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Ethiopia Turns Off Internet Nationwide as Students Sit Exams (theguardian.com)

Ethiopia shut down the internet yesterday ahead of a scheduled national examination that is underway in the country today. Social media users noted that the internet service was interrupted from around 7 pm on Tuesday -- reportedly to prevent exam leaks. About 1.2 million students are taking the grade 10 national exams, with another 288,000 preparing for the grade 12 university entrance exams that will take place next week. From a report: Outbound traffic from Ethiopia was shutdown around 4pm UK time on Tuesday, according to Google's transparency report, which registered Ethiopian visits to the company's sites plummeting over the evening. By Wednesday afternoon, access still had not been restored. Last year, activists leaked the papers for the country's 12th grade national exams, calling for the postponement of the papers due to a school shutdown in the regional state of Oromia. Now, the government appears to have taken the move to shut down internet access as a preventative measure.

81 comments

  1. wrong problem by supernova87a · · Score: 4, Insightful

    How about they work on the correct problem? I don't think the internet spreading the leaked exams is the issue, it's that the exams are leaked...

    Might as well shut down electricity in the whole country to be absolutely sure, huh? Kind of a sign of a backwards government policy (or reflecting the lack of importance of internet/connectivity) when one small problem can cause a whole other system to be shut down...

    1. Re:wrong problem by Anubis+IV · · Score: 1

      Thankfully, it's a self-correcting problem. The students potentially using the Internet to disseminate the information will soon be the once-students who are leading the country and are aware that it's absolutely insane to shut off the Internet to an entire country for something this insignificant.

    2. Re:wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You fucking retard... In a country where money rules and you can buy anyone for even a small amount of money, there are too many alternatives.

      When people use small windows of opportunity to loot, steal or otherwise share information they are not supposed to, this may be the only easy solution.

    3. Re:wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      This is a quick solution that works once if no one is expecting it. If they do it again then the students will be prepared and handle it through a sneaker net next time...

    4. Re:wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Might as well shut down electricity in the whole country to be absolutely sure

      First you'd have to provide electricity to the whole country.

    5. Re: wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Wait... They have electricity in Etheropia? Does Sally Struthers know?

    6. Re:wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We can't have everyone on a level playing field. The leaked papers were only supposed to go to those with connections.

    7. Re:wrong problem by dbIII · · Score: 1

      Take a look at some of the posts below about how little internet traffic they have to get a bit of an understanding of why it's not such a huge deal as you have assumed.
      Maybe you can relate to it if you think of it like a scheduled World of Warcraft overnight server shutdown only not for as many hours.

    8. Re: wrong problem by dougdonovan · · Score: 1

      gosh. my internet is still on...

    9. Re:wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Thankfully, it's a self-correcting problem. The students potentially using the Internet to disseminate the information will soon be the once-students who are leading the country and are aware that it's absolutely insane to shut off the Internet to an entire country for something this insignificant.

      hahahaaa keep wishing. if they failed to cheat because of it they think it _works_ - and well, they're just back to cheating the old way of paying the instructor.

      and if you think it is insignificant? for them it isn't. you know how your highschool diploma doesn't mean shit? ..but do you know in developed world it kind of is a big deal still and university exams even bigger - doing good on them can be the difference of a live of managing a chain store and being a taxi driver and the income difference between those two being ten fold - and that's what they believe.

      they don't also believe that it's about actually doing good on them but that you get the score.

      it's more of a telling thing that people aren't on the streets rioting - some countries.. well. there's a lot they do, including censoring certain domains, but they are not crazy enough to ban for example facebook because of the immediate backslash - and yes, facebook. facebook is now the defacto standard for that. they can't ban individual pages inside facebook and threaten to ban facebook alltogether but they don't have the balls to do that! imagine that! facebook is working, factually and objectively, as the haven of free speech!

      this is an example from thailand. if there were some "defamatory" news about the royal family on slashdot, they would ban it in a heartbeat. but they can't ban facebook and due to https they can't ban individual pages - and why they can't ban facebook? too many people use it and they would lose their shit if they banned it. they had a snafu with it where they kind of asked one isp to ban facebooks domain.. because they wanted some sub page to be removed.. but they didn't think it through and never admitted to it publicly due to immediate(within hours) amount of backslash.

      alas, ethiopia is kind of fucked for the foreseeable future. it is basically just a notch - JUST A NOTCH - above Somalia.

    10. Re:wrong problem by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't know that I can agree with you. I have been a TA in College, and I have been to College. Colleges could REALLY use cellphone jammers in every class during exam. People just FUCKING cheat. It's almost blatant at this point, because paperwork to discipline one of the cheaters is a PITA, and no university wan't to piss off an idiot paying 20 grand a year to be indoctrinated in BS.

