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The UK Is About to Legalize Mass Surveillance [Update] (vice.com)

From a report on Motherboard: On Tuesday, the UK is due to pass its controversial new surveillance law, the Investigatory Powers Act, according to the Home Office. The Act, which has received overwhelming support in both the House of Commons and Lords, formally legalizes a number of mass surveillance programs revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013. It also introduces a new power which will force internet service providers to store browsing data on all customers for 12 months. Civil liberties campaigners have described the Act as one of the most extreme surveillance laws in any democracy, while law enforcement agencies believe that the collection of browsing data is vital in an age of ubiquitous internet communications. "The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 will ensure that law enforcement and the security and intelligence agencies have the powers they need in a digital age to disrupt terrorist attacks, subject to strict safeguards and world-leading oversight," a statement from the Home Office reads. Much of the Act gives stronger legal footing to the UK's various bulk powers, including "bulk interception," which is, in general terms, the collection of internet and phone communications en masse. In June 2013, using documents provided by Edward Snowden, The Guardian revealed that the GCHQ taps fibre-optic undersea cables in order to intercept emails, internet histories, calls, and a wealth of other data. Update: "Snooper's charter" bill has become the law. The home secretary said:"The Investigatory Powers Act is world-leading legislation, that provides unprecedented transparency and substantial privacy protection. "The government is clear that, at a time of heightened security threat, it is essential our law enforcement and security and intelligence services have the power they need to keep people safe. The internet presents new opportunities for terrorists and we must ensure we have the capabilities to confront this challenge. But it is also right that these powers are subject to strict safeguards and rigorous oversight."

52 of 394 comments (clear)

  1. Doubleplusgood! by rantrantrant · · Score: 5, Insightful

    It's a beautiful thing, the destruction of civil society :)

    1. Re:Doubleplusgood! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      calling pussygrabbing not Pc is a bit of an understatement.

    2. Re:Doubleplusgood! by Wycliffe · · Score: 2, Insightful

      calling pussygrabbing not Pc is a bit of an understatement.

      As opposed to Bill Clinton, Kennedy, etc... who are actually documented as womanizers? Yes, Trump might be a womanizer but you would be hard pressed to name a president that wasn't. Really the only difference between Trump and most other former presidents is that he says in public what other presidents say and do in private. That's what most Trump supporters realize that the left doesn't seem to understand. Sure, Trump is an asshole but so were all the other presidents. They were just better at hiding it.

    3. Re:Doubleplusgood! by dmbasso · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Sure, Trump is an asshole

      IMHO that's the least relevant part of his personality. What is worrisome is the scammer part. How many other presidents ran scams like Trump University?

      --
      `echo $[0x853204FA81]|tr 0-9 ionbsdeaml`@gmail.com
    4. Re:Doubleplusgood! by DavidHumus · · Score: 2

      Why do conservatives have so much difficulty distinguishing between sexual assault and consensual sex?

  2. Time to become a heap of neutrinos... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    ... at least until they legalize mass-less surveillance too.

  3. And us too - soon by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    FBI and NSA Poised to Gain New Surveillance Powers Under Trump

    All because you sheeple want to feel safe.

    "People want to be slaves" - Academy Award nominated director I work out with.

    Face it, the people don't want to really be free. They want to feel safe above all else. They are so afraid of terrorism when the fact is they are most likely to die from complications of their obesity or from a car accident because they were distracted while they were updating their facebook page.

    1. Re:And us too - soon by frank_adrian314159 · · Score: 2

      There will be a lot less Trump and Brexit cheerleaders on here in 4 years.

      Don't count on it. Kansas is still red after the past dozen+ years of disastrous economic performance due to governance based on conservative economic principles. It never changes the idiots minds - there's always someone else to blame their problems on rather than facing the reality: Their economic principles shrink rather than grow economies.

      --
      That is all.
  4. Encrypt everything! by Freischutz · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Encrypt everything! ... They may be able to crack the encryption in the end but it will make their lives much, much, much more difficult.

    1. Re:Encrypt everything! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      No, we need to do everything.

      Share connections.
      Encrypt everything.
      Create false data.
      Move to a system more secure by design. Whether that's Freenet, Tor, Onion, or similar, or something entirely new and different.
      Speak to friends and family about privacy and security and what it will mean to live with neither.

