I've been using Postgres continuously since the year 2000 or so. There weren't really any open source alternatives beck then, just as there aren't now, if you need its full feature set. Yes, there are some alternatives, but their feature set is but a subset.
When you're sick you pay some out of pocket stuff that's capped to a couple $K worst case (adding everything up) if you're on an expensive enough insurance plan (like said 15K/year).
The 15k figure "makes sense" in the perspective that an uncomplicated C-section with a 2.5 day hospital stay would cost you 2-3x as much out of pocket (mother and baby total), assuming you earned enough to afford it (there are various discounts available if you can't afford it, all the way to free medical care). An outpatient hernia repair under general anesthesia would easily run over $10k. That's at a major academic medical center, perhaps in the boonies it's cheaper. Yes, those are fairly crazy costs:(
Oh, in the U.S. medical, vision and dental insurances are usually separate *rimshot*. Yes, the medical care "industry" here is like a leech.
Boiling of the liquid hydrogen, if you don't want to dump any unburned H2 overboard, will absorb about 1% of the heat needed to be removed from the incoming airstream:)
Let's see. Air at atmospheric pressure has roughly 1kJ/(kg*K) heat capacity. It doesn't matter that they ram-compress thinner air, what matters is that after the ram the air will have roughly atmospheric pressure. We can assume that just to get a ballpark figure. There's about 23% by weight of oxygen in the air. When you burn hydrogen in oxygen, you join 2 mass units of hydrogen to 16 mass units of oxygen. You end up using only 2.9% of hydrogen by weight compared to weight of air, if you want a stoichiometric burn. They supposedly cool the air down by 1140K.
So for each kg of air, you have to remove 1.1MJ of heat, and you've only got 29 grams of hydrogen to boil off. Vaporization heat of hydrogen is 0.45kJ/mol, or 0.45kJ/1g. So the boiling hydrogen can sink about 13kJ of heat, about 1% of what you need to sink. That's a no-go. It will be a no go even if all they get after the ram is 2% of atmospheric pressure, so we can be pretty sure it's no go period.
We get 286kJ/mol for combustion of hydrogen with oxygen, so we have available about 8.3MJ of heat from burning enough hydrogen to use up oxygen from a kilogram of incoming air. That may work out. Feel free to look at the Sabre cycle and fill in the blanks as to required flow rates and temperatures, even in an idealized fashion. It should give an idea of the project's feasibility. I'm sure real engineers have already done the legwork on all that. Just that it's not as simple as "lots of very cold liquid hydrogen".
The real thing is their proprietary and at the moment confidential frost control. They've got those long tubes, they could put acoustic waves into them, hmm.
You might be onto something. Copenhagen Suborbitals is doing "damn simple" designs using common materials like steel. Sure they have different goals, but something disposable and cheap might be another approach.
Far from advising xenophobia, I'd still like to point out that US is a fucking big country. Most people in Europe, for example, have no idea what a "fucking big country" is. Even supposedly well of Germans. Given the scale of things, a "homegrown" product in the U.S. may be equivalent from something made elsewhere in Europe for someone from there, for example.
$6k per year per citizen is about right. Reasonable family coverage is about $15k per year. Even if you go visit the hospital often and have out-of-pocket expenses, it probably isn't more than another $5k per year. So $5k per person for a family of 4. But that's if you're quite sick. Most people aren't, so $4k per year is more like it. Still same ballpark.
Well, U.S. hasn't been exactly keeping a gun to anyone's head when the European banks were buying various mortgage-backed securities that later blew up. I'd say, in fact, that the U.S. has done pretty well for itself exporting all that debt. If all of the mortgage debt was on U.S. markets, we'd have a quick and irreversible financial collapse. As it is, Europeans are paying for our lifestyle. It's their problem, a self inflicted one by the way.
I had one just like that, and the later one with teflon pads as well. Chucked them both a few years ago, otherwise my place would have collapsed to a back hole.
Yeah, but that's a once-in-a-lifetime kind of a thing, so I don't see how it's relevant at all. We all know mutations can have pretty dramatic effects, like, duh.
