You have it a little backwards. Third world was a term to describe poor countries (it comes from the term "third estate") and later become associated with countries unaligned with the two sides in the cold war (only to be used to describe poor countries again). The term "third world" predates the terms "first world" and "second world".
You are right - my memory was a bit fuzzy on the order. The three worlds were explicitly mentioned in Sauvy's article, but only the third was explicitly enumerated.
Sure. The article is title "Trois mondes, une planète" and was published in the August 14, 1952 edition of "L`Observateur", volume 118, page 14.
If you read French, the full article are available a few places online, including as part of an obituary for Albert Sauvy. It's a historic article, well worth the read. It's reasonably simple to get through even with relatively basic school French like mine.
To summarize, the article describes how one at the time talked of two worlds, about the whether they would go to war or co-exist, and how one forget that there is a third world. It goes on to explicitly mention the worlds of "western capitalism" and "eastern communism", and ends by in it's final paragraph comparing the third world to the concept of the "Third estate" from the French revolution. The Third estate was "the people", after the nobility (the first estate) and the church/clergy (the second estate).
Sauvy did not explicitly name "western capitalism" as the first world, but the enumeration ended up that way de-facto, most likely because the article several times mentions the worlds of "the west" or "western capitalism" and "the east" or "eastern communism" in that order.
Actually, a significant percentage do buy cell phones. Africa is now the fastest growing market for cell phone sales, and Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest cell phone sales growth worldwide. I'm sure you're right that the number of subscriptions still outstrip the number of phones, but that's rapidly changing.
Actually, its "Old world", "New World", and "Third World". America is the New World (so "second". in your terminology).
Sigh. No, it is not. The "Old world" and "New world" bit has nothing to do with the first/second/third world terminology.
The terms "Old world" and "New world" are hundreds of years old, while the terms first, second and third world were all introduced in 1952. The term Third world was introduced in Alfred Sauvy's article in the French Magazine "L'Observatur" in 1952 where it was presented in opposition to the first and second world as the powers aligned with the two sides in the cold war (i.e. capitalist and "socialist" states).
You might like to think it's that way, but it isn't. The term "Third world" was invented by Alfred Sauvy, and first used in a paper he publised in 1952, and in consequence the terms "First world" and "Second world" came into use as developed market economies and states aligned to the Soviet Union respectively.
No, it's not. The terms first world and second world refers to the two sides in the cold war - first world is the west, and second world were the states aligned to the Soviet Union. Third world became a term for countries not aligned with either, and from that became associated with developing countries as most of countries not aligned with either side were poor, underdeveloped countries.
Redundancy is a method for avoiding downtime, not for tolerating it. You add multiple paths to make sure there is always an unbroken chain from you to "somewhere". That works for scenarios where each link has a certain percentage chance of being up, and where that chance is fairly high, so that you can get a sufficient uptime by adding multiple independent links and playing the percentages.
This technology is a solution to a different problem: A situation where it is expected to be periods with no path between source and destination, but where there are paths between the source and intermediate destinations. So you forward the data - have it hang around for a while, until conditions change and there's a route that looks promising. Additionally it supports methods for reducing the information that must be known in advance. For instance, you can't send a HTTP request without knowing the IP address of the destination, while this system apparently can send data knowing only the domain, and have the IP resolved in transit.
The latter is useful because it may not always be possible or economically viable to provide sufficient redundancy to have unbroken paths available sufficient amounts of time.
Just commenting on your sig: Neither Marx nor Engels was from the poor working class, why did they then wrote "Das Kapital" ?
They didn't. Marx did. They did collaborate on some works, most noteworthy on the Communist Manifesto, but Das Kapital was written by Marx alone, though Engels edited the second and third volume for publication after Marx' death.
As for being working class, it's true that they weren't, though Marx' lived in poverty most of his life due to his political viewss - largely supported by Engels who went back to work for his father at his fathers factory in Manchester. In Engels' case, the main reason for his radicalization in the first case was that he saw first hand the appalling conditions the workers at his fathers factories lived under.
Eh.. Which country? You are making the same mistake as the article writer and grouping Africa together as a single place (never mind that most countries interested in the OLPC are not African countries). Africa includes 54 distinct countries, and 7 territories of various European countries, at varying stages of development and political stability, ranging from stable and reasonably developed democracies like South Africa to countries with no functioning government like Somalia.
Many places in Africa food distribution works, and do go to very needy people, other places it doesn't work because of war, crime or government policies, but most places in Africa simply don't need food aid. It's only a small minority of Africa's ca. 900 million people who are starving. Many more are going hungry from time to time, yes. Many are at risk of starvation when crops are bad - and so the set of countries who have large famines any one year is shifting between a group of the poorest countries. But overall most people have what they need for basic subsistence.
