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Human Images From World's First Total-Body Scanner Unveiled (medicalxpress.com)

An anonymous reader quotes a report from Medical Xpress: EXPLORER, the world's first medical imaging scanner that can capture a 3-D picture of the whole human body at once, has produced its first scans. The brainchild of UC Davis scientists Simon Cherry and Ramsey Badawi, EXPLORER is a combined positron emission tomography (PET) and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner that can image the entire body at the same time. Because the machine captures radiation far more efficiently than other scanners, EXPLORER can produce an image in as little as one second and, over time, produce movies that can track specially tagged drugs as they move around the entire body.

EXPLORER will have a profound impact on clinical research and patient care because it produces higher-quality diagnostic PET scans than have ever been possible. EXPLORER also scans up to 40 times faster than current PET scans and can produce a diagnostic scan of the whole body in as little as 20-30 seconds. Alternatively, EXPLORER can scan with a radiation dose up to 40 times less than a current PET scan, opening new avenues of research and making it feasible to conduct many repeated studies in an individual, or dramatically reduce the dose in pediatric studies, where controlling cumulative radiation dose is particularly important.

54 comments

  1. great but detail / resolution by johnjones · · Score: 3, Interesting

    the best way has always been NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) which are very very detailed, they don't specify the resolution nor the interpolation (guessing) thats done so basically they will have patents galore around it compared to NMR which is much higher detail and competing equipment manufacturers

    whats the advantage apart from whole body ? (that I'm guessing is actually guessed rather than scanned at the same time)

    1. Re: great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      How is it this was not brought to our attention before now?

    2. Re: great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well I am just asking the question because frankly itâ(TM)s shocking that we havenâ(TM)t been made aware. At least nobody has made me aware before now. Was anyone else in the room keeping this discovery for themselves to reveal at some opportune moment?

    3. Re:great but detail / resolution by h33t+l4x0r · · Score: 1

      It sounds like the advantage is speed. This should really help speed up those TSA checkpoints.

    4. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      As someone who actually knows about this technology... and the scanner in question, this thing really is a game changer.

      The PET resolution in humans is top tier via derenzo phantom and combined with the installed CT and speed, anatomic resolution is on the order of a few mm for 1 minute scans. No other current human PET/CT scanner even comes close to the combined specs. Scan longer and the PET images eerily begin to start resembling MR images... not kidding on this. ...and yes, MR is great for many things including exquisite soft tissue detail; but, MR scans are very lengthy, expensive and it can never do the things this scanner can like:

      show glucose metabolism over the whole body over time in realtime
      show dopamine uptake in the brain in realtime... and the rest of the body
      show amyloid deposition in the brain or body in realtime
      show compound deposition changing over a MONTH (with appropriate positron tracer) from a single administration
      show distribution over ... repeat line... you get the picture.
      Scan a kid without anesthesia (who would otherwise need it) in ~1 minute ( as an experiment go ahead an try to get a 2 year old to hold absolutely still for 20 minutes without anesthesia)
      other applications (way too long to list... like hundreds long)

      Basically, the applications are really vast for a scanner of this design for both research and high resolution and high throughput of clinical patients.

      But, back to the MRI bit; MRI falls short in complex physiologic dynamic functions whereas this scanner is in a class all to itself.

      Oh and to answer the question... the whole body is scanned (for the PET portion) all at once (it's two meters long of detectors)... it's not interpolated or stitched.

    5. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Words just don't do this justice. It's super cool science!

      If you are in the field or just get a kick out of cool medical imaging, see below:

      Dynamic whole body images of F-18 FDG injected and imaged dynamically (pay attention to the time stamps at the top)
      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaszDkmgfMY it's like hollow man but without the CGI!

      Also loads of info of the actual project at:
      https://explorer.ucdavis.edu

    6. Re:great but detail / resolution by Joce640k · · Score: 2

      As someone who actually knows about this technology... and the scanner in question, this thing really is a game changer.

      Yep. This is a huge step forwards, Star Trek teleportation is now just around the corner.