If you took an African village worth of people and deposited them somewhere on the Scandinavian peninsula, and kept them isolated for a 100 generations, you'd find them all white. Again, that's the research I've read.
Last time I checked, the consensus was it takes about a 100 generations for human skin to go from pale to black or vice-versa, and it has to do with exposure to sunlight and that's it.
Some coal deposits are pretty thick. Were those all forests in shallow anoxic water? As for soil -- how do you keep burying fallen trees under soil on a longer timescale? I presume a river delta would work, or perhaps dunes, but was that kind of environment that widespread? And what about someone else's post about there being no bacteria at the time that could metabolize lignin etc.? Where's Samantha?
When that carbon was being laid down (massive plant growth), bacteria and fungus had not yet evolved the ability to break down lignin so the wood piled up and up and up and up and turned into coal.
Hmm, I didn't think of that. Do you have good references for that? I'd like to know how they figured it out. You'd think that by the time the wood-producing plants evolved, the bacteria would have had plenty of time to catch up, what with its order of magnitudes shorter generational cycle.
So, plant-origin hydrocarbons and coal are just a figment of our collective imagination, then? Last time someone taught me about it, it was supposedly some very old plants, storing tens of millions of years worth of solar energy.
I don't know what assigned seats would be for, anyway. If you misbehaved, usually by chatting with the buddy sharing the desk with you, then the teacher would ask you to move elsewhere. Other than that, wherever you felt like seating, that was it. Through most of K-12 times, kids had preferences and would sit with someone they "liked". That meant that sometimes you'd sit with different people during different classes. My kids go to an elementary school where the teacher does assign seats, but that seems to be temporary for grades K-3.
I never heard the term hall pass outside of literature. Personally, I file it on the same shelf as platform passes for railway stations -- it's a fine idea if you're under martial law, or perhaps if it's a streamlined commuter rail operation (metro/subway), otherwise it makes little sense other than to let people know they're "ruled" by someone. If you're in the staff and can't tell just by looking if someone belongs in the hall, you're either inexperienced or don't belong in the school building anyway as the kids will eat you for breakfast and spit out the bones before lunchtime.
Get over yourself. This expectation of constant supervision is of course completely made up and unrealistic. Constant supervision is something that toddlers and babies require. Now go check what are the legally required caretaker-to-toddler ratio at daycares for babies/toddlers. You won't find such ratios in most schools even if you included office and custodial staff. Constant supervision is required perhaps at special schools for kids with severe developmental disabilities etc. Nobody has money for constant supervision of relatively normal K-12th graders, and nobody provides such constant supervision. You made it up.
These days "taking attendance" amounts to snapping a pic with a digital camera. The teacher can tally it up during the break or after the day ends, unless they have to report absences to the office quicker than that. Then there's no discussion about miscounting, etc.
Man, that must have been some school with such rules. No school I ever went to had assigned seats for anything, and in retrospect those were some quite decent public schools. I got in "trouble" a few times for ignoring the bitch who dared not to let me go to the restroom. I think in 3rd grade I simply said "either you have a cup for me to pee in or I go, your choice". A visit to the principal is much nicer on an empty bladder. The visis was about the extent of it, since they couldn't do anything about it (as a parent, I think I'd kick the principal in the balls, personally). You don't like physiology, go complain to the fucking Creator, mmkay?:)
I don't think that any countermissile systems detonate on impact. They universally have various proximity detonators, with various failsafes so that unexploded ordnance doesn't reach the ground.
now and the primary duty of any company is to it's shareholders
Yes, and it's up to those shareholders to, first of all, invest in a company whose values and business plan they accept. There's no higher prerogative as to profit at all costs. That's something that many people falsely believe, I only imagine that's beause they never properly invested in a corporation of any sort:(
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I've been using Postgres continuously since the year 2000 or so. There weren't really any open source alternatives beck then, just as there aren't now, if you need its full feature set. Yes, there are some alternatives, but their feature set is but a subset.
