Some of them are quite young. Belknap crater, which I have visited, has lava so young that few plants are growing on it. Newberry's last eruption was 2000 years ago.
Anyway, a lot of the basalt leans toward andesite, but there's a significant amount of good old mafic basalt. For shield volcanoes in the high cascades, one theory is that since the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting at such a low angle, that there is less continental crust for it to go through than other areas.
There is also a theory that there's a hot spot involved, located somewhere under Oregon. Newberry is sometimes cited as the shield volcano that is a result of hot-spot activity due to its location being fairly distant from the high Cascades. Since there tends to be a constant distance between subduction and volcanic activity, therefore must be a different mechanism involved. The idea is that some of the upwelling basalt has come through at newberry, and that some has been directed up the subduction zone, since it's a weak area, and becomes mixed in with the more felsic magma from the subduction zone.
So for the first theory, the shield volcanoes are exclusively ring-of-fire, for the second, both ring-of-fire and hot spot.
I'm not entirely up on all the other theories covering Cascades shield volcanoes, since I studied more structural geology and earth materials, but not vulcanology, but there are other theories out there from differentiated magma chambers to crustal composition theories.
I grew up in a little place called Tumalo, which is a couple miles outside of Bend, Oregon.
Almost all the lava in the area immediately around, and to the south of Bend is basalt. The major source? Newberry Caldera, a large shield volcano just south of Bend. I emphasized that because shield volcanoes produce primarily basalt, and because another poster could only only produce one example of a shield volcano in Oregon, Belknap crater, which is much smaller than Newberry (not to mention located in an odd place, and not likely to remain a shield volcano if it ever becomes active again).
Basalt in Eastern Oregon (east of the Ochoco mountains, say) comes primarily from two sources, depending on age. The newer stuff is associated with the Columbia River Basalts and some more recent activity, possibly related to the movement of the Yellowstone hot spot (that's just one theory, there are others). There's also some really old stuff that used to be volcanic islands that were accreted onto the continent as the Farallon Plate was subducted under North America.
As far as the "chunks of obsidian" in flows around central and Eastern oregon, there were also some more felsic eruptions (one of the most recent eruptions from Newberry was very felsic and produced an obsidian flow). Obsidian isn't usually found in "chunks" in lava, especially not basalt (I've been told there are cases of apache tear-like glass in rained-on basalt, but I've never seen an actual specimen in my studies - usually you find them in perlites and other more felsic rocks). It's more often present as a single flow. There are exceptions, of course, and the GP may have been talking about one of them. I suspect a couple of possibilities for what the GP was really describing:
There are known perlites with apache tears in them in a couple of isolated areas. This would be chunks of obsidian in a relatively solid matrix.
I suppose someone without much geology background could mistake large phenocrysts of magnetite or hornblende in a basalt as bits of glass, and hence assume obsidian.
Mt. Mazama tephra and tuff (produced in the eruption that formed Crater Lake) has chunks of obsidian in it in places, quite often really degassed pumice embedded in an ash matrix. Occasionally this matrix is rather pink-red. This is also a candidate for the GP's observation.
Sometimes there are phenocrysts of pyroxene and olivine in the basalt around Central Oregon, and the darker varieties could appear to be bits of glass in the basalt, to the untrained eye. If the GP was really looking at basalt and can't readily tell crystals from bits of glass, this would be a good explaination for the observation.
A shield volcano is formed when a large pool of magma forms and pushes the land above it upwards. These types are not likely to erupt, though they will erupt violently if the magma is able to push through the surface (kind of like a giant geologic pimple). These volcanos are great for tourism because of the typically accompanying hot springs and year-round greenery.
Um, no. Not even close.
A shield volcano is formed by eruptions of basalt, a very fluid magma, creating a gently-sloping broad-based volcano.
For example, all the Hawaiian islands are shield volcanoes. Newberry caldera in Oregon is a shield volcano.
