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As the Chase For New Elements Slows, Scientists Focus on Deepening Their Understanding of the Superheavy Ones They Already Know (nature.com)

From a report: The quest to extend the periodic table is not over, but it is grinding to a halt. Since Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table 150 years ago, researchers have been adding elements to it at the average rate of one every two or three years. Having found all the elements that are stable enough to persist naturally, researchers started to create their own, and are now up to element 118, oganesson. Although they still hope to find more, they agree that prospects of venturing beyond element 120 are dim.

"We're reaching the area of diminishing returns in the synthesis of new elements, at least with our current level of technology," says Jacklyn Gates, who works on heavy-element chemistry at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. As a result, research on the edge of the periodic table is shifting focus. Rather than chasing new elements, scientists are going back to deepen their understanding of the superheavy ones -- roughly speaking, those with an atomic number above 100 -- that they have already made.

Studying the chemical properties of these elements could show whether the most massive ones obey the organizing principle of the table -- which sorts elements into groups with similar behaviours on the basis of periodically recurring patterns of chemical reactivity. And although the heaviest elements decay in less than the blink of an eye, researchers still hope that they might arrive at the fabled 'island of stability': a hypothesized region of element-land where some superheavy isotopes -- atoms that have the same number of protons in their nucleus, but differing numbers of neutrons -- might exist for minutes, days or even longer.

46 comments

  1. bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

    simply set up a chemical processing plant on mars

    1. Re:bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 2

      You need to go further than Mars. Calvera is the closest neutron star, located in Ursa Minor, about 1000 LY from earth. A neutron star is basically a giant nucleus, so it is technically an element.

    2. Re:bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      only 1000LY, that's simple elon musk just launched another reusable rocket into LEO so 1000LY is the next logical step.
      progress

    3. Re:bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by dryeo · · Score: 3, Informative

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/... is closer (about 400LY) and there may be other cold ones even closer. They're hard to detect

      --
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism
    4. Re:bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by greythax · · Score: 3, Informative

      A neutron star is basically a giant nucleus, so it is technically an element.

      Not by a long shot. Neutron stars are made up of neutron degenerate matter which is a press of multiple neutrons into an incredibly dense material. The neutrons are still separate and do not merge into one. Even the neutrons present can not be described as an element since they lack the other key features of an element, namely protons and electrons.

      Your hypothesis is novel, but lacks a basic understanding of the phenomenon.

    5. Re:bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by strikethree · · Score: 1

      Neutron stars are made up of neutron degenerate matter which is a press of multiple neutrons into an incredibly dense material.

      What happened to all the protons and electrons? Did they "convert" into neutrons? If so, what does that tell us about "fundamental" particles?

      The neutrons are still separate and do not merge into one.

      What allows the neutrons to keep their "identity" under such extreme stresses?

      --
      "Someone needs to talk to the tree of liberty about its ghoulish drinking problem." by ohnocitizen
    6. Re:bah prertty sure there's more on Mars by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "What happened to all the protons and electrons? Did they "convert" into neutrons?" Essentially, yes!

      "If so, what does that tell us about "fundamental" particles?" Protons, electrons and neutrons haven't been considered fundamental particles for a very long time now. See: Quarks.

      "What allows the neutrons to keep their "identity" under such extreme stresses?" Not sure what you are asking here. There is enough gravitational force to coerce the protons and electrons into neutrons. There isn't enough gravitational force to overcome the crush limit of neutrons and create a black hole.

      Interestingly though, degenerate matter created by gravity, would not stay as neutrons if the gravity field somehow relaxed or went away. It took me years to find out the answer to this, but the degenerate neutrons would separate and become protons and electrons again. Furthermore the rebound process would be both fast and violent.

      This is suggestive. Somehow, degenerate neutrons are not the same as regular neutrons, which of course would not (and do not) do this.

  2. mothers by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Scientists' Mothers Decline Request for New Elements, Says You have Perfectly Good Ones You haven't even Researched Yet

  3. Discovery is Great!!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

    'Cause I like humping your mommy,
    and getting caught by your dad.
    If you're not into poota,
    and you have half a nad.
    If you like humping butts at midnight in the smooth anal gape,
    then i'm the one that you searched for.
    Come to me, and assrape!