When you're sick you pay some out of pocket stuff that's capped to a couple $K worst case (adding everything up) if you're on an expensive enough insurance plan (like said 15K/year).
The 15k figure "makes sense" in the perspective that an uncomplicated C-section with a 2.5 day hospital stay would cost you 2-3x as much out of pocket (mother and baby total), assuming you earned enough to afford it (there are various discounts available if you can't afford it, all the way to free medical care). An outpatient hernia repair under general anesthesia would easily run over $10k. That's at a major academic medical center, perhaps in the boonies it's cheaper. Yes, those are fairly crazy costs :(
Oh, in the U.S. medical, vision and dental insurances are usually separate *rimshot*. Yes, the medical care "industry" here is like a leech.
Fixing my earlier mistake, it's even more: 6 times :)
I've made a mistake, BTW, the 0.45kJ/mol is the *molecular* heat of vaporization, so that's really 0.28kJ/1g.
Boiling of the liquid hydrogen, if you don't want to dump any unburned H2 overboard, will absorb about 1% of the heat needed to be removed from the incoming airstream :)
Because otherwise, once you further compress the air to pressures needed for rocket propulsion, it'll be way too hot to handle by any known materials.
Let's see. Air at atmospheric pressure has roughly 1kJ/(kg*K) heat capacity. It doesn't matter that they ram-compress thinner air, what matters is that after the ram the air will have roughly atmospheric pressure. We can assume that just to get a ballpark figure. There's about 23% by weight of oxygen in the air. When you burn hydrogen in oxygen, you join 2 mass units of hydrogen to 16 mass units of oxygen. You end up using only 2.9% of hydrogen by weight compared to weight of air, if you want a stoichiometric burn. They supposedly cool the air down by 1140K.
So for each kg of air, you have to remove 1.1MJ of heat, and you've only got 29 grams of hydrogen to boil off. Vaporization heat of hydrogen is 0.45kJ/mol, or 0.45kJ/1g. So the boiling hydrogen can sink about 13kJ of heat, about 1% of what you need to sink. That's a no-go. It will be a no go even if all they get after the ram is 2% of atmospheric pressure, so we can be pretty sure it's no go period.
We get 286kJ/mol for combustion of hydrogen with oxygen, so we have available about 8.3MJ of heat from burning enough hydrogen to use up oxygen from a kilogram of incoming air. That may work out. Feel free to look at the Sabre cycle and fill in the blanks as to required flow rates and temperatures, even in an idealized fashion. It should give an idea of the project's feasibility. I'm sure real engineers have already done the legwork on all that. Just that it's not as simple as "lots of very cold liquid hydrogen".
The real thing is their proprietary and at the moment confidential frost control. They've got those long tubes, they could put acoustic waves into them, hmm.
You might be onto something. Copenhagen Suborbitals is doing "damn simple" designs using common materials like steel. Sure they have different goals, but something disposable and cheap might be another approach.
Far from advising xenophobia, I'd still like to point out that US is a fucking big country. Most people in Europe, for example, have no idea what a "fucking big country" is. Even supposedly well of Germans. Given the scale of things, a "homegrown" product in the U.S. may be equivalent from something made elsewhere in Europe for someone from there, for example.
I'm talking about the cost, not out of pocket expenses. Yes, half of the premium is paid by the employer, but so what?
$6k per year per citizen is about right. Reasonable family coverage is about $15k per year. Even if you go visit the hospital often and have out-of-pocket expenses, it probably isn't more than another $5k per year. So $5k per person for a family of 4. But that's if you're quite sick. Most people aren't, so $4k per year is more like it. Still same ballpark.
Well, U.S. hasn't been exactly keeping a gun to anyone's head when the European banks were buying various mortgage-backed securities that later blew up. I'd say, in fact, that the U.S. has done pretty well for itself exporting all that debt. If all of the mortgage debt was on U.S. markets, we'd have a quick and irreversible financial collapse. As it is, Europeans are paying for our lifestyle. It's their problem, a self inflicted one by the way.