That doesn't mean food aid isn't important for those countries who does need it of course, but it also means that it would be a big waste for a large number of African countries, and even damaging (as it would compete directly with their own farmers and make their farms unprofitable).
Of course there are lots of people living in appalling conditions in countries like these, but you are absolutely right. Nigeria is one of the countries interested in the OLPC, and as the pictures should show, Lagos, their largest city, isn't exactly the small mud-hut village with starving people waiting for aid that some people apparently expect "those poor Africans" to live in.
Of course there are lots of people living in appalling conditions in countries like these, but you are absolutely right. Nigeria is one of the countries interested in the OLPC, and as the pictures should show, Lagos, their largest city, isn't exactly the small mud-hut village with starving people waiting for aid that some people apparently expect "those poor Africans" to live in.
Nigeria is a typical example of skipping a generation - due partly to the cost of laying cable, partly to the incompetence of the public telco that until recently had a monopoly, Nigeria has somewhere between one and two million landlines. But they now have about 20 million cellphones. The landlines were rolled out over decades, while the cellphones almost all came within the last 4-5 years.
Fact is, putting up cellphone towers to cover the urban areas is very cheap and provides high returns, while laying cable cost ridiculous amounts of money. Landlines are cheap in industrialized countries only because the telco's have had a hundred years to build their infrastructure and generate revenue to recoup their investments
Nigeria is one of a small minority of African countries on the list of countries that have expressed interest. While Nigeria is certainly poor - a lot of people live on next to nothing - it is not a country with much starvation. Food isn't the first priority. It's got a GDP of $1400 - low, but far above the poorest countries. It's also got a GDP growth rate of 6.9% - far above most first world countries these days (the US recently was at around 3.2%, for example)
Nigeria is also a country with reasonable cashflow - they're one of the largest oil exporters in the world. They also recently finished paying off $10 billions in loans and negotiated debt relief for another $18 billion. The $10 billions were paid off with increases in their oil revenues thanks to the rising oil price, and was paid off as a requisite for the $18 billion in relief. So thanks to the oil price they've got billions more tax revenues AND they've massively cut their interest rate payments.
They are paying for these machines themselves because they think it is useful to improve education, and they can afford a million or two with just a month or two worth of the increased revenues.
It is also a tiny investment compared to what Nigerians themselves are spending on cell phones: Currently there are more than 20 million cellphones (population of 130 million). Practically ALL of those have come in the last 4-5 years, and Nigeria has one of the highest cellphone growth rates in the world - miles ahead of the US for instance - and is rapidly catching up to the cellphone penetration in more developed countries.
The term "second world" refers to states aligned with the Soviet Union, not with countries with economies between "third world" and "first world" countries.
YouTube isn't a tool, it's a service. Your analogy would have worked if Sony provided operation of betamax players as a service and the court had come to the same conclusion. But they didn't.
A better analogy for your Xerox example would be if Kinko's let you get one of their staff to do wholesale copying of in-copyright books and got away with it - they wouldn't. At the very least they'd risk contributory copyright infringement charges as it should be obvious to them that it's copyright infringement if you come to them with a book and want it copied and don't come from a company that would seem to be likely to have rights to the book, and don't show any documentation.
The fact that YouTube remove video's is not necessarily to their advantage - it means a court might very well decide that they have no expectation of being treated as an ISP or common carrier, as they may be seen to exercise editorial control of content on their system. If that happens, they might need to show that they're taking sufficient measures to stop most of the copyright infringement.
If you bother to check more about him you will also see that he was one of the few dot-com boom guys that diversified his portfolio very quickly - he's still worth around $1.8 billion (he supposedly got around $5 billion of the around $5.7 billion from the Broadcast.com sale). In other words, he sold off a damn lot of the Yahoo shares he got.
Sure. Now do the same test with transmitters and receivers using low power radio links from vehicles in motion during bad weather conditions, and try to connect to a server you don't know the IP address to and that isn't in your local DNS cache while your connection is down, or try to maintain a TCP connection as your route to the internet changes and you see periods of minutes or hours without a working end-to-end route at any one time.
You're not thinking about the type of scenarios these guys are working on.
This is NOT about redundancy. This is about methods for tolerating downtime. It could be used with network where redundancy is infeasible, or combined with redundancy to be able to handle extraordinary situations.
In 2004 the US did start requiring(along with a few other countries) that they would only accept the passport of fellow members of the visa waiver program that had the bar code in them, so thoses people with passports around 25 years old would need to get new passports.
