to accept, but insist that short term goals should override long term goals.

      If that's the case, why don't you light your house on fire and say "Well, at least I'll be warm tonight."

      Beyond that, the costs to the US and global economies over the next few decades is go to mount and mount, and unless you're in your 70s or 80s, it's likely you'll be paying just like the rest of us for it, so in other words, being selfish and short sighted is fucking yourself over. And for what? It's not like the universe doesn't have plenty of other ways to produce energy. Are you really so fucking moronic that you want to sacrifice even your own well being so some rich fucking assholes can make a decade or two more profits?

      --
      The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
    7. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      There is no logic to the reasoning. It is the reasoning of sociopaths and morons.

      Didn't you get the memo? That is all the reasoning that is required to win an election for the control of a first world country these days. The sad part is the more I think about it, I don't blame Russia's hacking, Assange, Clinton's mediocre candidacy, stupid email issues blown insanely out of proportion, infinite fake stories, lies so thick they are impossible to keep up with or an of it, insane amounts of free press for trump, or any of the other ways the election was made far too easy for Trump.

      I blame the people. It is not republican ideas or democrat ideas that are destroying the country. Both have good points at times and take things too far at times. No the true issues is the culture of anti-intellectualism. A great many people are actually proud of being fairly uninformed and easily duped.

      How do you fix that? Seriously, how do you fix that? We tend to downplay the importance of liberal arts and history. Hell when I was in high school I thought I'd never need that.

      We have to do better. The arc of history can hardly continuing to bend towards justice when the driver is incompetant.

    8. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by skids · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Is that why you leftists love to tax people's work?

      We can't just tax property due to too many rich assholes complaining, and we need to get shit done nobody wants to pay for.

    9. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by nedlohs · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I guess if you get all your science "knowledge" from crappy magazines you are going to believe in a lot of things that. Did you invest in housing real estate in 2005 since Time said it was going to be awesome (http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101050613,00.html)?

      Scientific papers were a tad different than your interpretation of them it would seem: http://aerosol.ucsd.edu/classe... there are some charts 9 pages in if you prefer pictures to words.

    10. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by quax · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The ice core samples have a typical resolution of hundred of years, sometimes a bit higher, combining with sediment analysis can narrow it down further. The data is plenty precise enough to reconstruct the thermal record.

      But let's drop the pretence that this about the science.

    11. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by Darinbob · · Score: 1, Insightful

      The factor is not climate science. The factor is how well will my oil, coal, and timber stocks do if the science is accurate.

    12. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by fredrated · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You, coward, are a fool and an ass.

    13. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by dbIII · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Here let me fix that for you. On one side you have scientists who are completely dependent on government and private grants for their paychecks. If they study global warming and come to the right conclusions they get cash rained on them. If not they get black listed and driven out of their field

      Bullshit.
      The governments want them to find that global warming does not exist.

    14. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by silentcoder · · Score: 4, Insightful

      That's because deniers are overwhelmingly conservative and the position that short-term goals must have an absolute override over long-term outcomes is quintessential to all their thinking. It's the same reason they reject things like UBI, free college or universal healthcare - they see the immedate price (a short term goal) and ignore that the cost of all these things is actually NEGATIVE. They don't think far enough ahead to see that the return on investment is bigger than the price.

      The same applies with climate change. The investments we need to make to change course are all cost-negative, but all they see is the short-term price-positive. And they are even LESS inclined to want to make the investments since the majority of them sincerely do not believe they'll live to get the ROI. Since there is nothing in it for them, and they don't actually LIKE their kids... well fuck everybody. But saying "fuck everybody" tends to have limited political clout (the new president-elect being an interesting exception) - so in order to actually fuck everybody else, their best course of action is to deny there is any reason to invest. That these denials fly in the face of overwhelming evidence, science itself, rational thought, critical thinking and indeed requires you to stick your head so far up your own rectum that if they ever needed brain surgery they would have to go to a proctologist clearly has never dissuaded them from the course.