      Personally I've been pointing out to many folks here in the UK "didn't we fight a cold war against this shit?" Didn't people die and didn't we cause suffering all around the world (mostly via proxy wars) for the ideas of "freedom". And now we're prepared to just give it away? I've then been asking people whether they agree or disagree, and then calling them out for their shallow meaningless existence. I'm burning through friends at the moment, but that's the price to pay...

    2. Re:Encrypt everything! by Freischutz · · Score: 2

      You don't need to crack the encryption. They have access to the unencrypted endpoints.

      That only works for endpoints they have already compromised. What the security services are currently more interested in is something completely different, they are interested in using this data for threat detection and to identify potential assets. If you have ever watched that CBS show 'Persons of interest', that kind of an AI with that kind of access is the wet dream of the NSA, GHQ, FSB and every other security service with a bit of ambition. For that purpose they are monitoring, warehousing and data mining enormous volumes of (currently) unencrypted data. If every byte of traffic on the internet were encrypted as of tomorrow they'd have immense trouble doing this. Even if we assume that they have access to every root certificate every person's primary key and can generally decrypt everything, simply the added computational cost of decryption such enormous amounts of data would make their operation much more expensive and headache inducing because they'd now have to obtain enormous numbers of private keys or crack encryption before the data is even in a state where they can start monitoring, warehousing and data mining it. This would seriously inhibit the ability of security services to detect hidden or emerging threats, actors which the security services had no idea that they even exist and that, if you remember, is one of the primary purposes of all of this monitoring, detecting threats as they emerge. The ability the security services gained to monitor in an Orwellian fashion every move every citizen makes is just gravy, a bonus (albeit a very very useful one) which I'm sure they use with wild abandon to blackmail citizens whenever needed.

    3. Re: Encrypt everything! by Maritz · · Score: 2

      Don't injure your hands wringing them there.

      --
      I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
  5. This is what happens... by 110010001000 · · Score: 4, Funny

    ...when guns are illegal. They wouldn't dare do mass surveillance in the US because gun owners would overthrow the government. Right? Right?

    1. Re:This is what happens... by 110010001000 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Whooosh

    2. Re:This is what happens... by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 2

      What we need are guns that are built into computer monitors. Anyone can fire them from anywhere in the world rendering their internet foe dead immediately. Then no one will spy on you.

      The trick of course is getting your foe to buy a monitor that can kill them.

      --
      "That's the way to do it" - Punch
    3. Re:This is what happens... by coastwalker · · Score: 2

      The only people in recent recorded history to wave a gun at the government were in dispute over land rights with its tree hugging arm. The next nearest thing likely to happen is lynching of foreigners and brown people. So no the gun owners are largely useful idiots who only respond to primal instincts and are easily manipulated. UN tanks and FEMA death camps my backside.

      --
      Facts are history now plebs have politics for religion on social media.
  6. Benjamin Franklin by zifn4b · · Score: 5, Insightful

    "Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety."

    --
    We'll make great pets
    1. Re:Benjamin Franklin by Falos · · Score: 2

      It doesn't matter what specific advocation Franklin was calling; the arrangement of words is a succinct, useful one.

      Useful to help others to realize, to help drop the scales from their eyes, to help them see that we are being told the bogeyterrorist will eat us if we don't go to bed on time.

      It's not like it's a well-kept secret, they only need the inclination, the curiosity to turn their head and wonder about the man behind the curtain. Their exact deductions and conclusions don't mater; as long as they're (finally) applying basic critical thinking about overt motives and questioning who actually stands to benefit from claims and changes and circumstances, they'll be close enough.

  7. As a UK Citizen by richardkettle4 · · Score: 5, Informative

    Look, I know my browsing will be in a huge database that nobody will look at it... for now. But if this year has taught all of us anything it is that things change. If you take these powers, whoever is in power in the future can abuse them. Everyone, no matter how good intentioned, should think about how those powers might be abused in the future.