    -Helen Gurley Brown

  4. They're not superheavy ... by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 4, Funny

    ... they're just big-boned.

    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
    1. Re:They're not superheavy ... by Lije+Baley · · Score: 1

      What? A day later, and still no mention of my mom...

      --
      Strange things are afoot at the Circle-K.
  5. There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

    The BIBLE is the only source of truth in this world. Science is a lie, told to you by liberals trying to control your lives. They will use it to take your video games from you, to take your guns from you, to take your unborn children from you. Reject science, reject the lies of anti-video game bigotry, of global warming hoax, of you being a descendent of a monkey, of women being the "equal" of men. Adopt truth of the bible, the faith in the Lord to make you live eternally in real truth.

    1. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      Samuel 28:7
      “Then Saul told his officers, ‘Find me a woman who can talk to the spirits of the dead. I’ll go to her and find out what’s going to happen.’”
      Genesis 6:4
      “The Nephilim were on the earth in those days—and also afterward—when the sons of God went to the daughters of humans and had children by them. They were the heroes of old, men of renown.”
      Proverbs 31:6
      “Let beer be for those who are perishing, wine for those who are in anguish!”
      John 21:25
      “Jesus did many other things as well. If every one of them were written down, I suppose that even the whole world would not have room for the books that would be written.”
      Judges 4:21
      “But Jael, Heber’s wife, picked up a tent peg and a hammer and went quietly to him while he lay fast asleep, exhausted. She drove the peg through his temple into the ground, and he died.”
      Judges 3:22
      “Even the handle sank in after the blade, and his bowels discharged. Ehud did not pull the sword out, and the fat closed in over it.”
      2 Kings 2:23-24
      “From there Elisha went up to Bethel. As he was walking along the road, some boys came out of the town and jeered at him. ‘Get out of here, baldy!’ they said. ‘Get out of here, baldy!’ He turned around, looked at them and called down a curse on them in the name of the LORD. Then two bears came out of the woods and mauled forty-two of the boys.”
      Joshua 10:12-14
      “On the day the Lord gave the Amorites over to Israel, Joshua said to the Lord in the presence of Israel: ‘Sun, stand still over Gibeon, and you, moon, over the Valley of Aijalon.’ So the sun stood still, and the moon stopped, till the nation avenged itself on its enemies, as it is written in the Book of Jashar.”
      Genesis 19: 31-32
      “One day the older daughter said to the younger, ‘Our father is old, and there is no man around here to give us children—as is the custom all over the earth. Let’s get our father to drink wine and then sleep with him and preserve our family line through our father.’”
      Exodus 4:24–26
      “At a lodging place on the way, the Lord met Moses and was about to kill him. But Zipporah took a flint knife, cut off her son’s foreskin and touched Moses’ feet with it. ‘Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me,’ she said. So the Lord let him alone.”

    2. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      “You also took the fine jewelry I gave you, the jewelry made of my gold and silver, and you made for yourself male idols and engaged in prostitution with them.” (Ezekiel 16:17)

      "If two men, a man and his countryman, are struggling together, and the wife of one comes near to deliver her husband from the hand of the one who is striking him, and puts out her hand and seizes his genitals, then you shall cut off her hand; you shall not show pity." (Deuteronomy 25:11-12)

      “When she carried on her whoring so openly and flaunted her nakedness, I turned in disgust from her, as I had turned in disgust from her sister. Yet she increased her whoring, remembering the days of her youth, when she played the whore in the land of Egypt and lusted after her lovers there, whose members were like those of donkeys, and whose issue was like that of horses. Thus you longed for the lewdness of your youth, when the Egyptians handled your bosom and pressed your young breasts.” (Ezekiel 23:18-21)

      In an attempt to avoid “loose” women who will surely ruin you with their words of oil and honey, Proverbs tries to teach men to love their wives whom they’ve had since they were young: “A loving doe, a graceful deer — may her breasts satisfy you always, may you ever be intoxicated with her love.” (Proverbs 5:19)