      --
      Unicode killed the ASCII-art *
    15. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by TomGreenhaw · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The Trump effect is not a generational thing its a regional thing - look at the electoral college results map. If you're pissed, blame the right category of people please.

      --
      Greed is the root of all evil.
    16. Re: And the hits keep on coming ... by butzwonker · · Score: 3, Insightful

      You couldn't be wronger than that. People are way more open to rational arguments than is commonly thought, and they are certainly not natural killers. There is also no reason to believe that mankind cannot change to the better, just take a look at how societies have changed to the better during the past 200 years. Death penalty and slavery used to be normal, not they are prohibited almost everywhere, women ethnic minorities could not vote, now they can vote almost everywhere.

      The list could go on and on how societies have changed for the better. The situation has also dramatically improved regarding armed conflicts and wars, mainly because of international human rights and contracts that entangle former enemy nations with each other. It only appears otherwise, because there were more deaths in the 20th century than ever before, but these occurred thanks to advances in weapon's technology. There used to be a time were it was normal and accepted to wage a war against a neighboring country just to gain some territory. This is no longer accepted anywhere in the world.

      So don't be such a cynic.

    17. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by Bongo · · Score: 4, Insightful

      "hundred of years" -- really? we're talking about global warming since 1880 or so, surely hundred(s) of years is still too vague?

      the real dilemma is, there are many ways the science could be wrong, but we trump that by saying, we cannot afford to wait. but i think that's a bad strategy, because the real issue is about risk. the more people try to insist the science is certain for all practical purposes, the less convincing it actually becomes, because world+dog know it cannot be that certain, because you're making scenarios about the future. i realise the PR is to insist it is certain for all practical purposes, but that strategy is about to blow up in people's faces, just like identity politics blew up in the face of the democrats.

      two things everyone should be talking about: risk, where "doing nothing" is also on the table, because doing something is also a risk (unintended consequences, for starters). second, we need to own up our own values and attitudes and put them on the table and say, "i believe the world should devalue growth for its own sake" or "i believe humanity is needlessly greedy" or "i believe we have to develop as fast as we can, that that's the challenge, to explore new horizons" and so on. put the values on the table, and argue over those values as ethical questions worthy of their own inquiry. for example, should climate change plans trump human rights? well, that's an ethical question.

      too often, people say "science" or "anti-science" when they really mean, my values versus your values.

      science doesn't prove any particular values or ethical outlook. dictators often use natural resources, or their lack, as a weapon -- we should start with the values in any case. if climate change wasn't a known problem, wouldn't people still hold the values as the thing of most concern, to be what really matters for humanity?

      mixing science and values leads directly to the kind of mind-fuckery where religious zealots have to invent their own "science" in order to "prove" that their own values -- no abortions -- are the "correct" values. and the story goes that margaret thatcher, one of the UK's most right-wing politicians, actually started championing global warming as the reason why the UK had to shut down its coal mines and so destroy the coal unions and cut off the miners' strikes.

      which only goes to show that science and values are not the same game, not by a long shot. so yes, it isn't about science. that's really the point.

    18. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by drinkypoo · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I am an economist. There is really very little difference between a tax and cap and trade.

      It's too bad that you're not an ecologist. There is a massive difference, and that difference is that trading schemes rubberstamp pollution, and taxes do not. Under a trading scheme, someone gets paid to permit someone else to pollute excessively. That never happens under a tax-only scheme. Then you only need to ratchet up the taxes until they are meaningful.

      The main difference is that in cap and trade you might issue permits instead of charging for them. Simple fix, cap and sell.

      That is not a fix to the primary problem of trading schemes, which is that they actually make enabling pollution profitable! It means that someone who is already doing a good job can sell their allotment to someone else who isn't, and reduce their incentive to change.

      What we need is cap and tax, not cap and trade. Anyone who says the two are the same is selling something.

      You could even make it revenue neutral by using the revenue to cut the income tax./quote

      --
      "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
    19. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by Dunbal · · Score: 3, Insightful

      There won't be complaints, there will be gang warfare. If you make something prohibitively expensive it's just as effective as outright banning it. Look at what happened with cigarette taxes. All of a sudden you have people stealing container-loads of cigarettes, counterfeit cigarettes, people killing each other for cigarettes. When I was a kid and a carton of cigarettes was under $5, this didn't happen.

