FAA-certified GPS units are quite expensive. A simple Mode-S transponder with 250W output such as the Garmin GTX 330 retails for about $3600. No moving map, no fancy functions.
I fly a Cessna 172S G1000, which is a glass cockpit design. It has a standby battery in it to provide for power to the screens if I lose the main battery. If I lose the main battery and the alternator (magnetos allow the engine to continue running without battery power), it can power both screens for perhaps 20 minutes, or one screen for maybe 45 minutes, and both are best-case scenarios with new or reasonably well-maintained batteries.
This may sound like a while, but it's very possible to be longer than 45 minutes from a usable airport (presuming you know where you are), and radio use and aircraft lights (really important at night!) will decrease the battery time available. Powering off both screens is not ideal, as all radio and transponder controls are handled by the G1000. I still have analog compass, airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude indicator, and flaps, so I can still safely direct and land the aircraft, but except for my hand-held NAVCOM, I am then without communications. The G1000 provides my turn coordinator, voice and nav radios, GPS, transponder, engine indicators, fuel gauges, vertical speed indicator. Powered down, I lose all of those.
I use it to get approximate terrain ideas before flights. It's easier to find passes and get comparative (not actual) mountain heights using that than a topographic map. For actual flight planning, I use the FAA charts, but for quick reference, Google Earth helps a great deal.
Transponders don't work that way. A radar pulse is sent out from the radar emitter. This contains a query signal, to which the transponder responds with its transponder code and (for Mode C or S) altitude information. Mode S transponders can provide other information to secondary radar and surrounding aircraft equipped with TCAS. Even without a functioning transponder, though, and as Obfuscant mentions below, radar can be used to identify a craft via specific maneuvers.
No one is going to switch off radars. The GPS system in question will supplement radars, but will make areas outside of radar coverage more visible. This will mean the eventual elimination of a number of jet routes and allow many planes to fly more directly using GPS navigation because their positions will be reported accurately to ground-based controllers.
In high-density locations, radars will still be required because a plane that loses power also may stop transmitting its transponder signal and may stop receiving its GPS coordinates. This is the reason why I carry a charged hand-held NAVCOM radio in my flight bag. If I lose all power, including the stand-by battery, I still want to be able to talk to someone. It may not have the range that my aircraft's radio has, but chances are I'll be able to find someone, and even if I can't hear them, they may be able to hear me and find out where in the boonies I landed. If I'm closer, I can use it to talk to the tower and hopefully make it to the airport safely.
Besides, GPS upgrades aren't cheap, and there are still a lot of Piper Cubs out there. They're about the simplest aircraft above ultralights that one can fly: no flaps, minimal gauges, and minimal radio gear. I don't think any of them have integrated GPS, and the FAA isn't about to ground all of them.
Many times the answer that "just can't be right" is; the problem comes when we "throw away the statistics" instead of figuring out why and how it gave the answer it did.
I've adopted in my life a truism I learned from my flight training: deal with things as they are, not how we would wish them to be.
In my work in network security, I often come across some oddities, which I present to management. They can present some uncomfortable episodes, and management sometimes wishes to just sweep them under the rug instead of addressing the problems. Now that we have a newly-upgraded IDS, we're seeing things that we never noticed before, and I suspect that we're going to be getting new guidelines on what is important.
I hope that's just cynicism leaking through the rum, but I've been there long enough to thing it might be reality instead.
An atom of hydrogen getting hit by, say, an oxygen molecule will be accelerated to a greater degree than a nitrogen molecule. The nitrogen molecule will be influenced to a greater degree than the hydrogen atom by Earth's gravity, as gravity reduces its velocity to a greater relative degree than that of the hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom goes flying off into space, while the nitrogen molecule arcs back into the atmosphere.
Boiling is the vaporization that takes place when the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. It is different from evaporation in that boiling involves a substantial portion (usually all) of the liquid mass while evaporation involves only that portion at the surface.
It will happen. The Earth will, barring some major perturbation of its orbit, become a dry, desolate world as the sun ages and expands. The water will not boil off, but will instead simply evaporate. As the water circulates to the upper atmosphere, it will be subject to reactions that break it apart into hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen will simply fly off into space, too light to be held by the Earth's gravity. The oxygen will remain, but with little hydrogen to bind it, there will be less and less water over time.