    1. Re:As a UK Citizen by RivenAleem · · Score: 2

      You forget that right now, you are not a problem for them. But know this, as soon as you are, your browser history will be used to incriminate you for whatever they can find. So remember to keep in line, don't think or do anything that might upset the government, keep your head down and your thoughts to yourself.

  8. Bad for the UK, but good for the world by nightfire-unique · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I think this is something that will ultimately hurt a lot of innocent people in the UK over the coming years.

    However, it will also help the Internet mature with new encryption and canary protocols, and more ubiquitous deployment of them, to ensure privacy and protection from all threats.

    --
    A government is a body of people notably ungoverned - AC
    1. Re:Bad for the UK, but good for the world by richardkettle4 · · Score: 2

      Wish I had mod points. Exactly right, I do not understand this self-defeating attitude by our government. Perhaps it is just ignorance of technology.

    2. Re:Bad for the UK, but good for the world by fustakrakich · · Score: 2

      VPNs are trivial to block. Besides, once the ISP engages in deep packet inspection, the game is over. Your 'non-compliant' (encrypted) packets will be dropped and reported to the authorities. Expect a knock on the door soon afterwards.

      --
      “He’s not deformed, he’s just drunk!”
  9. Re:Encrypt! by coastwalker · · Score: 2

    Who cares what you send, they know how you think because an algorithm looks at the web sites you visit and decides which box you belong in. It must be a right pain switching all the Russian site readers out of the terrorist box and moving all the Arab news site readers in to replace them to align with Trump. Expect Tor and VPN to be made illegal shortly.

    --
    Facts are history now plebs have politics for religion on social media.
  10. Re:Greener Grass by Fly+Swatter · · Score: 2

    The UK has advertisement free web viewing ?

    And their websites don't occasionally have a script that pegs the cpu and makes the browser a sluggish mess ?

    Really, 'broadband experience' has little do with connection speed once you pass 5mbit unless the website is horribly bloated.

    To keep slightly on topic, if surveillance and logging is noticeable to the common citizen, then they are doing it wrong.

  11. Re:Encrypt! by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Talking about putting people in boxes. If you use Tor, expect the government to be looking at you a little closer. Surely you must have something to hide if you have Tor.

    It's like putting a box in the break room with a note saying "do not peak" written on it. Everyone is going to open the box. Use Tor and the government is going to want to see what you're doing.

    --
    "That's the way to do it" - Punch
  12. Re:Encrypt! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    You and I don't need to invent anything. We can create our own encryption keys, exchange them, and securely communicate.

    The problem is the HTTPS infrastructure is broken by design, which is what the original poster was talking about.

    The absolute irony is that visiting a site with a self-signed certificate shows the user a warning error (I understand why, don't worry) yet the resulting HTTPS exchange is actually immune to any and all eavesdropping. When visiting a site with a cert authority signed certificate, no error is displayed, yet this connection is vulnerable to anyone who has broken/intercepted the chain of trust. This includes state actors, but also businesses, and anyone that can get their certs onto your system, or can influence the signing authorities to give them the keys.

    At this point some rabid net admin for a large corporation will chime in with "it's my network" etc... but the point is that we have been training users for years to interpret HTTPS as being "secure" and "safe" when it actually isn't. Just like we have been encouraging users to update Windows, yet now Microsoft have broken that trust with their forced updates and broken/mislabeled updates. The internet is currently broken and indeed has been broken maliciously by state actors. Are we going to just accept that as "good enough" and live with it? What exactly was so terrible about the internet in 1990 or 2000, before the NSA got their hooks in and started fucking everything up?? Can we point to a global reduction in crime, violence, terrorism, or child pornography, due to the valliant efforts of the NSA and similar outfits abroad?

    At the **very very least** prior to this bill in the UK passing, anyone with half a mind should take note of the current state of UK society and crime. In ten years time, once the full ramifications of these new laws come to pass, look around again and make a comparison. My prediction, for what it's worth, is everything will be exactly the same (in which case what was the point?) or it will be much much worse.

  13. Re:Encrypt! by roertel · · Score: 2

    It starts Thursday in the US: (From Techdirt)

    the DOJ wants permission to break into "compromised" computers and poke around inside them without the permission or knowledge of the owners of these computers. It also wants to treat anything that anonymizes internet users or hides their locations to be presumed acts of a guilty mind.

