Many problems with figure placement are because people don't know that the layout engine cannot place a figure at a position before it's appearance in the source code. Just put our figure environments some paragraphs earlier and you'll get better results.
The other advantage of increasing the number of stages is that it _does_ allow a clock speed increase. All other things equal, one instruction still takes the same amount of time, but if you double the pipeline length and then double the internal clock, a million instructions take about half the time as they used to.
Increasing the number of stages only allows clock speed increase if the individual stages get simpler, i.e. do less work. If you split one stage into two that do the same work and double the clock you gain no direct speed increase. And that's exactly what we are seeing in the benchmarks right now. What you get with longer pipelines is more granular control of instruction execution and this might help to optimize the microcode.
When yields approach reasonable ranges, as they always do eventually,...
You are neglecting the fact that yield is dependent on die size. Therefore your "eventually" will depend on die size and you can easily run into the problem that your design is outdated (meaning you can only ask a low price for you chips) by the time your yield is acceptable. Yield is only approaching reasonable ranges fast because the manufacturers choose the die size accordingly.
You are right that the cost of the raw material is not the dominating factor for a chip, but that doesn't mean that the cost doesn't depend heavily on die size.
They have the AdWord program where as advertiser you pay for display of your ad on search results for a selected keyword. However this is not the case with "Quake" (there is no ad).
Links with "RealNames" seem to be redirected too (try "amazon") however in a different way (and only for the first result that actually links to the holder of the TM).
Maybe they are just trying to extend their formula for PageRank: users will more likely follow links that look promising, leaving out the obviously misleading ones. Statistical information on followed links could then be incorporated into the PR.
Slow, but steady accelleration. Which, in the long run, is FAR more efficient than a short, high-gee rocket burn. ..
Wrong. In fact, the most efficient way to accelerate is to emit all fuel in one batch at the highest velocity possible (like throw away a stone). Look up the "rocket equation", to see why (you don't have to accelerate the remaining fuel). The reason why ion engines (you are probably thinking of these) are more efficient than chemical engines is that they use far greater exit velocities.
The problem with pure optical technologies is that the information desity is limited by the wavelenth of the light (several hundred nm). Take chip manufacturing for example, where optical masks limit the structure size. Near-atomic resolution/information density (sub-nm) is not feasible with optical-only techniques.
The gamut of RGB and CMYK intersect, but none of both is a strict subsect of the other, see
here (at bottom of the page).
They say:
"Both models [RGB and CYMK] fall short of reproducing all the colors we can see. Furthermore, they differ to such an extent that there are many RGB colors that cannot be produced using CMY(K), and similarly, there are some CMY colors that cannot be produced using RGB."
I heard that Carbon nanotubes were used as tips for AFM (atomic force microscope) and STM (scanning tunneling microscope). The advantage over conventional tips would be better knowledge of the atomic structure of the tip (important for the analysis of the pictures).
I don't see how the use of C60 should automatically lead to volumetric storage media or be essential to make it possible. Can you give some pointers ? The reason why current media are 2D is that they have to move (rotate) under the reading head. This is important because you want to be able to access the data fast, regardless where on the medium it stored (and the size of the medium is large compared to the size of RAM).
The obvious extension to surface storage is stacked surface storage, which is employed in DVDs and this FMD. Remember that for 3D storage you have to penetrate somehow into the medium to read out the data - to easiest way to do this is to use transparent media and light.
Fingerprints, etc. don't disturb that much on CDs and this FMD because they are not in the plane of focus of the optics (The plane of focus is inside the media where the pits are, not on the surface).
This is similar to the situation when you wear glasses (if you do): you normally don't see the dirt because you can't focus on it (it's too close), it only makes your view a little blurry. Once you take your glasses off, you can see the dirt clearly, because you can focus on it.