      --
      No sig today...
    7. Re: great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why is this person not banned?

    8. Re:great but detail / resolution by MrKaos · · Score: 1

      You have to trust that there is no-one there smart enough to consider that option or dumb enough to point it out.

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    9. Re:great but detail / resolution by MrKaos · · Score: 1

      Basically, the applications are really vast for a scanner of this design for both research and high resolution and high throughput of clinical patients.

      This is something I've wondered about from a fitness and prevention perspective. Even a single scan is useful over nothing. A scan of your body internals as it changes over years would be fantastic diagnostic resource.

      What a great contribution to science and medicine!

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    10. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      huh-huh - hey everybody I see his ding-dong!

    11. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      I have a couple of questions for someone who knows the technology:
      - What is a typical milliSievert (mSv) radiation exposure for performing a full-body X-ray CT with this system?
      - Similarly, when using the PET functionality, what is a typical mSv dose exposure, and what is the technological difference that allows it exposure to be reduced by 40x ?

      I think the equipment is great for research, but how does it fare in terms of risk/benefit for individual patients?
      From other sources, a PET/CT exposes you to 25 mSv of radiation. For occupational exposure (persons professionally exposed to radiation), the typically allowed maximum is 100 mSv over 5 consecutive years. We need to keep in mind that these imaging technologies are not innocuous (increased lifetime risk of cancer...).

    12. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      As someone who actually knows about this technology... and the scanner in question, this thing really is a game changer.

      The PET resolution in humans is top tier via derenzo phantom and combined with the installed CT and speed, anatomic resolution is on the order of a few mm for 1 minute scans. No other current human PET/CT scanner even comes close to the combined specs. Scan longer and the PET images eerily begin to start resembling MR images... not kidding on this. ...and yes, MR is great for many things including exquisite soft tissue detail; but, MR scans are very lengthy, expensive and it can never do the things this scanner can like:

      show glucose metabolism over the whole body over time in realtime show dopamine uptake in the brain in realtime... and the rest of the body show amyloid deposition in the brain or body in realtime show compound deposition changing over a MONTH (with appropriate positron tracer) from a single administration show distribution over ... repeat line... you get the picture. Scan a kid without anesthesia (who would otherwise need it) in ~1 minute ( as an experiment go ahead an try to get a 2 year old to hold absolutely still for 20 minutes without anesthesia) other applications (way too long to list... like hundreds long)

      Basically, the applications are really vast for a scanner of this design for both research and high resolution and high throughput of clinical patients.

      But, back to the MRI bit; MRI falls short in complex physiologic dynamic functions whereas this scanner is in a class all to itself.

      Oh and to answer the question... the whole body is scanned (for the PET portion) all at once (it's two meters long of detectors)... it's not interpolated or stitched.

      As another person who actually puts patients through this technology.... whats the COST of this scanner? The reason why existing PET scanners do slice-by-slice imaging (as opposed to whole body at once imaging) is due to the high cost of detectors.

    13. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      This is a PET/CT. The CT shows the anatomy, the PET shows function (which is an entirely different purpose than typical diagnostic MR or CT). The selection of radiotracer will highlight physiological functions as they take place. MR shows soft tissue well, but not bone well. CT has worse soft tissue contrast than MR, but is faster to acquire and has higher resolution than MR.

    14. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The person in the image in the demo video has arthritis in one of his knees.

    15. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Also, fertility and chromosomal damage. i.e. Wait until after children women. Men ...???

    16. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      > Yep. This is a huge step forwards, Star Trek teleportation is now just around the corner.

      But what if I want to teleport farther than around the corner?

    17. Re:great but detail / resolution by MrKaos · · Score: 1

      huh-huh - hey everybody I see his ding-dong!

      Then you should get out of the urinal.

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    18. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      As someone who actually knows about this technology... and the scanner in question, this thing really is a game changer.

      Yep. This is a huge step forwards, Star Trek teleportation is now just around the corner.

      Why, I have Teleport in my spellbook.