  14. Re:Encrypt! by mark-t · · Score: 2

    Everyone has something to hide, whether they use Tor or not. Quite literally, everyone. Having something to hide, however, does not mean that one is doing or has done anything wrong, it only means that they want something to be private,

  15. Re:Not just law by Desler · · Score: 5, Informative

    The BBC has multiple stories on this. Maybe you should dislodge your head from your ass?

    From here:

    Blogger Chris Yiu compiled a list of the 48 organisations and departments that will be able to access the browsing records of individuals without a warrant.
    They include various police, military, government and NHS departments as well as the Food Standards Agency, the Gambling Commission, the Financial Conduct Authority and the Health and Safety Executive.

    I found this article in about 20 seconds.

  16. Re:Attorney-client privilege abrogated in UK by Desler · · Score: 2

    There are multiple exceptions to attorney-client priviledge in the US as well, but don't let pesky things like "facts" get in your way.

  17. Re:There's No England Anymore by richardkettle4 · · Score: 3, Insightful

    wow, you clearly have never been here. If you have no facts or experience, a blind ignorance helps.

  18. Re:Encrypt! by TheRaven64 · · Score: 5, Informative

    The absolute irony is that visiting a site with a self-signed certificate shows the user a warning error (I understand why, don't worry) yet the resulting HTTPS exchange is actually immune to any and all eavesdropping. When visiting a site with a cert authority signed certificate, no error is displayed, yet this connection is vulnerable to anyone who has broken/intercepted the chain of trust

    Not quite. Both connections are entirely safe from passive eavesdropping. Even if I've compromised a root cert that you're using, that doesn't let me decrypt TLS traffic. It does mean that if I am actively performing a man in the middle attack on you, then you won't notice, because during the initial key exchange you'll connect to me and establish a secure connection and I'll connect to the remote server and establish a secure connection. You'll trust me because I'll use a cert signed by one that I trust. The difference between this and a self-signed cert is that when the server uses a self-signed cert, there's no need for me to compromise a root cert that you trust: I can still perform the MITM attack and you won't know the difference.

    Certificate pinning protects you from this to a degree: If you connect to a server twice and the certificate changes, then there may be a problem. On the other hand, there might not be, and with a self-signed cert, you can't revoke it if it's compromised and you can't easily advertise the fact that this is a replacement cert from the same person (unless you properly self-sign, rather than simply not signing, and people pin your signing cert).

    Certificate transparency protects in both cases, by providing a public log of all of the certificates that have been seen by people connecting to the server. If the server operator sees a cert that they didn't issue, or if you see a cert that's not the same one that other people are seeing, then something is wrong.

    --
    I am TheRaven on Soylent News
  19. Re:Encrypt! by Oswald+McWeany · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I'm not disagreeing with your statement. I'm just saying, by going out of your way to hide, "the man" is going to want to snoop all that much more- they're going to jump to assumptions. That's what the man does.

    --
    "That's the way to do it" - Punch
  20. UK class system by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    "Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety."

    Indeed, and you might notice that Franklin was one of the founding fathers of a country specifically established to escape the tyranny of the British ruling class.

    The UK has never had an American style democratic system. Despite pretending it does to the outside world, and going around trumpeting its special relationship with the USA like they are brothers in arms, the UK is still well and truly under the control of a pseudo-hereditary ruling class that is closely associated with ancestral land ownership. Until you live here (if you are from another country) it is hard to understand just how insidious it all is. For example, the great leader of the people, Winston Churchill, grew up in the fabulously extravagant Blenheim palace that his ancestors were gifted for their actions at the battle of Waterloo. Was he a great leader? Sure. But don't kid yourself that Britain selected the best man for the job in a sort of American hopes and dreams way. They simple had the ruling elite select the best of their mates at the London smoking club. You only have to look at the last government (the Bullingdon club crew) to see how the Eton system is still alive and well, and remarkably effective at controlling power.