  2. Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This is actually a really interesting way to solve a challenging problem (cheating). It's a little crazy, but it's a poor country. I don't completely oppose this. An education system with integrity is extremely important for a country.

    1. Re:Not completely crazy by Guybrush_T · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Plus, shutting down the internet may not make a huge difference. Less than 4% of the population has internet access.

    2. Re:Not completely crazy by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 3, Funny

      This is actually a really interesting way to solve a challenging problem (cheating).

      Indeed. Also, thermonuclear weapons are a great way to get rid of pesky mosquitoes.

    3. Re:Not completely crazy by Pascoea · · Score: 1

      Maybe that's what NK is up to then.

    4. Re: Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ah, I see you support the return of mass DDT sprayings.

    5. Re:Not completely crazy by hackel · · Score: 1

      That's a very good point I hadn't considered. If the majority of the people who actually have internet access are students, it actually makes a lot more sense. Not saying it's right, but it seems less wrong/damaging if the majority of people's lives aren't as dependent on internet access as they are in the developed world. Perhaps simply shutting down internet access at all the schools would have been enough, tough, if that's primarily where they access the internet.

    6. Re:Not completely crazy by guises · · Score: 2

      I'm consistently impressed with how dedicated Africans seem to be to education. It perhaps over-emphasizes youth, but it does seem very forward thinking.

      (Albeit, it's probably unreasonable to lump all of Africa together. I'm sure there are some African countries / groups who don't give a shit about education.)

    7. Re:Not completely crazy by DickBreath · · Score: 1

      > An education system with integrity is extremely important for a country.

      Paging Betsy DeVoss. Paging Betsy DeVoss.

      --

      I'll see your senator, and I'll raise you two judges.
    8. Re:Not completely crazy by TWX · · Score: 1

      I don't think that mosquitoes would be eliminated by thermonuclear weapons. Every square-foot of surface would have to be nuked at the exact same time.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    9. Re:Not completely crazy by rkordmaa · · Score: 1

      They can't apply normal fixes to the problem, less than half the populace even has basic literacy, with workforce like that do you really think the government and education system is terribly capable of executing policies normally? If nothing else works then you have to go for the heavy handed method. And they really-really need their education system to start working and producing people that are not complete morons.

    10. Re:Not completely crazy by rkordmaa · · Score: 2

      It make sense to prioritize education. Lack of it is the main cause of their thousand problems and they can't fix any of them before they have the workforce educated enough to start fixing things. You can talk about reforms, industrialization, building infrastructure, developing economy and all that, but if people listening can't even read and write then its just plain waste of effort because it's never ever going to happen.

    11. Re: Not completely crazy by unrtst · · Score: 1

      Ah, I see you support the return of mass DDT sprayings.

      Why not? It was being overused. It was quite effective and isn't very toxic though.
      http://www.acsh.org/news/2016/...
      http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04... ... or do any number of searches regarding it.

    12. Re:Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      This is actually a really interesting way to solve a challenging problem (cheating).

      Indeed. Also, thermonuclear weapons are a great way to get rid of pesky mosquitoes.

      Today I learned that "interesting" == "great", at least in ShanghaiBill's vocabulary.

    13. Re:Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      In other news, 90% of Ethiopian test takers have failed their exams.

    14. Re: Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The fact that I've never contracted malaria leads me to lend my support to this idea.

    15. Re:Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
    16. Re:Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      GP here. That was actually my first thought. Having an education system with integrity is a real risk if your students aren't up to the task.

    17. Re:Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The real challenging problem is how to circumvent the blockage. We need to be able to communicate without interference.

    18. Re: Not completely crazy by alvinrod · · Score: 1

      Why pass people who don't deserve it though? They aren't magically smarter for getting a piece a paper. Worse yet they might think they're capable of higher learning and waste money on university when they're doomed to fail or have to keep cheating, which can only go on so long unless they're well connected in which case they can just buy the degree and skip the cheating entirely. I think the U.S. has this problem where high school lets anyone through to the point it became useless and so everyone wanted a college degree, but now that's getting watered down so for a lot of fields (not really CS or engineering) you really almost need an MS to have a shot at a good job.

    19. Re:Not completely crazy by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I don't think that mosquitoes would be eliminated by thermonuclear weapons. Every square-foot of surface would have to be nuked at the exact same time.

      Not really. Mosquitoes have short life-spans and a relatively short range. Also the parasitic species that we're concerned about are completely dependent on land vertebrates, and especially humans, for survival. So, when all of their food dies, they'll die too (the males don't need blood, but the females do).