Sarcastic self referential spelling nazi humor. Only on slashdot, ladies and gentlemen, only on slashdot :)
I had one just like that, and the later one with teflon pads as well. Chucked them both a few years ago, otherwise my place would have collapsed to a back hole.
Yeah, but that's a once-in-a-lifetime kind of a thing, so I don't see how it's relevant at all. We all know mutations can have pretty dramatic effects, like, duh.
If you took an African village worth of people and deposited them somewhere on the Scandinavian peninsula, and kept them isolated for a 100 generations, you'd find them all white. Again, that's the research I've read.
Last time I checked, the consensus was it takes about a 100 generations for human skin to go from pale to black or vice-versa, and it has to do with exposure to sunlight and that's it.
Some coal deposits are pretty thick. Were those all forests in shallow anoxic water? As for soil -- how do you keep burying fallen trees under soil on a longer timescale? I presume a river delta would work, or perhaps dunes, but was that kind of environment that widespread? And what about someone else's post about there being no bacteria at the time that could metabolize lignin etc.? Where's Samantha?
When that carbon was being laid down (massive plant growth), bacteria and fungus had not yet evolved the ability to break down lignin so the wood piled up and up and up and up and turned into coal.
Hmm, I didn't think of that. Do you have good references for that? I'd like to know how they figured it out. You'd think that by the time the wood-producing plants evolved, the bacteria would have had plenty of time to catch up, what with its order of magnitudes shorter generational cycle.
So, plant-origin hydrocarbons and coal are just a figment of our collective imagination, then? Last time someone taught me about it, it was supposedly some very old plants, storing tens of millions of years worth of solar energy.
I don't know what assigned seats would be for, anyway. If you misbehaved, usually by chatting with the buddy sharing the desk with you, then the teacher would ask you to move elsewhere. Other than that, wherever you felt like seating, that was it. Through most of K-12 times, kids had preferences and would sit with someone they "liked". That meant that sometimes you'd sit with different people during different classes. My kids go to an elementary school where the teacher does assign seats, but that seems to be temporary for grades K-3.
I never heard the term hall pass outside of literature. Personally, I file it on the same shelf as platform passes for railway stations -- it's a fine idea if you're under martial law, or perhaps if it's a streamlined commuter rail operation (metro/subway), otherwise it makes little sense other than to let people know they're "ruled" by someone. If you're in the staff and can't tell just by looking if someone belongs in the hall, you're either inexperienced or don't belong in the school building anyway as the kids will eat you for breakfast and spit out the bones before lunchtime.
Get over yourself. This expectation of constant supervision is of course completely made up and unrealistic. Constant supervision is something that toddlers and babies require. Now go check what are the legally required caretaker-to-toddler ratio at daycares for babies/toddlers. You won't find such ratios in most schools even if you included office and custodial staff. Constant supervision is required perhaps at special schools for kids with severe developmental disabilities etc. Nobody has money for constant supervision of relatively normal K-12th graders, and nobody provides such constant supervision. You made it up.
These days "taking attendance" amounts to snapping a pic with a digital camera. The teacher can tally it up during the break or after the day ends, unless they have to report absences to the office quicker than that. Then there's no discussion about miscounting, etc.
Man, that must have been some school with such rules. No school I ever went to had assigned seats for anything, and in retrospect those were some quite decent public schools. I got in "trouble" a few times for ignoring the bitch who dared not to let me go to the restroom. I think in 3rd grade I simply said "either you have a cup for me to pee in or I go, your choice". A visit to the principal is much nicer on an empty bladder. The visis was about the extent of it, since they couldn't do anything about it (as a parent, I think I'd kick the principal in the balls, personally). You don't like physiology, go complain to the fucking Creator, mmkay? :)
I don't think that any countermissile systems detonate on impact. They universally have various proximity detonators, with various failsafes so that unexploded ordnance doesn't reach the ground.
now and the primary duty of any company is to it's shareholders
Yes, and it's up to those shareholders to, first of all, invest in a company whose values and business plan they accept. There's no higher prerogative as to profit at all costs. That's something that many people falsely believe, I only imagine that's beause they never properly invested in a corporation of any sort :(