A rotating system is a special case of an accelerated system and therefore "virtual" forces appear due to inertia. In a rotating system this force is directed radially outwards and is dependent on the angular velocity w of the rotation and on the distance r to the rotation axis:
F = m * w^2 * r = m * a
where w = angular velocity = 360 deg/day
and r = radius = 6000 km (approx!)
If you put in the numbers you get a = 0.03 N/kg (at the equator)
At latitude theta the force is F = m * a * cos(theta)
In the case of earth, gravity keeps you from flying tangentially outwards into space: F = m*g, g = 9.81 N/kg
As you can see, a is much smaller than g: it's only about 0.3 % of g.
If earth stopped rotating you would experience an additional weight (force not mass!) of 0.03 N/kg or 2.4 N for an 80 kg human, if you stand somewhere on the equator.
N ist not defined as length of the key, but as number of possible keys for the given key length L (in bits):
N = 2^L
If an algorithm requires (worst case) to check all 2^L possible keys it is O(N). If an improved algorithm is O(N^1/2) = O( (2^L)^1/2 ) = O( 2^(L/2) ) it means it is as fast as checking only 2^(L/2) keys, i.e. equivalent to having a reduced key length of L/2.
And that's exactly what seizer said.
Can you give a source where turbines using 2000 degrees hot steam are suggested/designed/used/manufactured ? The power plant I know use steam at about 500 deg Celsius (~800 K) at pressures of 250 bar in the first stage. At 2000 K you would probably have considerable radiation losses (radiation scales as T^4, Stefan-Boltzm ann Law) in the pipes/turbine unless you have very good insulation.
I found digital watches rather unpractical. You have to look at the exact numbers while with analog watches you can see the time with a glance. Plus, analog watches look much better usually, but that was your point.
Not quite. The heat is due to IR radiation, not visible light nor UV. A (tungsten) filament is basically a black body radiator, i.e. it emits the complete spectrum, from IR to UV (with different intensities though, according to Planck's Law, determined only by the temperature of the filament). A LED is not an blackbody radiadtor, it emits light of a rather tight spectrum, determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. So, indeed, LED lamps should emit less heat than filament lamps (in the ideal case none). This is also the reason, why LEDs are more efficient light sources than filaments.
You forgot about the third dimension.
Pluto's plane of orbit is inclined by 17 degrees to the orbital plane of the other planets. Therefore a collision is not possible.
You are right! The correct term is "mail". Try this:
man email
man e-mail
man mail
See ?
Also, saying "mail" instead of "email" or even "e-mail" saves one/two bytes every time you mention it.
"as a sidenote, the beam arms are about 1m in diameter, and 2 km long each, under high vacuum. something like 1/2 ton of dynamite in potential energy each. hope it doesn't crack."
however the energy is evenly distributed over the whole surface of the vacuum vessel, so it wouldn't do much harm if there was a leak (at least not more harm than any other vacuum chamber).
do you know the exact pressure they have in their interferometer arms ?
It is interesting that the problem is not the exhausting of the nuclear isotope (Pu238), but the degrading of the thermoelectric junction that converts heat into voltage.
On the Mission Status page they say:
"Power for the Pioneer 10 is generated by the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG's). Heat from the decay of the plutonium 238 isotope is converted by thermoelectric couples into electrical current. The electrical output depends on the hot junction temperature, the thermal path to the radiator fins, and the cold junction temperature. It is the degradation of the thermoelectric junction that has the major effect in decreasing the power output of the RTG. In the 27-year time scale operation of Pioneer 10, the 92 year half-life of the isotope does not appreciably affect the RTG operation. The nuclear decay heat will keep the hot junction temperature hot for many years but unfortunately will not be able to be converted into enough electricity to power the transmitter for much longer."
Slashdot Mirror
Many problems with figure placement are because people don't know that the layout engine cannot place a figure at a position before it's appearance in the source code. Just put our figure environments some paragraphs earlier and you'll get better results.