      --
      Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
    20. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by khallow · · Score: 1, Insightful

      the planet warmed by about 3 degrees

      Or is that 10 C? Funny how nobody was around to measure the temperature, yet we have people who are absolutely confident in what the temperature was back then.

    21. Re:And the hits keep on coming ... by Altrag · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Tree rings, ice core samples, sediment layers, etc. We have lots of ways to estimate temperatures based on observable biological and geological histories. And several of those can be measured independently and so far agree with each other to a pretty good degree.

      I mean you can always stick your head in the sand and claim that everything you don't want to believe is bullshit and that's your prerogative, but unfortunately the planet and the environment operate with or without your personal consent, and the rest of us would prefer to leave a habitable planet for our grandchildren.

      And if nothing else, there's always the simple safe bet approach: If science is somehow wrong but we clean up our act anyway, Shell and Exxon lose 1% off their quarterly reports for a few years while cleaner technology is invented.

      On the other hand, if science is right and we do nothing, we all lose the only planet we know can support human life. Which gamble are you willing to take?

      Not to mention the fact that unless you're heavily invested in an oil company, you probably won't be personally affected much either way so in addition to gambling the future of humanity, you're doing so for no real material benefit.

  2. And so it begins--down the drain by shanen · · Score: 2, Insightful

    The article is so non-newsworthy that I have NO reaction except "Of course." Alt-Right has the Trump card and they are going to play it hard until the rest of us drown.

    I'm only reminded of a prediction webpage I wrote when Dubya staggered into the White House. My predictions were kind of broad, divided into the categories of education, federal courts, economy, environment, military, war, Internet, and public trust in government. No details, but just probabilities and some wild estimates of recovery times. Back then I though I was just being a gloomy Gus, but looking over the predictions after 15 years, it now makes me look like a Pollyanna with rose-colored glasses. Is it worth making such an effort for the Donald?

    Right now a question of some interest to me is how long it will take the angry losers to learn they are still losers. Might make them angrier, but of course no one really cares about losers, especially losers who were stupid enough to believe silly promises for a vote. Even more obviously, no one cares about the mindless always-R (or always-D) voters. It's the cold-blooded haters who worry me.

    --
    Freedom = (Meaningful - Coerced) Choice != (Speech | Beer^2), and sad sock puppets' bad mods avail them naught.
  3. Re:The truth is that it does not matter. by vux984 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    People don't stop breeding,

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

    Actually, between education, economics, and so forth, yeah they do. Several countries already have negative or neutral birthrates and are only net positive due to immigration.

    There is no reason to beleive humans could not acheive equilibrium.

  4. Re: Oh, god damn it. by Uberbah · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Oh, fuck you. The richest nation on the planet, with 4% of the population, produces a quarter of the world's pollution directly. And even the Indian and Chinese pollution you whine about is to power factories, producing your electronics and cheap shit for Wal-Mart for you to buy.

  5. MAD - and some of you will be by s.petry · · Score: 1, Insightful

    As I said in a thread the other day the policy is unfortunately a choice between the US starving itself of resources and energy while the world keeps moving, or we try our best to move forward with a different mindset. Pollution and deforestation is a bigger problem than CO2 emissions, yet the same groups wanting to take your cash for carbon put forth no projects or proposals to deal with those issues. They are more than happy to watch China build more and more polluting industry, and we even pay them to take all of our trash to dispose of as they see fit.

    The power struggle is not simply a matter of fixing the West (US, UK, France) but a world wide issue. Are we demanding that the UAE stop destroying massive amounts of ocean with cool looking projects? Are we demanding that Saudi Arabia stop pumping oil? Why is it always one side being blamed by the people holding power? Then we get to hear all of he people claiming that the US needs to be punished, which if you wish to be an annex of China or Russia in the future is a good position to have.