      When Saul’s servants told him what David had said, Saul replied, “Say to David, ‘The king wants no other price for the bride than a hundred Philistine foreskins, to take revenge on his enemies.’” (1 Samuel 18:20-30)

      “So they got their father to drink wine that night also, and the younger daughter went in and slept with him. Again he was not aware of it when she lay down or when she got up. So both of Lot’s daughters became pregnant by their father.” (Genesis 19:35)

    3. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      “I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent.” (1 Timothy 2:12)

      “This is what the Lord Almighty says... ‘Now go and strike Amalek and devote to destruction all that they have. Do not spare them, but kill both man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.’” (1 Samuel 15:3)

      “Do not allow a sorceress to live.” (Exodus 22:18)

      “Happy is he who repays you for what you have done to us – he who seizes your infants and dashes them against the rocks.” (Psalm 137:9)

      “So the man took his concubine and sent her outside to them, and they raped her and abused her throughout the night, and at dawn they let her go. At daybreak the woman went back to the house where her master was staying, fell down at the door and lay there until daylight. When her master got up in the morning and opened the door of the house and stepped out to continue on his way, there lay his concubine, fallen in the doorway of the house, with her hands on the threshold. He said to her, ‘Get up; let’s go.’ But there was no answer. Then the man put her on his donkey and set out for home.” (Judges 19:25-28)

      “In the same way also the men, giving up natural intercourse with women, were consumed with passion for one another. Men committed shameless acts with men and received in their own persons the due penalty for their error.” (Romans 1:27)

      “And Jephthah made a vow to the Lord, and said, ‘If you will give the Ammonites into my hand, then whoever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return victorious from the Ammonites, shall be the Lord’s, to be offered up by me as a burnt-offering.’ Then Jephthah came to his home at Mizpah; and there was his daughter coming out to meet him with timbrels and with dancing. She was his only child; he had no son or daughter except her. When he saw her, he tore his clothes, and said, ‘Alas, my daughter! You have brought me very low; you have become the cause of great trouble to me. For I have opened my mouth to the Lord, and I cannot take back my vow.’” (Judges 11:30-1, 34-5)

      ‘Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt-offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you.’ (Genesis 22:2)

      “Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord.” (Ephesians 5:22)

      “Slaves, submit yourselves to your masters with all respect, not only to the good and gentle but also to the cruel.” (1 Peter 2:18)

    4. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      I found the guy with nothing better to do with his time....

      OMG, why do these people seem to flock to slashdot, a "news for nerds" site and do this?

    5. Re: There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      Satan says you are an idiot

    6. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      If you want to ignore the threat that liberalism and secularism poses to your rights and your soul then so be it, but we will do our best to show you the truth.

    7. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      And the rights of women? You dont seem to have an issue making sure they dont have any rights.

    8. Re:There is no truth in science by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "If you want to ignore the threat that liberalism and secularism poses to your rights and your soul then so be it" - Why yes, we do want to ignore your retarded syphilitic pseudo-Christian bullshit, right up until you roast in hell. Yep.

  6. Orangium? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

    The big guy wants one named "Trumpium".

    "Best element ever, most protons, believe me. I have the biggest protons and know the most about them. And I'm cancelling Berkelium. #FakeElement with rigged electrons. That loser liberal city didn't vote for me because they are full of baby-raping voting illegals."

  7. Are you ready for some Football?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

    As usual none of the other countries even made it to the Super Bowl, lol! Loosers! America is best!

    #MAGA #Trump2020

    1. Re:Are you ready for some Football?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      I'm not a football fan, but it seems the "superbowl" is from the "NFL" which doesnt seem to include anyone but US teams?

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

    2. Re:Are you ready for some Football?! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      STFU, Ivan.

      or well googled, aspie!

  8. That's all there will be? by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 4, Funny

    So the idea of finding an 'island of stability' after all those shrinking half-lives didn't pan out, then?

    1. Re:That's all there will be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Not with today's tech at least. Check back in 20 years.

