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New Material Could Up Efficiency of Concentrated Solar Power (arstechnica.com)
An anonymous reader shares new work that could allow us to generate electricity using supercritical carbon dioxide. Ars Technica reports: The researchers involved in the new work, a large U.S.-based collaboration, focus on a composite material: tungsten and zirconium carbide. These have extremely high melting points: 3,700K for both materials. Both of them conduct heat extremely well, and neither of them expands or softens much under these conditions, meaning they would hold up better to the mechanical stresses. While the stats are impressive, the amazing part of this is how the material is fabricated. The researchers started with tungsten carbide, a ceramic that can be formed into a porous material simply by pouring it as a powder into a mold and heating it. At this point, the ceramic can be further machined to produce a final shape. Once in its final form, the ceramic was placed in a bath of a molten mixture of copper and zirconium. The molten mixture filled the pores, and the zirconium reacted with the tungsten carbide, replacing the tungsten. The copper in the molten material formed a thin film on the surface of the solid.
The tungsten then filled the pores in the resulting material, allowing it to retain the same shape and size despite the chemical changes. The zircon carbide ends up providing the material with a stiffness even at high temperatures, while the tungsten is flexible enough to keep the whole thing from being brittle. And the whole thing conducted heat better than the metals currently in use. The remaining issue is that, at the conditions involved in solar thermal plants, the copper on the material would react with the carbon dioxide, forming a copper oxide and releasing carbon monoxide. But the researchers determined that adding a small amount of carbon monoxide to the supercritical CO2 would suppress this reaction, something that they confirmed experimentally. Because the material holds up to these conditions so much better than the metals currently in use, it's possible to use much less of it to build a heat exchanger. This is great economically (since you need fewer raw materials), and the small size increases the power density and efficiency of the heat exchanger.
The tungsten then filled the pores in the resulting material, allowing it to retain the same shape and size despite the chemical changes. The zircon carbide ends up providing the material with a stiffness even at high temperatures, while the tungsten is flexible enough to keep the whole thing from being brittle. And the whole thing conducted heat better than the metals currently in use. The remaining issue is that, at the conditions involved in solar thermal plants, the copper on the material would react with the carbon dioxide, forming a copper oxide and releasing carbon monoxide. But the researchers determined that adding a small amount of carbon monoxide to the supercritical CO2 would suppress this reaction, something that they confirmed experimentally. Because the material holds up to these conditions so much better than the metals currently in use, it's possible to use much less of it to build a heat exchanger. This is great economically (since you need fewer raw materials), and the small size increases the power density and efficiency of the heat exchanger.
Solar-thermal is dying and this material is unlikely to revive it. Solar PV has dramatically declined in price, and is likely to continue to do so as manufacturing improves. Solar-thermal isn't cost competitive, and has far less room for improvement, since mirrors and pipes are mature tech. Solar-thermal requires more maintenance, and requires direct sun. Unlike PV, it will produce no power on overcast days.
The only significant advantage of solar-thermal is that it can store heat and time-shift power generation. But that is not enough of an advantage to offset the higher costs.
You could be right. IIRC Tungsten is relatively expensive and quite difficult to work (though they aren't dealing with metallic Tungsten).
But you could also be quite wrong.
OTOH, do note that the proposed application is heat exchangers. These aren't only used in solar power plants, and aren't used at all in photo-voltaic systems. So the title is misleading, and the application is as likely to be nuclear plants as solar plants.
I think we've pushed this "anyone can grow up to be president" thing too far.
With this stuff you could make a really hot solar oven.
But what are you going to cook in it?
Carbon dioxide. It says so in the article.
My guess though is that they'll "cook" salts, melt some salts to the point they flow like water and they make very nice heat transfer materials for running brayton cycle turbines. These turbines can react quickly to changing power output demands, are quite small for the power output compared to other heat engines, and the salt works well for thermal storage over many hours if kept in a proper storage tank. All good stuff for replacing natural gas and oil to make electricity.
Another application I can think of is to make hydrogen from the water for synthesizing fuels and fertilizers, as well as make some desalinated water as a byproduct for use in municipal water supplies.
Also in the article is the potential use in making better natural gas and nuclear power plants. This is good stuff for energy production, finding something to "cook" is the least of the problems.
I am armed because I am free. I am free because I am armed.
> The only significant advantage of solar-thermal is that it can store heat and time-shift power generation
That's a pretty useful "advantage".
Have gnu, will travel.
Solar thermal it works in the DARK! (Efficiency isn't always about $.)
Power prices are higher during the day than at night. So cutting back on valuable power to make more cheap power isn't a good business strategy.
Also, building a storage tank that can hold billions of watt-hours of superheated steam isn't free.
Why can't they generate power during overcast days?
Because mirrors can't concentrate diffuse light.
I would think that improvements on IR light are still possible since a lot of that goes thru clouds.
IR does not go through clouds.
Fun fact: if you look at the last 10 years of slashdot stories about miracle efficiency improvements, they're now around 570% efficient.
Sounds like a replacement for Freon.
Shai Schticks:"You don't make peace with friends, you make peace with enemies"
You can use thermal storage for PV generated electricity, the round trip efficiency is pretty dire but if the electricity cost is low enough it doesn't really matter.
They’ve upped the ante; deal with it.