Not true. My last passport from 1998 did not meet the US requirements for machine readable passports, and so last year I had to get a new passport to get into the US on the visa waiver program. I'm Norwegian, and it's only a couple of years ago Norway started issuing machine readable passports, and it was as a direct result of the US decision.
Most times when I go through passport control, they barely glance at my face. I also have my hair differently, and now wears glasses. My passport is less than a year old, yet I already look reasonably different. There's no way they'll be good judges about whether it matches me 8-9 years from now.
And the gist of the article is that there's no good reason to have RFID on the passport. Most of the issues concerns the fact that it is remotely readable. Had the same information been embedded either in a way that required contact, or using a protocol that required a key that wasn't easily brute forced, it would have been another matter.
How exactly has it made it harder to create fake passports? The article mentions a simple scenario where this would allow a bad guy to fake passports they haven't even seen by brute forcing parts of the key. Even disregarding that, it simplifies the aspect of getting an _accurate_ copy of the information on the passport in seconds - ideal for people like hotel clerks who have regular access to passports for short periods of time.
So they have to clone a RFID chip. Want to bet about how cheap tools to do that will be shortly?
First of all you don't need to "crack the encryption" - it's standard 3DES apparently. You do have to establish an encrypted connection to the RFID chip, but if you RTFA you'll see the key is all info that is in the passport.
The reason to get the info is that you need to recreate / clone the RFID chip to be able to use the forget passport, and that info has a digital signature, so you can't just put whatever you want on the RFID chip.
Slashdot Mirror
You are right - my memory was a bit fuzzy on the order. The three worlds were explicitly mentioned in Sauvy's article, but only the third was explicitly enumerated.
If you read French, the full article are available a few places online, including as part of an obituary for Albert Sauvy. It's a historic article, well worth the read. It's reasonably simple to get through even with relatively basic school French like mine.
To summarize, the article describes how one at the time talked of two worlds, about the whether they would go to war or co-exist, and how one forget that there is a third world. It goes on to explicitly mention the worlds of "western capitalism" and "eastern communism", and ends by in it's final paragraph comparing the third world to the concept of the "Third estate" from the French revolution. The Third estate was "the people", after the nobility (the first estate) and the church/clergy (the second estate).
Sauvy did not explicitly name "western capitalism" as the first world, but the enumeration ended up that way de-facto, most likely because the article several times mentions the worlds of "the west" or "western capitalism" and "the east" or "eastern communism" in that order.
Actually, a significant percentage do buy cell phones. Africa is now the fastest growing market for cell phone sales, and Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest cell phone sales growth worldwide. I'm sure you're right that the number of subscriptions still outstrip the number of phones, but that's rapidly changing.
Sigh. No, it is not. The "Old world" and "New world" bit has nothing to do with the first/second/third world terminology.
The terms "Old world" and "New world" are hundreds of years old, while the terms first, second and third world were all introduced in 1952. The term Third world was introduced in Alfred Sauvy's article in the French Magazine "L'Observatur" in 1952 where it was presented in opposition to the first and second world as the powers aligned with the two sides in the cold war (i.e. capitalist and "socialist" states).
No, Mr. Pedantic, the GDP per capita is $1400, which of course is obvious to everyone, especially as I pointed out the billions in extra oil revenues.
You might like to think it's that way, but it isn't. The term "Third world" was invented by Alfred Sauvy, and first used in a paper he publised in 1952, and in consequence the terms "First world" and "Second world" came into use as developed market economies and states aligned to the Soviet Union respectively.
No, it's not. The terms first world and second world refers to the two sides in the cold war - first world is the west, and second world were the states aligned to the Soviet Union. Third world became a term for countries not aligned with either, and from that became associated with developing countries as most of countries not aligned with either side were poor, underdeveloped countries.
This technology is a solution to a different problem: A situation where it is expected to be periods with no path between source and destination, but where there are paths between the source and intermediate destinations. So you forward the data - have it hang around for a while, until conditions change and there's a route that looks promising. Additionally it supports methods for reducing the information that must be known in advance. For instance, you can't send a HTTP request without knowing the IP address of the destination, while this system apparently can send data knowing only the domain, and have the IP resolved in transit.
The latter is useful because it may not always be possible or economically viable to provide sufficient redundancy to have unbroken paths available sufficient amounts of time.
They didn't. Marx did. They did collaborate on some works, most noteworthy on the Communist Manifesto, but Das Kapital was written by Marx alone, though Engels edited the second and third volume for publication after Marx' death.
As for being working class, it's true that they weren't, though Marx' lived in poverty most of his life due to his political viewss - largely supported by Engels who went back to work for his father at his fathers factory in Manchester. In Engels' case, the main reason for his radicalization in the first case was that he saw first hand the appalling conditions the workers at his fathers factories lived under.