Warning police in _Western Australia_ enforce laws. Strangely enough, WA in an article about Australia probably doesn't refer to the USA.
Oh, I'm sorry. Let me quote more of the post, so that I can make sure you read it. (Then again, 'magistrates', 'algorithms', and a few other words in it have a lot of syllables. I suppose I'll give your intelligence the benefit of the doubt, though. Which is more than you gave my post.):
American traffic magistrates (at least in WA) would not even understand what an "algorithm" is. They will just see another glib speeder trying to scam the county out of $162.
(Warning for visitors: WA has one of the most zealous state highway patrol forces in the nation. Just don't exceed 10 over the limit here.)
Emphasis mine, of course. That little bit about American traffic magistrates pretty much means that WA refers to Washington.
Try thinking (or at least reading the thread) before you post a response that makes you look like an idiot.
Yeah, I know it's an older post, but I couldn't let this one go.
Taking this comment and some of the previous about QBASIC together : I once implemented a turtle library together in QuickBasic (and who remembers that:-) ?
Hah, here's some of my QuickBASIC 4.5 accomplishments (Note to other posters, QuickBASIC and QBASIC are NOT the same thing.)
I wrote a PILOT interpreter.
I wrote a.mod player using a C library
I wrote a BBS external answering program with ANSI auto-detect and some other features.
I wrote some BBS doors.
I wrote an implementation of Conway's Life
I also had VB 1.0 for MS-DOS, which was pretty interesting, though it added godawful code bloat if you made use of the forms and such. I did make a good tagline manager program for.QWK offline mail readers (from the BBS days).
While I think no school should teach students to write serious programs in assembly
Why not? Plenty of serious programs have been and are implemented in assembly language.
Hell, we had to implement a rudimenatry MIPS disassembler in MIPS assembly in Computer Organization, which is the first upper-division class taken by CIS majors at my school.
I wholeheartedly agree. I bought a Palm Zire 31 and it's been a godsend for keeping track of classes, due dates, contact info for study groups, quick notes when it's inconvenient to dig in the backpack, and a few games for those boring few moments before lecture starts or while waiting for the prof to show up for his/her office hours.
The calendar app is great, and works perfectly to schedule everything. I recently entered my Fall '05 schedule into it, making it the fourth quarter I've used it. Classes are color-coded blue, except final exams, which are yellow. Other appointments and events have other colors. I should mention that repeating event options are as flexible as you could want.
You can also have events that are "No Time" that appear for one or more days, and these are where I place due dates for important assignments, and other things. For example, when I look at a week or month view, dead week and finals week are colored lines. When I had to remember not to take allergy medications before an allergic skin test, it was a blue line and the daily schedule had "No allergy meds" right at the top.
My wife has one, too, and last year she maintained a very complex schedule, and her Palm helped her out with it a lot. Between her two jobs and full class schedule, she kept it all together with her Palm.
I like mine so much I'm going to buy another one, a Tungsten E2, so I can have a WiFi card, too, which will allow me to stop carrying my damn laptop around all the time.
That's the most stupid thing I've ever read. By your definition, nothing is zero emission because of how it was made. Zero emission means it doesn't give anything out when you use it. How do people like you remember to breath?
My point was that "zero emission vehicle" is an inaccurate term meant to make people feel good about themselves, not reflect the actual reality of the situation. The world would be a much better place if people quit trying to invent euphemisms.
Well, that and to piss people like you off.
Oh yeah, if you really want me to nit-pick, you are leaving little particles of rubber dust everywhere you ride your bike. Bicycles are zero emission, only if you forget about the manufacturing process, tire wear, and the lube you put on the chain every now and then (likely full of VOCs).
Oh, I agree. I just take issue at the term "Zero Emission Vehicle". It is misleading and literally not true unless you are only counting the immediate area around the vehicle after manufacturing has finished.
Even hydro power has emissions, in the form of heat transferred to the water.