Aehm...actually this is already on their TODO list, they want the equivalent of about $20 for each sold computer.
Someone destroyed the password database so kaworu took the machine offline to install OpenBSD 2.7 on it.
The other advantage of increasing the number of stages is that it _does_ allow a clock speed increase. All other things equal, one instruction still takes the same amount of time, but if you double the pipeline length and then double the internal clock, a million instructions take about half the time as they used to.
Increasing the number of stages only allows clock speed increase if the individual stages get simpler, i.e. do less work. If you split one stage into two that do the same work and double the clock you gain no direct speed increase. And that's exactly what we are seeing in the benchmarks right now. What you get with longer pipelines is more granular control of instruction execution and this might help to optimize the microcode.
When yields approach reasonable ranges, as they always do eventually,...
You are neglecting the fact that yield is dependent on die size. Therefore your "eventually" will depend on die size and you can easily run into the problem that your design is outdated (meaning you can only ask a low price for you chips) by the time your yield is acceptable. Yield is only approaching reasonable ranges fast because the manufacturers choose the die size accordingly.
You are right that the cost of the raw material is not the dominating factor for a chip, but that doesn't mean that the cost doesn't depend heavily on die size.
They have the AdWord program where as advertiser you pay for display of your ad on search results for a selected keyword. However this is not the case with "Quake" (there is no ad).
Links with "RealNames" seem to be redirected too (try "amazon") however in a different way (and only for the first result that actually links to the holder of the TM).
Maybe they are just trying to extend their formula for PageRank: users will more likely follow links that look promising, leaving out the obviously misleading ones. Statistical information on followed links could then be incorporated into the PR.
I found this funny picture of an asteroid hunter when following a link on the webelements page.
Wrong. In fact, the most efficient way to accelerate is to emit all fuel in one batch at the highest velocity possible (like throw away a stone). Look up the "rocket equation", to see why (you don't have to accelerate the remaining fuel). The reason why ion engines (you are probably thinking of these) are more efficient than chemical engines is that they use far greater exit velocities.
The problem with pure optical technologies is that the information desity is limited by the wavelenth of the light (several hundred nm). Take chip manufacturing for example, where optical masks limit the structure size. Near-atomic resolution/information density (sub-nm) is not feasible with optical-only techniques.
The gamut of RGB and CMYK intersect, but none of both is a strict subsect of the other, see
here (at bottom of the page).
They say:
"Both models [RGB and CYMK] fall short of reproducing all the colors we can see. Furthermore, they differ to such an extent that there are many RGB colors that cannot be produced using CMY(K), and similarly, there are some CMY colors that cannot be produced using RGB."
I heard that Carbon nanotubes were used as tips for AFM (atomic force microscope) and STM (scanning tunneling microscope). The advantage over conventional tips would be better knowledge of the atomic structure of the tip (important for the analysis of the pictures).
I don't see how the use of C60 should automatically lead to volumetric storage media or be essential to make it possible. Can you give some pointers ? The reason why current media are 2D is that they have to move (rotate) under the reading head. This is important because you want to be able to access the data fast, regardless where on the medium it stored (and the size of the medium is large compared to the size of RAM).
The obvious extension to surface storage is stacked surface storage, which is employed in DVDs and this FMD. Remember that for 3D storage you have to penetrate somehow into the medium to read out the data - to easiest way to do this is to use transparent media and light.
Fingerprints, etc. don't disturb that much on CDs and this FMD because they are not in the plane of focus of the optics (The plane of focus is inside the media where the pits are, not on the surface).
This is similar to the situation when you wear glasses (if you do): you normally don't see the dirt because you can't focus on it (it's too close), it only makes your view a little blurry. Once you take your glasses off, you can see the dirt clearly, because you can focus on it.
A rotating system is a special case of an accelerated system and therefore "virtual" forces appear due to inertia. In a rotating system this force is directed radially outwards and is dependent on the angular velocity w of the rotation and on the distance r to the rotation axis:
F = m * w^2 * r = m * a
where w = angular velocity = 360 deg/day
and r = radius = 6000 km (approx!)