    Trump did tell people fair and square that he wanted deregulation to stimulate the wheezing and gasping US economy. That does not mean we stay that way forever, but in my opinion we could probably start with a clean slate given all of the cruft put into our regulations over the last 30 years.

    Lets also not forget that a Free economy has a built in check and balance system. If you don't like pollution don't use products that pollute. People selling products will be forced to come up with better, cleaner solutions. Power plants product what people use, and very little more. Awareness and boycotts are very useful tools when used properly.

    --

    -The wise argue that there are few absolutes, the fool argues that there are no probabilities.

  6. Breaking News by KeensMustard · · Score: 4, Insightful
    A corrupt liar thinks another corrupt liar would be good for a job he doesn't understand. Details at 11.

    Meanwhile, I wonder Trump thinks he can cancel the Paris Climate Accord? WIll he take take some white out to cover over the names of the other signatories?

    1. Re:Breaking News by KeensMustard · · Score: 1, Insightful

      Who cares? If other countries want to sign away their economies in some sort of suicide pact, that is their right.

      You signed your country over to a guy whose only claim to fame is failing at business. Maybe other countries aren't looking to you to tell them how to do things right?

      Then their populations have the right to kick their corrupt lying asses out of office just like how we stopped Hillary here.

      That sounds like the kind of bullshit that Trump says.

  7. Wow the brainwashing!! Greenpeace activist? by evil9000 · · Score: 1, Insightful

    "a group of climate change denialists and alarmists."

    The guy is a geologist, the enemy of WWF, Sierra club and Greenpeace. They explain that the climate is always changing because that is what humans have discovered after hundreds if not thousands of years of investigation. To toss that aside immediately because he disagrees with Obama's hand picked ex head of the UN WMO John Holdren?

    But it also shows that you do not need to have any understanding of science, economics, history or even culture to post anything to /. and immediately assume it is correct.

    Have these environmentalists proven there is a hot spot of CO2 feed backing heat to water vapour? UNSW has! They used wind-sheer off the coast of NSW to prove there is a hot spot over the equator. Sarcasm aside, no, we measure that area of air and it is either the same temperature or has actually decreased. Have you heard? If you havnt, you've been reading the MSM and /. and soylent news. It is as if these places are gatekept for consistency of this unproven science.

    The inability to think is anti-science. Anti-philosophy. It is parallel to the inquisition where society all agreed that WITCHES caused the climate to change. These people need to be locked up before they ruin more lives on imaginary quests which only require more of your money to make happen - otherwise we'll threaten your children's unborn children with unjustifiable temperature or sea level rises. Or we'll rename man made global warming to something else and ask for twice the amount of money (83 trillion isnt enough?!)

    Disgraceful.

    People need to start thinking otherwise they will fall for other scams which use the same tricks.

  8. Re: No by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    If you want to save people, work out a plan to deal with a Carrington event (look it up) or the super volcano under Yellowstone. Those actually matter more, because they would be sudden catastrophes with immediate widespread consequences, not something that happens gradually so there is time to mitigate. Plus if Yellowstone happens, all your climate science and anti global warming measures go right out the window, because the ash in the air overrides it. Plan for those, THEN talk to me about global warming. It might be a problem, but it isn't the problem to worry about first.

  9. Re:MAD - and some of you will be by whoever57 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The US needs energy independence. Renewables are now providing some of the cheapest electricity (recent bids for offshore wind power in Europe are at levels below electricity from coal). Renewables employs more people than fossil fuels in the USA. Renewables don't rely on a politically unstable region of the world, where the US has had to spend huge resources to ensure continued supplies.

    We need oil today, but our investment should be in renewables. Focusing on fossil fuels is not an economically sound decision, even if you discount global climate change.

    --
    The real "Libtards" are the Libertarians!
  10. Re:The truth is that it does not matter. by drinkypoo · · Score: 4, Insightful

    IF global warming is anthropogenic then it is a direct function of population size.

    Nonsense. We could build things to last and keep them longer. We could use more insulation so that we use less heating oil. We could make hay while the sun shines not just literally but also in manufacturing so that we can use more wind power and the like which goes through production cycles. It's affected by population size, but there's a whole lot of other factors. Right now the primary driver is greed.