    20. Re:Not completely crazy by billywayne · · Score: 1

      !nsightful, probably real.

  3. Not a bad idea by ickleberry · · Score: 1

    People are too easily distracted by random nonsense on the internet, kids these days. Look at all the covfefe about Trump this morning. Did that add value to anyone's life? No.

    More places should turn off the internet for a while. Even IoT sensors could buffer their stats until it's switched back on. I would recommend switching it off for 2-3 days in the summer and 24th-27th of December. Give people a chance to rediscover the outdoors and all of that.

    1. Re:Not a bad idea by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It added value to my life, I enjoyed life more because I was laughing my ass off!

    2. Re:Not a bad idea by TWX · · Score: 1

      yes. At a minimum it was merely funny.

      Beyond that it gave us room to speculate about the person that posted it despite previous statements that others would now be handling the account, and let us joke about people wrestling with the phone or it being possibly dropped into the toilet.

      It even gave some people amusement to consider if he pulled an Elvis on us and somehow managed to hit send.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    3. Re: Not a bad idea by loufoque · · Score: 1

      I've found it interesting since it gives me insight about how other people think about language.

      For me, I need to know how to write a word to be able to think about it. Its ethymology and generally how its writing compares to that of other words helps my understanding of its meaning and its relationships with other concepts.

      Clearly that's not the case for some other people, who appear to just think of words based on the sound they think they've heard when others said it.

  4. Nuke the site from orbit by enjar · · Score: 1

    It's the only way to be sure

    1. Re:Nuke the site from orbit by DickBreath · · Score: 1

      As long as I can use my TI-89 on the test. Preloaded with text and other covfefe.

      --

      I'll see your senator, and I'll raise you two judges.
  5. "Activists?" by hackel · · Score: 1

    I don't think people leaking an exam can be called "activists." This is a pretty pathetic way to try to combat this level of rampant cheating. It's really sad that such a state exists, and that they have failed to convey decent values to these students by grade 10/12. Then again, apparently cheating is also rampant in the US, where students have equally terrible values and little to no integrity.

    Sounds like the real issue is that they are using the same exam all over the country. Couldn't this be fixed by simply randomizing the exam questions, changing the order (requiring people to hunt for answers even if they do manage to find a leaked copy), and changing the numeric values of questions to ensure the answers are different?

    The internet is too critical a tool for society in general to shut it down even for just a day, for the sake of ensuring the validity of national student exams.

    1. Re:"Activists?" by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 1

      they have failed to convey decent values to these students by grade 10/12.

      This is not about "values". People everywhere will act in their own self-interest. Rampant cheating frequently happens in Western countries when people feel that they can "get away with it". It isn't limited to students either. There have been big cheating scandals on teacher qualification exams in numerous American cities, and it was clear that most of the participants cheated.

      The solution is to reduce opportunities for cheating and make sure the chance of getting caught, and the severity of the consequences, outweigh the benefits.

    2. Re:"Activists?" by Major+Blud · · Score: 1

      "If you ain't cheatin', you ain't tryin'"

      --Richard Petty

      --
      If you post as Anonymous Coward, don't expect a reply.
    3. Re:"Activists?" by dbIII · · Score: 1

      The internet is too critical a tool for society ... to shut it down even for just a day

      But it's neither for an entire day or available enough there for it to have become a critical tool.

    4. Re: "Activists?" by loufoque · · Score: 1

      Nation-wide exams are a good practice and allow to grade everybody on the same standard.
      I understand the concept of standards may be something alien to an American but that is how skills and knowledge are usually assessed at the end of high school in civilized countries.

  6. How fucking stupid can they be? by ilsaloving · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Seriously? Shut down the internet for the entire country, *just for exams*?

    Sweet pterodactyl projectile diarrhea on a dreidel, how many different kinds of wrong could have gone into a decision as boneheaded as that?

    Do businesses in Ethiopia not depend on the internet for anything?

    1. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Mining companies have satellite uplinks

    2. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by tlhIngan · · Score: 4, Informative

      Seriously? Shut down the internet for the entire country, *just for exams*?

      In a lot of places, every student writes exams at the same time. Shutting down the internet for the 3-4 hours while every student writes exams is a cheap and easy way to keep them from cheating via Google.

      It's not feasible in most Western nations because there's rarely a time where every single student is taking an exam, but a lot of places (especially places following the old British education system) every student has to sit down and write one massive end of year exam that basically counts for all the marks. Cheating is rampant because in the final years those exams dictate the next phase in your life - do you head off and become a common labourer, do you get a scholarship and get to attend university overseas, or do you get post-secondary education locally? And yes, suicide is also rampant - students who feel they failed their parents (i.e., did not live up to expectations, which are often "overseas university full scholarship") often feel they can't face the shame (or punishment) of getting anything less.