    2. Re:That's all there will be? by burtosis · · Score: 1

      Damn, and I was looking forward to having a single atom of jumbonium as a paper weight for my desk sometime soon.

    3. Re:That's all there will be? by magusxxx · · Score: 1

      You'll just have to settle for a paper weight of Jumbo.

      --
      Care killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back.
    4. Re:That's all there will be? by mentil · · Score: 1

      It's still possible, but the probability halves with each successive element.

      --
      Corruption is convincing someone that the selfless ideal is the same as their selfish ideal.
    5. Re: That's all there will be? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: -1

      Actually, they did find it, but the only known location is inside Trump's brain.

    6. Re:That's all there will be? by The+Evil+Atheist · · Score: 1

      What? This is just a natural cycle. As we learn more about the elements we have created, maybe it will produce new insights that will help with creating even heavier elements.

      --
      Those who do not learn from commit history are doomed to regress it.
  9. Quantum Stability by mentil · · Score: 2

    I wonder if large elements become unstable because they're approaching the size at which quantum effects no longer manifest. I imagine it's known, but also wonder why certain non-isotopes are radioactive.

    --
    Corruption is convincing someone that the selfless ideal is the same as their selfish ideal.
    1. Re:Quantum Stability by charliemerritt03 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      >> because they're approaching the size at which quantum
      >> effects no longer

      I don't think so - neutrons and protons are attracted together by the strong force, which is quite strong but weakens very rapidly with distance. Protons repel each other with their positive electrical charges. The electric charge is weaker than the strong, but weakens over distance more slowly. As God builds up nuclei by adding protons their mutually repulsive force is greater than the strong force because the protons on one side of the nucleus don't feel the distant protons' strong force, but they do feel the electric force. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus by adding more strong force without electric force, but again size matters, a proton at one extreme of a uranium nucleus feels almost no strong force from the other side so adding protons doesn't help. A friend that works in the weeds of this stuff told me that as a proton detaches from a radium atom and moves a nuclear radius away feels an electrical repulsion of something like 5 POUNDS from all the other protons and no attraction from the strong force. Zooom!

    2. Re:Quantum Stability by gotan · · Score: 4, Informative

      Basically it's mainly a quantum effect that makes larger nuclei unstable, specifically the Pauli-Exclusion-Principle. It's the same thing that hinders the electrons of an atom to all go to the lowest possible energetic state. They have to occupy different "orbitals", which pushes electrons to successively higher energy levels if they'd be added one at a time to a nucleus to form an atom.

      The same happens to neutrons and protons in an atom core, and it's the reason why it isn't possible to just add an arbitrary number of neutrons to any atom core (they wouldn't be repelled due to electric forces and just "bond" with strong forces to other nucleons, so their contribution to the binding energy should be positive).

      In the "Semi-Empirical Mass Formula" this contribution is called (a)symmetry term:
      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

      This formula works quite well, and the asymmetry term (penalizing different numbers of protons and neutrons) is what hinders nuclei with arbitrary numbers of added neutrons to be stable. Without this contribution the model can't (approximately) reproduce what we find in nature, and any model of the nucleus needs some explanation for this. Somehow there must be some reason why that is so, and the best reason we found so far is the Pauli-Exclusion-Principle applied to nucleons, which is basically quantum mechanical.

      --
      "By the way if anyone here is in advertising or marketing... kill yourself." -- Bill Hicks
    3. Re:Quantum Stability by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "As God builds up nuclei"

      Wrong. Lost all credibility with that statement. Go force feed some other losers your Jesus crap.

  10. WTF is non-isotope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    really :)

    1. Re:WTF is non-isotope by mentil · · Score: 1

      I wasn't taught about neutron excess in school. I thought the number of neutrons and protons were always equal, except in isotopes. Or I just forgot.

      --
      Corruption is convincing someone that the selfless ideal is the same as their selfish ideal.
    2. Re:WTF is non-isotope by dfm3 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      While that's often true for many lighter nuclei (think, for example, carbon-12 or nitrogen-14, which are the most common isotopes of those particular elements), the band of stability for most neutron:proton ratios is actually closer to 1.5:1. Stable isotopes of most elements from period 4 onward almost always have more neutrons than protons, and oddly, about 99% of hydrogen atoms have no neutrons, the nucleus being composed of just a single proton.