    19. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      We don't have a "typical" dose for this scanner yet because we have only scanned a few volunteers. However, the PET portion of a standard PET/CT scan gives about 7 mSv of dose (for a 10 mCi injection of FDG) , with another 7 mSv from the CT. We used a bit less radioactivity and the volunteers got about 5 mSv from the PET portion of the scan. I don't have the CT dose values to hand but they were lower than normal because we weren't testing the CT in this experiment.
      To get images similar to current clinical PET scans, my current guesstimate is that we could reduce the PET dose somewhere between 10 and 40-fold. BUT - the images will not be as clear. So we will have to make some choices - great images, or lower dose, or some combination of the two. We will need to do some clinical trials to figure out the best risk/benefit for the patients.

      However, I would point out that you need about 100 mSv of dose in one year to get a measurable increase in your cancer risk. The government-approved assumption is that you have a linear relationship between dose and harm at lower exposures than this. That is a safe and reasonable assumption, but in fact we don't have evidence that it is true, and the risks could be lower than that. Some experiments have shown that low levels of radiation actually goose the immune system, for example. To put it in perspective, you get 2-4 mSv of dose from natural background radiation every year.

    20. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Oh, and the technology difference is actually very simple - we just use about ten times more detectors than a regular PET scanner does!

    21. Re:great but detail / resolution by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      huh-huh - hey everybody I see his ding-dong!

      Then you should get out of the urinal.

      Hey don't TSA ideas - cameras are small nowadays!

  2. But how about the appendix? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Will it be able to visualize the appendix in all its five different possible positions and variations in length and diameter? You know, so people don't suffer for years with all the variations of chronic, recurrent, or gangrenous appendicitis or appendiceal phlegmon or a stuck appendicolith when abuse of antibiotics masks the symptoms of acute appendicits, as has been known since at least 1962?

    You know, because ultrasound, CT, or MRI in all its modalities (with or without contrast) can't see shit when it comes to the appendix?

    Ahhh, 21st century medicine is still defeated by 19th century diseases when it comes to the appendix. Back then they just took it out.

    1. Re: But how about the appendix? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Medicine is improving! I await the next installment with baited breath

    2. Re: But how about the appendix? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Medicine is improving!"

      But not in the case of the appendix, we've actually regressed. In 1928 you could have gotten the 30 minute appendectomy you need when you have the "grumbling appendix" (it's slowly dying from infection) or a simple auscultation reveals the crackling sounds of necrotic tissue.

      Of course nowadays, we simply schedule a scan which can't see the appendix and ignore chronic appendicitis.

    3. Re: But how about the appendix? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Unless you have been living under a rock you know very well how much improvement is occurring.
      Just think. Back when the MRI was invented, makers claimed it was so accurate it could detect the consistency of mucous in the membranes. In fact, the main claim to fame of the MRI was in causing claustrophobic children to weep uncontrollably deep in the vacuum tube.
      Yet, this was a huge improvement over the fat popsicle stock the doctor would drop into your tongue. He would say âoesay ahâ but the only noise that would come out was a guttural parody of a guinea pig being squeezed none too gently.
      Look it up. The medical Literature (both from reputable journals and vanity presses) is rife with examples of various inventions and tools, more than meets the imagination.

    4. Re: But how about the appendix? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Looks like you need to scan my post with an MRI to see this part

      "But not in the case of the appendix"

      You can look it up as well: how radiologists are "perplexed" by the great variability of the appendix. How can they be perplexed if we have such powerful tools?

      It's like saying you can recognize a pencil from the side but tip it over and you're perplexed by what you're looking at.

      "weep uncontrollably deep in the vacuum tube."

      The what now?

  3. Re: mod 04 by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yes

  4. Neat Vids by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I'm looking forward to a ton more. Apparently it takes 3 minutes for some injected sugar to be distributed from your leg into your bladder. Too bad this tech won't be used for sex research (because such research is nearly non-existent compared to other fields).