    I have lived here for five years now (originally from New Zealand) and it still just amazes me how many British working class people simply do not believe they can do things beyond their 'lot in life'. It is deeply ingrained into them that because, for example, they didn't go to Oxbridge, they are too dumb to understand any of this government stuff, so don't even try and just shrug their shoulders and say there is nothing they can do about it anyway. It is a sort of cultural deference to power that I do not think exists in any other western country.

  21. Re:Necessary by richardkettle4 · · Score: 2

    Because how many murders has the UK had from muslims in the past twenty years? Compare to deaths by the IRA.

  22. When the info leaks.... by BenJeremy · · Score: 2

    It's not a matter of IF but WHEN hackers start leaking embarrassing information on the Royals and members of the government, all collected as part of this program, that their tune may change.

    Until then, the "Free world" seems to be engaged in a race to Orwell's vision of Big Brother.

    1. Re:When the info leaks.... by Jason+Levine · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Of course they will. This way the people in charge of the information gathering can ensure that the elites keep in line and keep approving more snooping powers or else all that embarrassing information might "accidentally" be revealed to the world.

      --
      My sci-fi novel, Ghost Thief, is now available from Amazon.com.
  23. Re:Attorney-client privilege abrogated in UK by richardkettle4 · · Score: 3, Informative

    ' becomes aware of a crime committed by a client' that was your post, if you become aware of a crime, you have to report it. I am not sure what your point was, it is the same in the USA

  24. Re:Not just law by PopeRatzo · · Score: 3, Insightful

    the extreme-left BBC

    You've never watched the BBC, have you?

    --
    You are welcome on my lawn.
  25. Re:Not just law by Bongo · · Score: 4, Funny

    He has, just from a chair over in the far right of the room.

  26. Won't do what you want by fyngyrz · · Score: 3

    They'll just raise your taxes and buy more computing power with your money if they need to. But they probably won't need to.

    In the contest between armor and weapons, armor always ends up losing. In this case, you have to recognize that at both ends of the communication, the information is unencrypted. Consequently, if they want you, and you have hardened the communication using encryption, they probably won't even try to compromise the communication. They'll compromise one or more of the computers at the endpoints of the communication. Unless your computer is running your own custom operating system, there isn't anything you can do to stop them short of disconnecting from the communications networks, which kind of puts a damper on your communications capabilities and so is actually a rather obvious form of footgun in that regard.

    The right answer is to get the opposition to stop shooting at you.

    In this case, the right answer is to get the government out of the business of tracking the citizen's locations, finances, business, and communications.

    If that can't be accomplished, then the citizens lose. Period.

    The situation here in the USA is dire. The politicians have actually convinced people that it's a good thing that they monitor their banking, their business, their communications, their location, etc. The politicians created and used many forms of hugely-blown-out-of-proportion hysterical narratives to get that accomplished. Today, the average citizen is an Orwellian-class dupe. There's no sign at all that this is going to change.

    Security today depends on never sharing anything with anyone. Outside of that, you either are already, or can be at any time, compromised by state agents fully empowered to do so. Not authorized, mind you -- this is exercise of arrogated power I'm describing -- but that no longer matters, which is another severe problem we have been presented with.

    And on that cheerful note... :)

    --
    I've fallen off your lawn, and I can't get up.
  27. Quotes, context, and originalism by fyngyrz · · Score: 2

    I don't think you understand that what Franklin meant one way, we can mean entirely another -- both can be sincere, and both uses are entirely appropriate. Nothing is lost by attributing the quote, either.

    The stance that personal liberty and immunity from government oversight of personal and consensual activities is a good thing, and that trading these off for (generally the illusion of, but very occasionally the actuality of) safety is an act so vile that it renders the trader unworthy of those liberties and immunity, is a very well established one. Franklin's words then fit such an outlook today very well, regardless of what he intended them to mean at the time.

    Words are like that. When we aren't talking about law, words are tools to be used as we see fit. As they should be.

    --
    I've fallen off your lawn, and I can't get up.
  28. Re: Necessary by Desler · · Score: 2

    Those are native issues inherent to any society and need to be addressed.

    Yes, it should. It should be addressed before the boogeyman of the "mooslem terrists".

    Mass murder by foreign agents is not something we have to accept.

    Only 175 people were killed in 2015 by terrorists in Western Europe. That's less than a day's worth of murder in the same region.