      Hell, you know it's big when Amazon sells special "cheating watches" which are basically watches with an SD card slot - you load up the watch with your textbook and notes and such, and then wear it as a normal watch, but with the ability to skim through it like a mini eBook reader.

    3. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well admittedly Ethiopia is a smaller country, and it's core values/ethics/culture is very homogenous.
      They obviously don't have a major problem with keeping their students on-board & honest for a couple days.

      Now if the entire continent of Africa had done this- it would not make sense.

    4. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by JesseMcDonald · · Score: 1

      In a lot of places, every student writes exams at the same time. Shutting down the internet for the 3-4 hours while every student writes exams is a cheap and easy way to keep them from cheating via Google.

      This wasn't 3-4 hours, it was at least a full day. The shutdown started 4pm UK time on Tuesday and access was still not restored as of Wednesday afternoon.

      It's not feasible in most Western nations because there's rarely a time where every single student is taking an exam...

      Not only that, but the Internet is used by many people other than students taking exams. Even with every student taking exams at exactly the same time, it would be completely impractical to shut down the Internet in most Western nations even for 3-4 hours, let alone an entire day.

      This is not about the importance of the exams so much as the fact that Ethiopia has not yet reached the point in their development where they are taking full advantage of what the Internet has to offer, both economically and socially. Once they do they won't be able to simply shut it off any more than most Western nations, even if they retain the same all-important exam system.

      --
      "The state is that great fiction by which everyone tries to live at the expense of everyone else." - Bastiat
    5. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      it was to stop distribution of the answer sheets and questions in advance. ..because, if you have a good monopoly on selling something, you want to keep it.

    6. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      All the lost business due to no internet is cheap?
      Just shutting down your economy for a couple of hours is not a valid solution to this kind of thing.

    7. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by rkordmaa · · Score: 1

      100mil people is a small country? Well, admittedly, the part of the population that actually uses internet is a tiny fraction of that but still.

    8. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by thegarbz · · Score: 1

      This wasn't 3-4 hours, it was at least a full day. The shutdown started 4pm UK time on Tuesday and access was still not restored as of Wednesday afternoon.

      Given the percentage of population have internet, and the even smaller percentage who depend on it I doubt this is a very big problem. 3/4 of the population doesn't have electricity and it's a country with one of the lowest percentages of access to modern utilities in the world.

      I wonder if anyone even noticed the internet was off.

    9. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The government has no right to shut down internet for their citizens maybe apart from real emergencies.

    10. Re:How fucking stupid can they be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Shutting down the internet for the 3-4 hours while every student writes exams is a cheap and easy way to keep them from cheating via Google.

      Yeah, because actually expecting proctoring of exams and punishments for cheating and all that gets backdoored to "cultural differences."

      How about the concept that if their country wasn't so fucking corrupt that this is a serious issue for them, it wouldn't BE a serious issue for them?

  7. waiting... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    for the obligatory GNAA post?

    1. Re:waiting... by TWX · · Score: 1

      I'm wondering if they've somehow been suppressed. I had a post that was a reply to a reply of that normal spam that shows up in my post list but when clicked on doesn't load. I'm thinking Slashdot is now seeing some behind-the-scenes editing more than it used to, beyond the normal moderation system.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
  8. Americans are shocked. by 140Mandak262Jamuna · · Score: 1
    Some are shocked Ethiopia has internet.

    Others are shocked they have schools and the students write exams

    But mostly, they are shocked there is a place called Ethiopia that is real. They assumed it was one of the imaginary kingdoms in Cecil B Demille movies.

    --
    sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
    1. Re:Americans are shocked. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      WHICH Americans? South America (Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, etc) or North America (US, Canada, Mexico). Please me more specific!

    2. Re:Americans are shocked. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why don't you just kill yourself you stupid pedant. Everyone on the fucking planet knows that the endonym for citizens of the United States of America is "American". It's only twats like yourself that have this problem.

      Never have I once heard a single person from any of those nations you've listed call themselves American other than people from the USA. Really. They don't want to be associated with Americans, don't you get that?

    3. Re: Americans are shocked. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Don't forget about Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama)...

    4. Re:Americans are shocked. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You sound like a typical angry "American".

    5. Re:Americans are shocked. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's a obvious jab over said word "American" used by mainly U.S. citizens. Were you attacked by humor as a child?