    Here's the two article videos so you don't have to enable a bunch of scripts to get at them:
    Glucose metabolism
    Delivery and distribution of a radiolabeled sugar
    Main image
    (Not a goatse link)

  5. freaks by Tablizer · · Score: 1

    That's some weird-ass porn

  6. Nothing new by Gabest · · Score: 1

    My kitty cat (aka PET) was sick once and had a full body scan. How is a human different? Yes, longer, the scanner has to scan more, but not impossible.

    1. Re:Nothing new by religionofpeas · · Score: 1

      Did you try reading the article ?

    2. Re:Nothing new by MrKaos · · Score: 3, Funny

      My kitty cat (aka PET) was sick once and had a full body scan. How is a human different? Yes, longer, the scanner has to scan more, but not impossible.

      Are you sure it wasn't a CAT scan?

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
    3. Re:Nothing new by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think that was the whole joke already. Hint: they called it their 'PET'. Hint, Hint.

    4. Re:Nothing new by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      A man took his pet canary to a vet, who proclaimed it dead. The man didn’t believe him, so the vet called his cat over. The cat sniffed at the bird and walked away. The man still wasn't convinced, so the vet brought in a black Labrador retriever, which also sniffed the bird and showed no interest.

      Finally, the man accepted the that the bird was dead, and asked how much he owed. "Two hundred dollars," said the vet, "including the cat scan and the lab work."

    5. Re:Nothing new by MrKaos · · Score: 1

      I think that was the whole joke already. Hint: they called it their 'PET'. Hint, Hint.

      Thanks for explaining, I was asking a serious question. I hope his CAT is OK.

      --
      My ism, it's full of beliefs.
  7. high res by YuuTency · · Score: 1

    Perhaps not completly on topic, but this would be an awesome picture on the wall. Does anybody have a high res version of this picture? thx

  8. Soon? by AndyKron · · Score: 1

    When do these start showing up at airports?

  9. Insurance Gold by White+Yeti · · Score: 3

    "I'm sorry, your insurance doesn't cover the EXPLORER scan we gave you yesterday."

    1. Re:Insurance Gold by Miser · · Score: 1

      That'll be $600,000.00, thanks.

    2. Re:Insurance Gold by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Leaders of the 1st world!

      Prove yourself: wounds

  10. Yes! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    When will we start seeing these in airports?

  11. Commoditize this by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Some one needs to commoditize this. Make the scan so cheap you can just walk in and walk out 10 minutes later with your latest full body scan on a thumb drive. So cheap they can be installed at your local mall like a photo booth. Compare your current scan to the previous scan. Computer image processing can easily spot a small lump that didn't exist on the previous scan. Think of how many treatable cancers could be identified and treated before the meat bag even knew it was there. No more invasive check ups, no more sketchy doctor interpretations, no more waiting for test results.

    The cost savings on to the medical industry would be huge. I dare say more than the cost of making scans for free.

    1. Re:Commoditize this by fox171171 · · Score: 1

      So cheap they can be installed at your local mall like a photo booth. Compare your current scan to the previous scan... Think of how many treatable cancers could be identified and treated before the meat bag even knew it was there.

      Imagine how many cancers would be caused by hypochondriacs scanning themselves daily.

  12. Well now they can literally find out... by 3seas · · Score: 1

    ...how full of shit someone is.

    1. Re:Well now they can literally find out... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Including your doctor!

  13. Stupid humans by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Wow, idiot humans spend billions on killing each other but only spend tens of million on technology like this?

    We're still basic animals and nothing better.

  14. This is a PET/CT scanner, for functional imaging by HuguesT · · Score: 1

    Full body PET/CT scanners already exist but they can only scan slice-by-slice. This one creates an image in real-time of the whole body in 3D.

    PET scanning is invasive because it requires the injection of a radioactive tracer. The scanner actually records simultaneous gamma-ray disintegrations. There are many available tracers allowing to measure for instance glucose metabolism, which is great for oncology (cancer medicine). This is currently the most precise way to detect many cancer lesions, particularly lymphoma, cancers of the lymphatic system. Other tracers can be used to measure for instance blood perfusion.

    This scanner is also interesting because it is less wasteful with gamma photons. This means that less tracer can be injected for the same image quality.