I don't know what doctor's offices you were visiting, but I was setting up EDI systems inside little hick doctor's offices in the early 1990s to exchange medical records with insurance companies. These were running on DOS machines - and there were probably DOS machines on the other end. Other, bigger offices were more sophisticated, and had Unix systems with multiple terminals. I still have a TI Unix box that came from a doctor's office and was used for medical billing and insurance transactions with Blue Cross/Blue Shield and others. It was decommissioned in 1999 because of Y2K (someone who had bought the right to maintain TI Unix was charging an extortionist's fee for a yearly license for patches to fix the issues - it was cheaper to replace the entire system). Our daughter's pediatrician before we moved four years ago didn't even *have* a fax machine - she probably still doesn't.
I would agree with the OKI printer suggestion - other than power. Maybe there are lower-power versions now. The old ones had a motor that ran constantly, fans, and the print heads would get extremely hot when the printer was busy. I can also say that, while they are heavy and well-built, they are not necessarily rugged - my wife's cat once managed to knock one off a counter and it did not survive (the printer that is - the cat survived; he was just lucky I'm not the violent type - the printer was about $350 to replace).
Cloth printer ribbons can be easily re-inked. Dried out ribbons can be rejuvenated by popping the top open and spritzing the enclosed ribbon lightly with WD-40. When the ribbon has reached the end, it can be popped open, the contained ribbon flipped upside down, and then be re-used when put back together - generally, the print head does not print down the center of the ribbon, so you can get two passes along it without physically using the same strip of ribbon this way, reducing wear. Once you've done that a time or two and the ink starts to dim, the WD-40 trick also works to re-distribute the ink inside the ribbon material. I could usually get around six passes through an OKI ribbon before it needed to be re-inked.
I gave away my last two OKI printers to a school about six years ago. They were probably at least 15 years old then, and are probably still going.
Well, it has been a while anyway. I think they did the right thing back when color television was introduced. They accepted multiple proposals, and for the longest time the CBS proposal was leading the race...but the RCA proposal had the potential to be made compatible with existing black-and-white receivers. Some details were changed to allow interoperability and the FCC mandated that this modified RCA method would be adopted so that consumers would not need to purchase all new equipment. I have a 1951 "Sergeant" black-and-white television that still received off-the-air broadcasts just fine up until the digital switchover. I never bothered to get one of the converter boxes or else it would still work.
I could see that some of these older cell repeaters might interfere with the newer micro/femto-cell technology that is rapidly becoming the darling answer to cell carriers' problems with expanding data demand. Their existence would certainly interfere with the intention many carriers have of selling private small-cell devices which do their cellular backhaul over the customer's own broadband connection. Most of the carriers are in a position to profit from greater broadband adoption as well - either through owning core network switches, or selling broadband as well as cell service to the same consumers. I pay AT&T for five cell phones, with data on most of them, as well as my U-verse broadband connection at home. I'm sure they would love it if I had to pay for a private microcell as well as move to a higher-speed broadband account to deal with the backhaul capacity requirements.
When my mother was dying of Lou Gehrig's Disease (ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), she volunteered for a double-blind trial, knowing that there was an even chance she would get the placebo. This did not bother her in the least - she was hoping that it would ultimately result in some benefit for someone else later on. Unfortunately, her disease had already progressed too rapidly and she was not accepted into the test cohort.
I don't think there is anything unethical or inhumane about making a valid statistical trial. Many of these substances have serious side-effects and very prohibitive costs - it is better to make an informed and valid comparison of the pros and cons of any treatment.
Is this statement about Texas true? I'm not in Texas, but I'm curious and concerned, lest such idiocy spreads. I have a small collection of old labware, including some flasks and Victorian-era gas valves.
I was able to get a standing pass out of art class as a sophomore in high school to go work on art projects in the Apple II lab for a couple of months. Our art teacher was on maternity leave. I decided I did not like the substitute teacher, and luckily for me she had been given the explicit instruction to let me do whatever the heck I wanted to. So I elected to spend my time elsewhere.
The graphics available from BASIC on the Apple ][+ were crude, but better IMHO than the programmable-character "graphics" available on the early Commodore and TI machines. I wrote code for all of them -- including a program that let you use a joystick or paddle for an on-screen "Etch-A-Sketch" style drawing program that would let you save and restore your drawings. Doing that by re-defining characters on the fly in BASIC was not much fun. It did have an advantage over the "real" Etch-A-Sketch in that you had to hold down a joystick button in order to draw, otherwise the single-pixel cursor would just be moved around. I wrote that same program in Commodore Basic for my best friend's PET (at his house while he spent the time playing Intellivision), TI-Basic, and AppleSoft Basic.