If they are just sitting around and can be apprehended with minimal risk, then of course arrest, charge and try them.
The majority of the hits thus far (at least those reported in the media) have been in either Taliban-held territory in Afghanistan or in the autonomous regions of Pakistan, in both cases definite no-go for arrest operations. At that point, military action becomes the only way of getting at them. If they can be captured, so much the better, but sometimes a remote-kill switch is the only way to handle them.
You pay for the right to use the brand name and products, while also tying into the marketing that they provide. Your profits don't rely on how many people you've gotten to open their own franchises.
The requirement for credentialed instructors has existed since the 1930s. In addition, one does not have to be a member of the union to be credentialed. Most (all?) private school teachers are not unionized.
It's the 2d District of the Court of Appeal of the State of California (and specifically Division III in this case), not the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The state has six appellate districts, three of which are broken up further into divisions.
State courts have the burden of dealing with both federal and state constitutional issues in many cases, and use federal courts for guidance frequently.
It has been pressed, and it has been found to be constitutional in most cases, as least in California.
In re Rachel L., et al., v. Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles dealt with this. The 2d. District Court of Appeals, in a 3-0 opinion written by Justice Croskey, noted that "California courts have held that under provisions in the Education Code, parents do not have a constitutional right to home school their children." The opinion addressed several points, including claimed religious exemption, and found that the parents' assertion that they can home school the children due to "sincerely held religious beliefs" doesn't hold up, in part because the assertions (which were not made under penalty of perjury) were too sparse to be taken as conclusive evidence of their beliefs. The sparseness may have included an apparently long string of reasons the parents gave to officials, religious reasons being added only fairly late in the game.
They do make note of an exception for Amish children under the case of Wisconsin v. Yoder, decided by the US Supreme Court in 1972. The Amish are able to make limited religious exemption to going to school. However, the Amish in that case still accepted compulsory external education through the eighth grade. It was only after eighth grade that an exemption applied, and only because the Amish way of life rests on "deep religious conviction, shared by an organized group, and intimately related to daily living" which is centuries old. That case involved witness testimony that compulsory education past the eighth grade, at which point Amish children begin learning a trade and incorporating fully into Amish society, would "ultimately result in the destruction of the Old Order Amish church community as it exists in the United States today."
In summary, compulsory education under the tutelage of credentialed teaching professionals is currently seen by the courts, at least in California, as constitutional. The case was remanded to the trial court for factual findings, but the opinion was appealed to the state Supreme Court. I can't find any listings for it there, so I can only presume that it was denied certiorari and the trial courts are sorting it out. If it is still going through the trial courts, the appeals court ruling would hold sway throughout the state.
I just hope this blows over before too many people stop vaccinating.
Too late. There are areas where the collective immunity has declined enough that outbreaks are more common, and the fatality rate has climbed. Because many of those who were not vaccinated never will get the shots, it will be some decades before the risk is reduced back to its old level even if the practice if vaccinating young children were to return to prior levels, and the mortality rate for these diseases will progress through the age groups over the next 60 or so years.
You are required in all US states to provide your child with an education that meets state guidelines. This is usually done via public and private schools, but some choose to home-school their children. In some states, home schooling is allowed only by persons with teaching credentials, meaning that parents must get such credentials if they wish to be their child's teacher, or hire a tutor.
I mentioned this once to some Brits, and I think a couple of them wanted to break some glasses and come at me. Talking with a former colleague who once did regular pub crawls as a US Marine stationed in Scotland, he said that it varies greatly. A lot of people like it cold, and a lot of people like it room temperature, and a few people like it warm to the touch.
When my step-grandfather was in Korea as a photographer, he was embedded into an Australian unit on patrol. One winter night, one of them put a piece of metal into the fire, and a few others pulled out some beer cans and cracked them open. They dunked the metal into the openings, which he said boiled off a fair amount of the contents, and they basically drank their beer hot. He never did get used to it.