Tehcnically speaking, no "burning" occurs in a nuclear power plant. And, while the waste is dangerous, there isn't very much of it, and it can be (and usually is) isolated from the environment.
Technically speaking, in the jargon of the field, you are wrong. See burn and pay particular attention: 2. Physics. To cause to undergo nuclear fission or fusion.
Yes, I checked a real Merriam-Webster, too, and it agreed, as does m-w.com.
Unless your bicyle is made out of some magic material that does not need mining (ever seen a strip mine in operation) and processing (smelter), and welding (oxyacetylene combustion byproducts from gas welding or ground level ozone from electric welding) to put it together, it isn't zero-emission.
I will grant that (not counting your carbon-dioxide exhalation as you ride it), the emissions of a bicycle approach zero over time, but they are not zero-emission.
We may disagree on the value of the ISS (there *is* value. International cooperation in space is a good value. Long-term cooperation even more so).
However, you are right on the need for an orbital construction facility, but as the old saying goes, "Rome wasn't built in a day." You can't simply rush into it.
That's the one. My experience with it was also in high school.
What we also had, however, was a video image capture card in a 486. We could digitize the pictures from the camera with it. Keep in mind that this capture card was not a "frame grabber"... the video had to be steady. So the display from the camera worked, as well as a VCR with good pause tracking, or a video camera looking at static scenery.
There are a bunch of guys that are currently using lasers to decode the LP then digitize it. They then take it through some audio cleaning, to get the hiss out. Then they can set it to cd or wahtever. I saw this on telvision, they are currently doing this for the Library of Congress (I believe). They are able to get the sound off the old wax cylanders. I Wish I had a link for this.
Well, I agree that reestablishing travel to the moon and beyond is important, the International Space Station is an important stepping stone that deserves focus. The reason I think so is that I truly believe it's going to take a multinational effort to get to Mars and back.
2. Kozmo.com
Make up your mind, CNET, technology you miss, or giant flop. I suppose it could be both, but even if Kozmo had stayed in business, it could never compete with my neighborhood grocery store.
3. Napster
Any opinion I might express about this would likely start a flame war, so I'll leave this one alone.
4. Concorde
You can't really miss what even yourselves admit was out of reach to almost everyone. I don't seem to miss it at all. How do you miss something you never really had?
5. GM's EV1
Zero Emission Vehicle. ROFLMAO. Zero-emission as long as you don't count the power plant that burned (coal|oil|gas|atomic nuclei) and polluted somone else's back yard. Sure, I suppose the power could have been photoelectric or wind produced, but if you believe no harm to the earth was done in the process of manufacturing those systems, you're clueless. (Hint: Strip mining for metals, processing ore, smelting, doping chemicals for solar, etc). Not that I have a problem with any of the above, but let's be realistic here. There's no such thing as a "Zero Emission Vehicle".
6. The Original Palm Pilot
I don't know. My Zire 31 does everything the original did, plus color and MP3s. I've been eying the Tungsten E2 as an upgrade. Only third party apps have ever crashed it, and that's only twice after over a year of use. The Palm-supplied apps have been rock solid. A lot like the original Palm Pilot.
7. Good Keyboards
Agreed.
8. Wires
You miss wires? Uh, you made the choice to go wireless. If you truly miss wires, just switch back, right? It's not like your old phone company disappeared, and you can't buy ethernet cables. Oh wait... the convenience outweighs the disadvantages of wireless you point to. I guess you don't really miss wires after all.
9. LPs
My wife is an archaeologist. She's told me about digging these up.
10. The Newton
The Newton was good for a laugh, but it was also a good lesson for future manufacturers of PDAs. Without Apple's failure, would we really have seen Palm's success?
There have been still video cameras that used analog signals recorded on magnetic discs. I've never seen these in real life, so I'm not sure if the disc is the one we're looking for.
I've used one such camera in real life, and the discs it recorder on were 2.5" floppies, almost identical in configuration to 3.5" floppies, only smaller.