Many places in Africa food distribution works, and do go to very needy people, other places it doesn't work because of war, crime or government policies, but most places in Africa simply don't need food aid. It's only a small minority of Africa's ca. 900 million people who are starving. Many more are going hungry from time to time, yes. Many are at risk of starvation when crops are bad - and so the set of countries who have large famines any one year is shifting between a group of the poorest countries. But overall most people have what they need for basic subsistence.
That doesn't mean food aid isn't important for those countries who does need it of course, but it also means that it would be a big waste for a large number of African countries, and even damaging (as it would compete directly with their own farmers and make their farms unprofitable).
Can't you see it's just mud huts
(Thats the skyline of Lagos, Nigeria)
More mud huts... or not
Of course there are lots of people living in appalling conditions in countries like these, but you are absolutely right. Nigeria is one of the countries interested in the OLPC, and as the pictures should show, Lagos, their largest city, isn't exactly the small mud-hut village with starving people waiting for aid that some people apparently expect "those poor Africans" to live in.
(Thats the skyline of Lagos, Nigeria)
More mud huts... or not
Of course there are lots of people living in appalling conditions in countries like these, but you are absolutely right. Nigeria is one of the countries interested in the OLPC, and as the pictures should show, Lagos, their largest city, isn't exactly the small mud-hut village with starving people waiting for aid that some people apparently expect "those poor Africans" to live in.
Fact is, putting up cellphone towers to cover the urban areas is very cheap and provides high returns, while laying cable cost ridiculous amounts of money. Landlines are cheap in industrialized countries only because the telco's have had a hundred years to build their infrastructure and generate revenue to recoup their investments
Nigeria is also a country with reasonable cashflow - they're one of the largest oil exporters in the world. They also recently finished paying off $10 billions in loans and negotiated debt relief for another $18 billion. The $10 billions were paid off with increases in their oil revenues thanks to the rising oil price, and was paid off as a requisite for the $18 billion in relief. So thanks to the oil price they've got billions more tax revenues AND they've massively cut their interest rate payments.
They are paying for these machines themselves because they think it is useful to improve education, and they can afford a million or two with just a month or two worth of the increased revenues.
It is also a tiny investment compared to what Nigerians themselves are spending on cell phones: Currently there are more than 20 million cellphones (population of 130 million). Practically ALL of those have come in the last 4-5 years, and Nigeria has one of the highest cellphone growth rates in the world - miles ahead of the US for instance - and is rapidly catching up to the cellphone penetration in more developed countries.
The term "second world" refers to states aligned with the Soviet Union, not with countries with economies between "third world" and "first world" countries.
A better analogy for your Xerox example would be if Kinko's let you get one of their staff to do wholesale copying of in-copyright books and got away with it - they wouldn't. At the very least they'd risk contributory copyright infringement charges as it should be obvious to them that it's copyright infringement if you come to them with a book and want it copied and don't come from a company that would seem to be likely to have rights to the book, and don't show any documentation.
The fact that YouTube remove video's is not necessarily to their advantage - it means a court might very well decide that they have no expectation of being treated as an ISP or common carrier, as they may be seen to exercise editorial control of content on their system. If that happens, they might need to show that they're taking sufficient measures to stop most of the copyright infringement.
If you bother to check more about him you will also see that he was one of the few dot-com boom guys that diversified his portfolio very quickly - he's still worth around $1.8 billion (he supposedly got around $5 billion of the around $5.7 billion from the Broadcast.com sale). In other words, he sold off a damn lot of the Yahoo shares he got.
You're not thinking about the type of scenarios these guys are working on.
This is NOT about redundancy. This is about methods for tolerating downtime. It could be used with network where redundancy is infeasible, or combined with redundancy to be able to handle extraordinary situations.
Not true. My last passport from 1998 did not meet the US requirements for machine readable passports, and so last year I had to get a new passport to get into the US on the visa waiver program. I'm Norwegian, and it's only a couple of years ago Norway started issuing machine readable passports, and it was as a direct result of the US decision.
You still need to create a valid digital signature, which is the tricky part.
And the gist of the article is that there's no good reason to have RFID on the passport. Most of the issues concerns the fact that it is remotely readable. Had the same information been embedded either in a way that required contact, or using a protocol that required a key that wasn't easily brute forced, it would have been another matter.
So they have to clone a RFID chip. Want to bet about how cheap tools to do that will be shortly?
The reason to get the info is that you need to recreate / clone the RFID chip to be able to use the forget passport, and that info has a digital signature, so you can't just put whatever you want on the RFID chip.
Broadcast.com was sold for $5.7 billion vs $1.65 billion for Youtube... Depends how you measure I guess.