The numbers have dropped significantly since then. According to the CDC WISQARS database, the firearm deaths in the US for 2006 were:
Type Number Suicide 16,883 Homicide 12,791 Legal Intervention 360 Unintentional 642 Undetermined 220 Total 30,896
The total number declined by 22%, homicides by 32%, and unintentional by 58%. If/When legal intervention becomes a higher number than unintentional, will that alter the anti-gun arguments?
Binge drinking in the UK is reportedly a serious problem. According to an article about the new glasses, there were 87,000 incidents of patrons using a broken glass as a slashing or stabbing weapon. Given that there are fewer than 60,000 pubs in the UK, that's a pretty high rate of occurrence.
The fact that the new glasses keep the beer cold longer, though, has some drinkers interested in them. There's also a thought (yet to be proved or disproved) that the longer time that the beer is cold will lead to less rushing to finish the beer before it gets warm. I kind of doubt it myself, but I'd still like to get a few of these glasses for my home.
I didn't mean to imply that the others were not valid. I'm a firm believer in performing research simply because someone wondered about the answer to a question. Some of them, however, have more immediate use to daily life than others.
Swearing as a response to pain. (NeuroReport) Helping to understand the pain response can help develop treatments for pain. Knowing why someone would swear instead of just saying, "Ow," might provide some insight into the pathways that deal with pain response.
Intermittent access to beer promotes binge-like drinking in adolescent but not adult Wistar rats. (Alcohol) Rats are often used as models for humans to investigate addiction. Finding out where their addictive patterns differ is important to evaluate other addiction research.
Are full or empty beer bottles sturdier and does their fracture-threshold suffice to break the human skull? (Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine) These kinds of studies are used to help determine insurance rates and in some cases to redesign products or packaging. A new pub glass design in the UK that uses resin to prevent a shattering effect is hoped to decrease the number of dangerous cuts caused by people breaking glasses over someone's head, or breaking and then using the glass as a weapon.
The nature of navel fluff. (Medical Hypotheses) Some things are just so obviously important that they need no explanation.
Slashdot Mirror
FAA-certified GPS units are quite expensive. A simple Mode-S transponder with 250W output such as the Garmin GTX 330 retails for about $3600. No moving map, no fancy functions.
I fly a Cessna 172S G1000, which is a glass cockpit design. It has a standby battery in it to provide for power to the screens if I lose the main battery. If I lose the main battery and the alternator (magnetos allow the engine to continue running without battery power), it can power both screens for perhaps 20 minutes, or one screen for maybe 45 minutes, and both are best-case scenarios with new or reasonably well-maintained batteries.
This may sound like a while, but it's very possible to be longer than 45 minutes from a usable airport (presuming you know where you are), and radio use and aircraft lights (really important at night!) will decrease the battery time available. Powering off both screens is not ideal, as all radio and transponder controls are handled by the G1000. I still have analog compass, airspeed indicator, altimeter, attitude indicator, and flaps, so I can still safely direct and land the aircraft, but except for my hand-held NAVCOM, I am then without communications. The G1000 provides my turn coordinator, voice and nav radios, GPS, transponder, engine indicators, fuel gauges, vertical speed indicator. Powered down, I lose all of those.
I use it to get approximate terrain ideas before flights. It's easier to find passes and get comparative (not actual) mountain heights using that than a topographic map. For actual flight planning, I use the FAA charts, but for quick reference, Google Earth helps a great deal.
Transponders don't work that way. A radar pulse is sent out from the radar emitter. This contains a query signal, to which the transponder responds with its transponder code and (for Mode C or S) altitude information. Mode S transponders can provide other information to secondary radar and surrounding aircraft equipped with TCAS. Even without a functioning transponder, though, and as Obfuscant mentions below, radar can be used to identify a craft via specific maneuvers.
No one is going to switch off radars. The GPS system in question will supplement radars, but will make areas outside of radar coverage more visible. This will mean the eventual elimination of a number of jet routes and allow many planes to fly more directly using GPS navigation because their positions will be reported accurately to ground-based controllers.
In high-density locations, radars will still be required because a plane that loses power also may stop transmitting its transponder signal and may stop receiving its GPS coordinates. This is the reason why I carry a charged hand-held NAVCOM radio in my flight bag. If I lose all power, including the stand-by battery, I still want to be able to talk to someone. It may not have the range that my aircraft's radio has, but chances are I'll be able to find someone, and even if I can't hear them, they may be able to hear me and find out where in the boonies I landed. If I'm closer, I can use it to talk to the tower and hopefully make it to the airport safely.