I love it when a troll does something like this! I lost a mouth full of coffee when I read the parent post!
I'd be willing to bet the "team" referred to in the GP post is a group of college students who need money. Some people I know were thinking about doing something like this to make some extra money. They abandoned the idea, of course.
Slashdot Mirror
Well, here's an overview of Cascade shield volcanoes.
Some of them are quite young. Belknap crater, which I have visited, has lava so young that few plants are growing on it. Newberry's last eruption was 2000 years ago.
Anyway, a lot of the basalt leans toward andesite, but there's a significant amount of good old mafic basalt. For shield volcanoes in the high cascades, one theory is that since the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting at such a low angle, that there is less continental crust for it to go through than other areas.
There is also a theory that there's a hot spot involved, located somewhere under Oregon. Newberry is sometimes cited as the shield volcano that is a result of hot-spot activity due to its location being fairly distant from the high Cascades. Since there tends to be a constant distance between subduction and volcanic activity, therefore must be a different mechanism involved. The idea is that some of the upwelling basalt has come through at newberry, and that some has been directed up the subduction zone, since it's a weak area, and becomes mixed in with the more felsic magma from the subduction zone.
So for the first theory, the shield volcanoes are exclusively ring-of-fire, for the second, both ring-of-fire and hot spot.
I'm not entirely up on all the other theories covering Cascades shield volcanoes, since I studied more structural geology and earth materials, but not vulcanology, but there are other theories out there from differentiated magma chambers to crustal composition theories.
Unless they ban the movie Hackers and eradicate all copies of it everywhere, they're not gonna make hacking uncool...
Don't forget Sneakers, which was way cooler (IMNSHO) than Hackers.
Almost all the lava in the area immediately around, and to the south of Bend is basalt. The major source? Newberry Caldera, a large shield volcano just south of Bend. I emphasized that because shield volcanoes produce primarily basalt, and because another poster could only only produce one example of a shield volcano in Oregon, Belknap crater, which is much smaller than Newberry (not to mention located in an odd place, and not likely to remain a shield volcano if it ever becomes active again).
Basalt in Eastern Oregon (east of the Ochoco mountains, say) comes primarily from two sources, depending on age. The newer stuff is associated with the Columbia River Basalts and some more recent activity, possibly related to the movement of the Yellowstone hot spot (that's just one theory, there are others). There's also some really old stuff that used to be volcanic islands that were accreted onto the continent as the Farallon Plate was subducted under North America.
As far as the "chunks of obsidian" in flows around central and Eastern oregon, there were also some more felsic eruptions (one of the most recent eruptions from Newberry was very felsic and produced an obsidian flow). Obsidian isn't usually found in "chunks" in lava, especially not basalt (I've been told there are cases of apache tear-like glass in rained-on basalt, but I've never seen an actual specimen in my studies - usually you find them in perlites and other more felsic rocks). It's more often present as a single flow. There are exceptions, of course, and the GP may have been talking about one of them. I suspect a couple of possibilities for what the GP was really describing:
It's a magma intrusion. If it solidifies, it forms a pluton.
A shield volcano is formed when a large pool of magma forms and pushes the land above it upwards. These types are not likely to erupt, though they will erupt violently if the magma is able to push through the surface (kind of like a giant geologic pimple). These volcanos are great for tourism because of the typically accompanying hot springs and year-round greenery.
Um, no. Not even close.
A shield volcano is formed by eruptions of basalt, a very fluid magma, creating a gently-sloping broad-based volcano.
For example, all the Hawaiian islands are shield volcanoes. Newberry caldera in Oregon is a shield volcano.
USGS info page on shield volcanoes.
I like Oregon a lot. I just wish it were easier to get to.
We make difficult on purpose.
Oh, I'm sorry. Let me quote more of the post, so that I can make sure you read it. (Then again, 'magistrates', 'algorithms', and a few other words in it have a lot of syllables. I suppose I'll give your intelligence the benefit of the doubt, though. Which is more than you gave my post.):
Emphasis mine, of course. That little bit about American traffic magistrates pretty much means that WA refers to Washington.