  9. Good for Ethiopia! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    A country that actually takes some forceful control over the natural use of how technology is implemented! Good for them!

  10. they will not miss much by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    same lame 'stories' for weeks at a time,, psychotronic hypenosys.. regardless most of us are more aware of things than we once may not have needed to be... cease fire stand down... everything made by man fails over time is no secret,,, in the moms we trust... our nearest identifiable creators.. thanks.. see you sooner or later... sing along... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLO3NmGJuHg .. 1000s per day dying from starvation daily in ethiopia, mostly kids.. been happening for decade(s) now, no mention in the article.. good sports with good spirits will prevail...

  11. pros and cons by rkordmaa · · Score: 1

    Given the state of Ethiopia the impact of such a move is significantly less that it would be in a developed nation. And education is kind of the highest priority they can have right now, they need to fix education before they can fix anything else. Illiterate populace is just no good in getting a country up and running. The few companies that actually need internet access have probably rolled their own already, sat internet or whatever.

  12. Their Country, Their Answer by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    They figured the cost was outbalanced by the upshot. Can't really blame them.

    I'd be annoyed too, having to go outside and all. But that'll be the extent of it. Maybe some robotic surgeries depended on uptime?

    I think the right and more humane answer, though, would be to shoot any student who brings a smartphone to the examination.

    1. Re: Their Country, Their Answer by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      am i missing something..how does shutting off the internet defeat a crib sheet?

    2. Re: Their Country, Their Answer by magarity · · Score: 1

      Modern cheaters don't have a crib sheet with information being tested; they have real time "question 1's answer is ..." thanks to person A taking the test and disseminating the answer over a smartphone as the testing is in progress.

    3. Re: Their Country, Their Answer by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'm not sure I entirely understand. Most phones can act as a hotspot... Is the real problem having essentially a wireless computer in your pocket? Even if they shut down the cellular network internet. Maybe they can block all Wifi and bluetooth as well? (Wouldn't that just make smarter kids who hook up alternative SDR radio transceivers to their phones?)

  13. Fake news.. by jcfandino · · Score: 1

    This is completely false. I know for sure, how else could its rich prince have emailed me for help on recovering the throne from the evil dictatorship?

  14. So easy to get around by LynnwoodRooster · · Score: 1

    Just pull out your local printed copy. I print one out weekly, so I have a backup of the Internet any time I need it!

    --
    Browsing at +1 - no ACs, I ignore their posts. So refreshing!
    1. Re:So easy to get around by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Are you kidding? It's easier than that. Just have an app that doesn't need internet. People seem to forget, you have a computer in your pocket. Run your own access point, apache webserver, done. Now everyone else can connect their Wifi to you and access info.

  15. Good idea but a bit overkill. by sproketboy · · Score: 2

    If you want to prevent cheating you could disable internet at the Universities themselves with various firewall techniques.

    1. Re:Good idea but a bit overkill. by Altrag · · Score: 1

      That wouldn't really work unless they could also convince the cell companies to shut down service in all of the towers within range of the university. Having to plug in a cat5 to cheat would be pretty blindingly obvious to the proctor.

  16. Kerfuffle by Hognoxious · · Score: 1

    covfefe(x) = sqrt ( 1 - vfefe(x)**2 )

    --
    Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  17. Smaller scale? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What, they can't shut down the internet just where students are taking exams?

    Ban phones too?

    Come on. This is an easy problem to solve.

  18. Dammit! by Ol+Olsoc · · Score: 1
    And just as I was about to score an easy 10 million for working with Mrs Elam Mugambe', the poor dear who lost her husband and needed my help with depositing the money in a bank. But then the internet went down.

    Lovingly, in Christ Jesus.

    --
    The shepherds did so well protecting the flock that the sheep no longer believed that wolves existed.
  19. What is the average IQ of an Ethiopian? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Anybody like to discuss reality? Thought not.

    1. Re: What is the average IQ of an Ethiopian? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Inb4 "muh colonialism"

  20. They should do that here by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    People nowadays are stuck behind their little screens too much. Might be good for them to get some fresh air.

  21. In the real world... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    In every day life you WILL have access to internet so there is no point preventing it if you can use it as a tools in the actual practice of your job.
    A decade ago I had teachers smart enough to realize this and they just made exam with that fact in mind.

    Maybe that argument is wrong for ethiopa though...

    It reminds me of my mother saying: well you need to be good at mental arithmetic otherwise, how will you pick the best price at grocery or any shop?
    You can't always have a pocket calculator on you... (This was early '90). Yeah. And now everyone has a cellphone many thousand time more powerful that any calculator of that era. Still learned mental arithmetic but much later, for a purpose important to me.