Besides, GPS upgrades aren't cheap, and there are still a lot of Piper Cubs out there. They're about the simplest aircraft above ultralights that one can fly: no flaps, minimal gauges, and minimal radio gear. I don't think any of them have integrated GPS, and the FAA isn't about to ground all of them.
Would that be GPL popcorn or the re-licensed popcorn?
(See above conversation thread if this zips by you.)
That's exactly what I was trying to say. Thank you for putting it so concisely.
Many times the answer that "just can't be right" is; the problem comes when we "throw away the statistics" instead of figuring out why and how it gave the answer it did.
I've adopted in my life a truism I learned from my flight training: deal with things as they are, not how we would wish them to be.
In my work in network security, I often come across some oddities, which I present to management. They can present some uncomfortable episodes, and management sometimes wishes to just sweep them under the rug instead of addressing the problems. Now that we have a newly-upgraded IDS, we're seeing things that we never noticed before, and I suspect that we're going to be getting new guidelines on what is important.
I hope that's just cynicism leaking through the rum, but I've been there long enough to thing it might be reality instead.
An atom of hydrogen getting hit by, say, an oxygen molecule will be accelerated to a greater degree than a nitrogen molecule. The nitrogen molecule will be influenced to a greater degree than the hydrogen atom by Earth's gravity, as gravity reduces its velocity to a greater relative degree than that of the hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom goes flying off into space, while the nitrogen molecule arcs back into the atmosphere.
Boiling is the vaporization that takes place when the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure. It is different from evaporation in that boiling involves a substantial portion (usually all) of the liquid mass while evaporation involves only that portion at the surface.
It will happen. The Earth will, barring some major perturbation of its orbit, become a dry, desolate world as the sun ages and expands. The water will not boil off, but will instead simply evaporate. As the water circulates to the upper atmosphere, it will be subject to reactions that break it apart into hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen will simply fly off into space, too light to be held by the Earth's gravity. The oxygen will remain, but with little hydrogen to bind it, there will be less and less water over time.
If they are just sitting around and can be apprehended with minimal risk, then of course arrest, charge and try them.
The majority of the hits thus far (at least those reported in the media) have been in either Taliban-held territory in Afghanistan or in the autonomous regions of Pakistan, in both cases definite no-go for arrest operations. At that point, military action becomes the only way of getting at them. If they can be captured, so much the better, but sometimes a remote-kill switch is the only way to handle them.
You pay for the right to use the brand name and products, while also tying into the marketing that they provide. Your profits don't rely on how many people you've gotten to open their own franchises.
How do you put commas and spaces into the combination for your luggage?
The requirement for credentialed instructors has existed since the 1930s. In addition, one does not have to be a member of the union to be credentialed. Most (all?) private school teachers are not unionized.
Did you miss the part where I said, "In some states..."?
It's the 2d District of the Court of Appeal of the State of California (and specifically Division III in this case), not the US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. The state has six appellate districts, three of which are broken up further into divisions.
State courts have the burden of dealing with both federal and state constitutional issues in many cases, and use federal courts for guidance frequently.
It has been pressed, and it has been found to be constitutional in most cases, as least in California.
In re Rachel L., et al., v. Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Los Angeles dealt with this. The 2d. District Court of Appeals, in a 3-0 opinion written by Justice Croskey, noted that "California courts have held that under provisions in the Education Code, parents do not have a constitutional right to home school their children." The opinion addressed several points, including claimed religious exemption, and found that the parents' assertion that they can home school the children due to "sincerely held religious beliefs" doesn't hold up, in part because the assertions (which were not made under penalty of perjury) were too sparse to be taken as conclusive evidence of their beliefs. The sparseness may have included an apparently long string of reasons the parents gave to officials, religious reasons being added only fairly late in the game.