Try thinking (or at least reading the thread) before you post a response that makes you look like an idiot.
Yeah, I know it's an older post, but I couldn't let this one go.
Slashdot chopped off the end of the topic.
c. 1600.
Well, assuming that bathrooms are only on the edges, the middle person has almost a 40 km walk to the nearest one.
I couldn't hold it for that walk...
Wild Horses Oregon and Washington
On the other hand, we do have some leaders in new market innovations (hint: look at the first entry under "Alternatives").
Hah, here's some of my QuickBASIC 4.5 accomplishments (Note to other posters, QuickBASIC and QBASIC are NOT the same thing.)
I also had VB 1.0 for MS-DOS, which was pretty interesting, though it added godawful code bloat if you made use of the forms and such. I did make a good tagline manager program for
While I think no school should teach students to write serious programs in assembly
Why not? Plenty of serious programs have been and are implemented in assembly language.
Hell, we had to implement a rudimenatry MIPS disassembler in MIPS assembly in Computer Organization, which is the first upper-division class taken by CIS majors at my school.
I wholeheartedly agree. I bought a Palm Zire 31 and it's been a godsend for keeping track of classes, due dates, contact info for study groups, quick notes when it's inconvenient to dig in the backpack, and a few games for those boring few moments before lecture starts or while waiting for the prof to show up for his/her office hours.
The calendar app is great, and works perfectly to schedule everything. I recently entered my Fall '05 schedule into it, making it the fourth quarter I've used it. Classes are color-coded blue, except final exams, which are yellow. Other appointments and events have other colors. I should mention that repeating event options are as flexible as you could want.
You can also have events that are "No Time" that appear for one or more days, and these are where I place due dates for important assignments, and other things. For example, when I look at a week or month view, dead week and finals week are colored lines. When I had to remember not to take allergy medications before an allergic skin test, it was a blue line and the daily schedule had "No allergy meds" right at the top.
My wife has one, too, and last year she maintained a very complex schedule, and her Palm helped her out with it a lot. Between her two jobs and full class schedule, she kept it all together with her Palm.
I like mine so much I'm going to buy another one, a Tungsten E2, so I can have a WiFi card, too, which will allow me to stop carrying my damn laptop around all the time.
Warning for visitors: WA has one of the most zealous state highway patrol forces in the nation. Just don't exceed 10 over the limit here.
WARNING! Police in Washington enforce laws!
That's the most stupid thing I've ever read. By your definition, nothing is zero emission because of how it was made. Zero emission means it doesn't give anything out when you use it. How do people like you remember to breath?
My point was that "zero emission vehicle" is an inaccurate term meant to make people feel good about themselves, not reflect the actual reality of the situation. The world would be a much better place if people quit trying to invent euphemisms.
Well, that and to piss people like you off.
Oh yeah, if you really want me to nit-pick, you are leaving little particles of rubber dust everywhere you ride your bike. Bicycles are zero emission, only if you forget about the manufacturing process, tire wear, and the lube you put on the chain every now and then (likely full of VOCs).
Oh, I agree. I just take issue at the term "Zero Emission Vehicle". It is misleading and literally not true unless you are only counting the immediate area around the vehicle after manufacturing has finished.
Even hydro power has emissions, in the form of heat transferred to the water.
Tehcnically speaking, no "burning" occurs in a nuclear power plant. And, while the waste is dangerous, there isn't very much of it, and it can be (and usually is) isolated from the environment.
Technically speaking, in the jargon of the field, you are wrong. See burn and pay particular attention: 2. Physics. To cause to undergo nuclear fission or fusion.
Yes, I checked a real Merriam-Webster, too, and it agreed, as does m-w.com.
Unless your bicyle is made out of some magic material that does not need mining (ever seen a strip mine in operation) and processing (smelter), and welding (oxyacetylene combustion byproducts from gas welding or ground level ozone from electric welding) to put it together, it isn't zero-emission.