    --
    "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"
  11. Re: Oh, god damn it. by MightyMartian · · Score: 4, Insightful

    So let me get this straight. If you lived on a street where several of your neighbors were murderers, your solution wouldn't be to try to get them put away, your solution would be to grab an ax and join them in the frenzy?

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  12. Re: Oh, god damn it. by MightyMartian · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Or we could just move to alternative energy sources? Why in the fuck should we spend untold trillions on engineering the climate just so we can keep burning oil, when we could, you know, stop burning fucking oil.

    --
    The world's burning. Moped Jesus spotted on I50. Details at 11.
  13. Re:MAD - and some of you will be by Tough+Love · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Pollution and deforestation is a bigger problem than CO2 emissions, yet the same groups wanting to take your cash for carbon put forth no projects or proposals to deal with those issues.

    From which orifice did you pull that "fact"?

    --
    When all you have is a hammer, every problem starts to look like a thumb.
  14. Re:The truth is that it does not matter. by QRDeNameland · · Score: 4, Insightful

    IF global warming is anthropogenic then it is a direct function of population size.

    No, it's a direct function of the aggregate amount of heat-trapping gasses put into the atmosphere by all of the people on earth. If you could magically lower the rate of population growth to zero or below tomorrow, yet at the same time more and more of the developing world adopts more carbon energy demanding western lifestyles, you still won't have fixed the problem. Conversely, if we could magically make it so that we could have an equivalent lifestyle on a small fraction of the carbon-producing energy we use now, we could still maintain population growth with greatly reduced carbon output.

    I'm not arguing in favor of continued population growth, anything but. But population alone is not the driving factor.

    --
    Momentarily, the need for the construction of new light will no longer exist.
  15. Re: No by Hognoxious · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Don't bother looking when you're crossing the road because an an aeroplane might crash on your head. So develop a man portable air warning radar THEN think about getting new glasses.

    --
    Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  16. Re:And you think Hillary would be any different? by EmeraldBot · · Score: 3, Insightful

    If you were really tolerant, then you'd be understanding and accepting of someone who DOESN'T believe in gay people.

    You're happy to accept people who think like you do, but you can't imagine it is acceptable to think otherwise. That is your great flaw.

    That is why Trump won. Until you understand that, you will continue to have problems on the right.

    Trump didn't win by getting 10% or 20% of the country to vote for him, he got 48%, which is more or less half. And yet you dismiss half the country as "deplorables" and wonder why you lost...

    That's such a rich post I don't even know where to start. For starters, we have a pretty strict separation of church and state - you cannot cite religion as a reason for influence in any decision. Saying marriage should be strictly between a man and a woman because you're a Christian is acceptable if a Muslim can require you to read the Quaran, because it's against his beliefs for people not to read it. To build on this, you can do whatever the hell you want with your life - if you are gay and chose not to act on it or accept it, that's entirely your choice, and I support your right to make it. In exchange, you have no right to fuck with someone else's life, and if somebody else's freedom of expression bother you so much that you took the time in your life to write not one but two rants on a website, immigrate to Iran or Saudi Arabia. They're more in line with your values than the United States of America is.

    Secondly, that is a completely bullshit pivot from my point. I asked you for proof of your statement, and you dodge by trying an ad hominem on me. You either give me the evidence I require, or you look like an idiot spouting bullshit, which increasingly I suspect you are. Now, which is it?

    --
    "Set a man a fire, he'll be warm for the rest of the night. Set a man afire, he'll be warm for the rest of his life."
  17. Re:And you think Hillary would be any different? by drinkypoo · · Score: 4, Insightful

    You are the perfect example of the intolerant left, you claim to be all accepting, but you're really not.

    Tolerance of intolerance is not tolerance. It's accepting abuse.

    In my experience, the left is FAR more xenophobic and intolerant than the right is,

    Get back to me when the left goes back to lynching people, or dragging them behind pick-em-up trucks. The right never stopped.

    --
    "You're right," Fisheye says. "I should have set it on 'whip' or 'chop.'"