    3. Re:WTF is non-isotope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, and consequently in nucleon number. All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in each atom.[1] The term isotope is formed from the Greek roots isos ( "equal") and topos ( "place"), meaning "the same place"; thus, the meaning behind the name is that different isotopes of a single element occupy the same position on the periodic table.[2]

      The number of protons within the atom's nucleus is called atomic number and is equal to the number of electrons in the neutral (non-ionized) atom. Each atomic number identifies a specific element, but not the isotope; an atom of a given element may have a wide range in its number of neutrons. The number of nucleons (both protons and neutrons) in the nucleus is the atom's mass number, and each isotope of a given element has a different mass number.

      For example, carbon-12, carbon-13 and carbon-14 are three isotopes of the element carbon with mass numbers 12, 13 and 14 respectively. The atomic number of carbon is 6, which means that every carbon atom has 6 protons, so that the neutron numbers of these isotopes are 6, 7 and 8 respectively.

      from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope

    4. Re:WTF is non-isotope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      You might think it's odd, but it makes sense when you think about it.
      Imagine the phase of the big bang where nucleons have just formed. As the temperature cools, most neutrons will decay into more stable protons; it is thought that the final ratio was about 7 : 1. Pairs of protons repel; you might think pairs of neutrons bind due to the strong force, but to exist together in such a bound state they need to be different enough and this requires them to have just enough extra energy that actually they don't stick together. So deuterium nuclei form, but not that many as there aren't enough neutrons. Furthermore, deuterium nuclei have a tendency to clump together into more stable helium nuclei. There was actually only a short window of time during which deuterium nuclei could form and during that time most of it was consumed by the formation of helium nuclei. The deuterium we see today is what little of the stuff is left.
      The end result when measured by mass is ¾ normal hydrogen, ¼ normal helium, 1 part in 10000 deuterium and helium-3, just a whiff of lithium and virtually nothing else. We had to wait for the first stars to form to get the other stuff.

    5. Re:WTF is non-isotope by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I wasn't taught about neutron excess in school. I thought the number of neutrons and protons were always equal, except in isotopes. Or I just forgot.

      Your still using isotope incorporation. There isn't a "normal' version and an isotope. Some elements have only one stable isotope, some have more, but all versions of the element are isotopes.

  11. Re:Quantum Stability -Correction by charliemerritt03 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I said:
    > so adding protons doesn't help.

    Its neutrons, not protons - it should have been

      Neutrons stabilize the nucleus by adding more strong force without electric force, but again size matters, a proton at one extreme of a uranium nucleus feels almost no strong force from the other side so adding *neutrons* doesn't help.

  12. obligatory sci-fi reference by cats-paw · · Score: 1

    Where superheavy elements form the basis of advanced technology

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

    I'm not sure, but Mirkheim, by Poul Anderson, may contain similar elements (pun intended).

    Both great book.s

    --
    Absolute statements are never true
  13. The Quest by Big+Hairy+Ian · · Score: 1

    The quest for Unobtanium continues

    --

    Build a Man a Fire, and He'll Be Warm for a Day. Set a Man on Fire, and He'll Be Warm for the Rest of His Life.

  14. We know why it's slowed by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    The government who you pay all of your hard earned taxes to has used your tax dollars to procure many super heavy elements , in all forms (solid, liquid, gasses)

    However due to "national security" (aka an easy excuse to steal all of your tax dollars and keep all the high science goodies to ourselves) they don't release the science to the public.

    The government, who you pay all your tax dollars to, steals all the science, puts it in the military, and you get nothing :) good deal huh?

    I mean, why give everyone free energy and anti-gravity? Then we might not have governments who can steal from us.

  15. Naming Suggestion by Scarletdown · · Score: 1

    Can we name one of them Felonium? That way, we can show that even the realm of physics has (puts on shades) a criminal element.

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