I will grant that (not counting your carbon-dioxide exhalation as you ride it), the emissions of a bicycle approach zero over time, but they are not zero-emission.
Wrong.
Hah! I stand corrected! Excellent.
Actually, that is how my own Viking ancestors discovered North America.
We may disagree on the value of the ISS (there *is* value. International cooperation in space is a good value. Long-term cooperation even more so).
However, you are right on the need for an orbital construction facility, but as the old saying goes, "Rome wasn't built in a day." You can't simply rush into it.
That's the one. My experience with it was also in high school.
What we also had, however, was a video image capture card in a 486. We could digitize the pictures from the camera with it. Keep in mind that this capture card was not a "frame grabber"... the video had to be steady. So the display from the camera worked, as well as a VCR with good pause tracking, or a video camera looking at static scenery.
There are a bunch of guys that are currently using lasers to decode the LP then digitize it. They then take it through some audio cleaning, to get the hiss out. Then they can set it to cd or wahtever. I saw this on telvision, they are currently doing this for the Library of Congress (I believe). They are able to get the sound off the old wax cylanders. I Wish I had a link for this.
Gee, I just typed "Laser Turntable" into Google, and got a link right away. You can get one for $15,000.
1. Manned Space Exploration
Well, I agree that reestablishing travel to the moon and beyond is important, the International Space Station is an important stepping stone that deserves focus. The reason I think so is that I truly believe it's going to take a multinational effort to get to Mars and back.
2. Kozmo.com
Make up your mind, CNET, technology you miss, or giant flop. I suppose it could be both, but even if Kozmo had stayed in business, it could never compete with my neighborhood grocery store.
3. Napster
Any opinion I might express about this would likely start a flame war, so I'll leave this one alone.
4. Concorde
You can't really miss what even yourselves admit was out of reach to almost everyone. I don't seem to miss it at all. How do you miss something you never really had?
5. GM's EV1
Zero Emission Vehicle. ROFLMAO. Zero-emission as long as you don't count the power plant that burned (coal|oil|gas|atomic nuclei) and polluted somone else's back yard. Sure, I suppose the power could have been photoelectric or wind produced, but if you believe no harm to the earth was done in the process of manufacturing those systems, you're clueless. (Hint: Strip mining for metals, processing ore, smelting, doping chemicals for solar, etc). Not that I have a problem with any of the above, but let's be realistic here. There's no such thing as a "Zero Emission Vehicle".
6. The Original Palm Pilot
I don't know. My Zire 31 does everything the original did, plus color and MP3s. I've been eying the Tungsten E2 as an upgrade. Only third party apps have ever crashed it, and that's only twice after over a year of use. The Palm-supplied apps have been rock solid. A lot like the original Palm Pilot.
7. Good Keyboards
Agreed.
8. Wires
You miss wires? Uh, you made the choice to go wireless. If you truly miss wires, just switch back, right? It's not like your old phone company disappeared, and you can't buy ethernet cables. Oh wait... the convenience outweighs the disadvantages of wireless you point to. I guess you don't really miss wires after all.
9. LPs
My wife is an archaeologist. She's told me about digging these up.
10. The Newton
The Newton was good for a laugh, but it was also a good lesson for future manufacturers of PDAs. Without Apple's failure, would we really have seen Palm's success?
There have been still video cameras that used analog signals recorded on magnetic discs. I've never seen these in real life, so I'm not sure if the disc is the one we're looking for.
I've used one such camera in real life, and the discs it recorder on were 2.5" floppies, almost identical in configuration to 3.5" floppies, only smaller.
Morone.
I love it when a troll does something like this! I lost a mouth full of coffee when I read the parent post!
I'd be willing to bet the "team" referred to in the GP post is a group of college students who need money. Some people I know were thinking about doing something like this to make some extra money. They abandoned the idea, of course.