If you put in the numbers you get a = 0.03 N/kg (at the equator)
At latitude theta the force is F = m * a * cos(theta)
In the case of earth, gravity keeps you from flying tangentially outwards into space: F = m*g, g = 9.81 N/kg
As you can see, a is much smaller than g: it's only about 0.3 % of g.
If earth stopped rotating you would experience an additional weight (force not mass!) of 0.03 N/kg or 2.4 N for an 80 kg human, if you stand somewhere on the equator.
I fear it's more like Greg Bears "Forge of God".
Your browser will get caught in a loop, reloading blank pages until eternity.
So basically, MS implemented a DoS attack to itself ? I think I'll make it my default page.
N ist not defined as length of the key, but as number of possible keys for the given key length L (in bits):
N = 2^L
If an algorithm requires (worst case) to check all 2^L possible keys it is O(N). If an improved algorithm is O(N^1/2) = O( (2^L)^1/2 ) = O( 2^(L/2) ) it means it is as fast as checking only 2^(L/2) keys, i.e. equivalent to having a reduced key length of L/2.
And that's exactly what seizer said.
Can you give a source where turbines using 2000 degrees hot steam are suggested/designed/used/manufactured ? The power plant I know use steam at about 500 deg Celsius (~800 K) at pressures of 250 bar in the first stage. At 2000 K you would probably have considerable radiation losses (radiation scales as T^4, Stefan-Boltzm ann Law) in the pipes/turbine unless you have very good insulation.
You could strobe the LEDs at 60Hz and persistence of vision would give the impression of a nice stable image.
This would darken the image.
I found digital watches rather unpractical. You have to look at the exact numbers while with analog watches you can see the time with a glance. Plus, analog watches look much better usually, but that was your point.
Not quite. The heat is due to IR radiation, not visible light nor UV. A (tungsten) filament is basically a black body radiator, i.e. it emits the complete spectrum, from IR to UV (with different intensities though, according to Planck's Law, determined only by the temperature of the filament). A LED is not an blackbody radiadtor, it emits light of a rather tight spectrum, determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. So, indeed, LED lamps should emit less heat than filament lamps (in the ideal case none). This is also the reason, why LEDs are more efficient light sources than filaments.
You forgot about the third dimension. Pluto's plane of orbit is inclined by 17 degrees to the orbital plane of the other planets. Therefore a collision is not possible.
You are right! The correct term is "mail". Try this:
man email
man e-mail
man mail
See ? Also, saying "mail" instead of "email" or even "e-mail" saves one/two bytes every time you mention it.
"as a sidenote, the beam arms are about 1m in diameter, and 2 km long each, under high vacuum. something like 1/2 ton of dynamite in potential energy each. hope it doesn't crack."
however the energy is evenly distributed over the whole surface of the vacuum vessel, so it wouldn't do much harm if there was a leak (at least not more harm than any other vacuum chamber).
do you know the exact pressure they have in their interferometer arms ?
It is interesting that the problem is not the exhausting of the nuclear isotope (Pu238), but the degrading of the thermoelectric junction that converts heat into voltage.
On the Mission Status page they say:
"Power for the Pioneer 10 is generated by the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG's). Heat from the decay of the plutonium 238 isotope is converted by thermoelectric couples into electrical current. The electrical output depends on the hot junction temperature, the thermal path to the radiator fins, and the cold junction temperature. It is the degradation of the thermoelectric junction that has the major effect in decreasing the power output of the RTG. In the 27-year time scale operation of Pioneer 10, the 92 year half-life of the isotope does not appreciably affect the RTG operation. The nuclear decay heat will keep the hot junction temperature hot for many years but unfortunately will not be able to be converted into enough electricity to power the transmitter for much longer."