They do make note of an exception for Amish children under the case of Wisconsin v. Yoder, decided by the US Supreme Court in 1972. The Amish are able to make limited religious exemption to going to school. However, the Amish in that case still accepted compulsory external education through the eighth grade. It was only after eighth grade that an exemption applied, and only because the Amish way of life rests on "deep religious conviction, shared by an organized group, and intimately related to daily living" which is centuries old. That case involved witness testimony that compulsory education past the eighth grade, at which point Amish children begin learning a trade and incorporating fully into Amish society, would "ultimately result in the destruction of the Old Order Amish church community as it exists in the United States today."
In summary, compulsory education under the tutelage of credentialed teaching professionals is currently seen by the courts, at least in California, as constitutional. The case was remanded to the trial court for factual findings, but the opinion was appealed to the state Supreme Court. I can't find any listings for it there, so I can only presume that it was denied certiorari and the trial courts are sorting it out. If it is still going through the trial courts, the appeals court ruling would hold sway throughout the state.
Aw, dammit... The scars--I mean, educational beauty marks just healed from the last time that happened. :(
I just hope this blows over before too many people stop vaccinating.
Too late. There are areas where the collective immunity has declined enough that outbreaks are more common, and the fatality rate has climbed. Because many of those who were not vaccinated never will get the shots, it will be some decades before the risk is reduced back to its old level even if the practice if vaccinating young children were to return to prior levels, and the mortality rate for these diseases will progress through the age groups over the next 60 or so years.
You are required in all US states to provide your child with an education that meets state guidelines. This is usually done via public and private schools, but some choose to home-school their children. In some states, home schooling is allowed only by persons with teaching credentials, meaning that parents must get such credentials if they wish to be their child's teacher, or hire a tutor.
I mentioned this once to some Brits, and I think a couple of them wanted to break some glasses and come at me. Talking with a former colleague who once did regular pub crawls as a US Marine stationed in Scotland, he said that it varies greatly. A lot of people like it cold, and a lot of people like it room temperature, and a few people like it warm to the touch.
When my step-grandfather was in Korea as a photographer, he was embedded into an Australian unit on patrol. One winter night, one of them put a piece of metal into the fire, and a few others pulled out some beer cans and cracked them open. They dunked the metal into the openings, which he said boiled off a fair amount of the contents, and they basically drank their beer hot. He never did get used to it.
The numbers have dropped significantly since then. According to the CDC WISQARS database, the firearm deaths in the US for 2006 were:
Type Number
Suicide 16,883
Homicide 12,791
Legal Intervention 360
Unintentional 642
Undetermined 220
Total 30,896
The total number declined by 22%, homicides by 32%, and unintentional by 58%. If/When legal intervention becomes a higher number than unintentional, will that alter the anti-gun arguments?
Binge drinking in the UK is reportedly a serious problem. According to an article about the new glasses, there were 87,000 incidents of patrons using a broken glass as a slashing or stabbing weapon. Given that there are fewer than 60,000 pubs in the UK, that's a pretty high rate of occurrence.
The fact that the new glasses keep the beer cold longer, though, has some drinkers interested in them. There's also a thought (yet to be proved or disproved) that the longer time that the beer is cold will lead to less rushing to finish the beer before it gets warm. I kind of doubt it myself, but I'd still like to get a few of these glasses for my home.
I didn't mean to imply that the others were not valid. I'm a firm believer in performing research simply because someone wondered about the answer to a question. Some of them, however, have more immediate use to daily life than others.
Swearing as a response to pain. (NeuroReport)
Helping to understand the pain response can help develop treatments for pain. Knowing why someone would swear instead of just saying, "Ow," might provide some insight into the pathways that deal with pain response.
Intermittent access to beer promotes binge-like drinking in adolescent but not adult Wistar rats. (Alcohol)
Rats are often used as models for humans to investigate addiction. Finding out where their addictive patterns differ is important to evaluate other addiction research.
Are full or empty beer bottles sturdier and does their fracture-threshold suffice to break the human skull? (Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine)
These kinds of studies are used to help determine insurance rates and in some cases to redesign products or packaging. A new pub glass design in the UK that uses resin to prevent a shattering effect is hoped to decrease the number of dangerous cuts caused by people breaking glasses over someone's head, or breaking and then using the glass as a weapon.
The nature of navel fluff. (Medical Hypotheses)
Some things are just so obviously important that they need no explanation.