  29. Re:Encrypt! by Maritz · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The whole idea that this has anything to do with combating terrorism is just the Big Lie. It is about power. Terrorism and children are just the justification for the feeble minded and ignorant.

    --
    I do not want your cheap brainburning drugs. They are useless for work. And I am a working man today.
  30. Re:"We the people" is bullshit by Nidi62 · · Score: 2

    I don't believe for a second that an individual would deliberately "oppress themselves". Common sense tells me that oppression, in any form, must come from the top down, not the bottom up. Oppression, like any relationship based on coercion, involves an aggressor and a victim, and obviously, they can't possibly be the same person.

    The trick is to make the oppressed actually want the oppression. Do this, and you can very easily have the people oppress themselves, and cheer as it happens.

    --
    The only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for it to be pitted against a slightly greater evil
  31. Re:Not people: It's a computer problem by richardkettle4 · · Score: 2

    Apologies, but that was the point I was making. 'In the US, the constitution explicitly forbids -- both to the federal government and that of the states -- going back in time and making crimes out of actions that were not crimes at the time, or increasing punishment along the same lines' How progressive, 500 years later than Europe, but good to know you have simple logic. But any future government can change that. As for 'you've forfeited that option. Sorry.' Really? Who did and when? And how? I have no idea who you are talking about and why the FU attitude

  32. Re:You imbecel by Zak3056 · · Score: 2

    While they may be womanizers, they do so with consenting adults (alt-right lies about Clinton notwithstanding)

    So the idea that Bill Clinton lost his license to practice law for obstructing justice and perjuring himself during a sexual harassment lawsuit is just a lie?

    Not that I think that gives Trump a pass, FWIW. "Everybody is doing it" isn't a valid excuse for wrongdoing.

    --
    What part of "shall not be infringed" is so hard to understand?
  33. Stop the hysteria by richardkettle4 · · Score: 2

    Look, it is not good but: it only collects TLDN. Any closer inspection requires two levels of legal agreement. Do not think the judiciary here is passive, it is not. I have heard everything here from the UK is a dictatorship to somehow we are fascists. It is a proposal/law by people that do not understand technology. All they have done is make the haystack bigger and forced people to hide the needle better. It will not do what it claims to: hey, we have all promised that tech will solve all your problems. It does not, and cannot.

  34. Re:Encrypt! by grcumb · · Score: 2

    If you're sending anything important in plain text over the Internet these days, you're as good as asking the government to read it.

    What a completely ------ thing to say to someone like -------! I can't figure out why people like you always ---- and ----- when you could be ---ing. Seriously, do you even ---- it? I for one trust out ----- over----s completely. Rule Brit------!!!

    (and now I have to write a bunch of other useless prose to get by Slashdot's junk filters. Which is a really useless filter. I mean just because goatse ASCII is a thing doesn't mean no one ever had any legitimate uses for copious punctuation. My word, are we really reduced to such silliness? How much more of this do you think will be required before the filter finally lets this past? Probably a little more still. Hang on, let me preview.... Nope. still not enough. If this doesn't improve soon, I'm just going to load up a Tolstoy eBook and start pasting in sections of Anna Karenina, but then again that would probably just set off the plagiarism filter. Heathens have no appreciation for satire, I tell you.)

    --
    Crumb's Corollary: Never bring a knife to a bun fight.
  35. Re: You imbecel by Jesus+H+Rolle · · Score: 2
    sexual assaults, rape [Citation needed]

    Ivana gave a sworn deposition in which she stated that he ripped out her hair and violently raped her after a botched hair job by a doctor she recommended.

    Post divorce settlement, and just prior to the publication of an unauthorized Trump biography, she suddenly explained that "rape" meant a lack of emotional closeness and shouldn't be taken literally.

    Googleis plainly your enemy.

  36. Is that you, Orwell? by RazorSharp · · Score: 2

    The Investigatory Powers Act is world-leading legislation, that provides unprecedented transparency and substantial privacy protection.

    WAR IS PEACE

    FREEDOM IS SLAVERY

    IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH

    --
    "From the depths of my skeptical and rationalist soul, I ask the Lord to protect me from California touchie-feeliedom."