That was the level I was at when I started trying to do "art" on the computer. While playing with things and reading magazines from the stack in the corner of the lab, I learned about how the Apple colors were actually pulled off, and realized that White 1/White 2 and Black 1/Black 2 were a half-pixel offset from each other. This allowed you to draw a white line and then draw a pixel-shifted black line on top of it to get thinner lines, which worked great for crosshatching and other fill effects. That got me interested in the fact that the fonts exploited this feature to get smoother curves on-screen, and I began exploring writing my own fonts and doing graphics from inside the assembler/monitor. As a result, I taught myself 6502 assembler and wrote fast "vector" graphics routines that I could call from BASIC, as well as routines that let me draw my own text on-screen as well, not constrained to the rectangular grid of normal characters.
I had to demo how I had been spending my time to my real art teacher when she returned. She appreciated what I had accomplished artistically (including various "vector" animations), but understood little of it. Her eyes glazed over when I began explaining assembly language routines. I got an "A" for my self-directed art study though, which consisted mostly of learning 6502 assembler:-)
I realize someone has modded you as a troll, but on the off-chance that you were serious...
No he is not "retarded". And he is not alone.
I also read terms-of-service, and if I agree to them, I follow them. If I am not willing to follow them, I do not agree to them.
You might call it retarded. I call it being principled. It is important to me to be trustworthy. If my agreement to terms is going to have any value it must *always* have value. Even if I am the only one who will ever know the difference. Especially so. I do not believe in situational ethics.
The grandfather post claims that "everyone" on Slashdot laughs at shrink wrap licenses because they are "unenforceable". So what? What does enforceability have to do with it? I may not like them, and I might think that there is no possibility that I would ever be caught violating the agreement, but I follow them anyway, and if I won't, I do without. I have no music that I do not have the actual CD or vinyl for, save for 2 albums I bought off iTunes, no movies that I have not purchased, and no commercial software that I do not have the actual license and serial number for. I may boot my VM of Windows XP Pro only once or twice a year, but the copy I have installed there is bought and paid for. My kids know they are not allowed to download music or anime without paying for it. A friend of my eldest loaned her a ripped 'Ween' CD last week -- she liked a few of the songs, so she *bought* them. When she gave the CD back, he told her he had meant for her to keep it -- she told him no, but thanks.
I also do not have a Facebook account. No one in my immediate family does. I would gladly have taken a few minutes to share a couple of TSA stories otherwise. Interestingly, one has to do with a trip to Washington, D.C. a few years ago with my daughter, at the invitation of our Congressman. This was before the backscatter scanners came online, but they were being installed at both airports we passed through. My daughter, 14 at the time and very shy about her body, asked about them. I explained the concept. I could have predicted her reaction. She was totally freaked out by the idea. If they would have been online, I am 100% sure we would not have made the trip, because there is not a chance she would have walked through that line knowing there was a possibility of being sent through that machine or having a pat-down as an alternative, and I would not have made her do it, either.
The airport wasn't the only theater, though. We went through so many checkpoints at government buildings and museums while we were there. In many cases, the security holes were very obvious, while all the while I had to repeatedly take off my shoes, belt, empty my pockets, put my keys, coins, camera, wallet, and phone in a bucket, and then step through scanners only to repeat the process again a few minutes later -- just to be part of the show of security. At one point, our Congress-critter was taking us on a short-cut beneath the Capitol building, and he and his assistant had to stand and wait each time we had to go through a checkpoint. It really ended up not being much of a short-cut in terms of time -- for him and his assistant, it would normally have been -- because they got to walk around the scanners without going through that ordeal (which is part of the problem, if you want my opinion).
Unrelated but noteworthy: at one point, while standing on the Capitol steps, our Congressman gave my daughter his business card and told her it was her "get-out-of-jail-free card", and that she should call him if she ever needed him to pull any strings. I thought it was a totally inappropriate comment, particularly for a Congressman to make to a 14-year-old girl. When he saw the sour look on my face, he quickly tried to recover by turning to me and saying, "but I am sure she'll never need it." Meanwhile, my daughter was rolling her eyes while his back was turned. I am not sure how much good the card would be now, since he's no longer in Congress. He retired later that year, ostensibly for personal reasons, though at the time there was a lot of noise starting to be made back home about some of his ethically-questionable financial dealings.
Apart from any other argument, you do a fair job of deifying the Scientific Method.
I have great faith in it myself; it has been demonstrably useful during recent history, and I expect it to continue to be. However -- the view that all truth can be mechanistically derived by following this particular philosophy is fundamentally an act of "faith". Empirically, it is a useful and reasonable faith -- but that doesn't change what it is. Kurt Godel did everyone a favor by rigorously proving that truths exist in any system which cannot be proven within that system -- that there are unprovable truths. They might even be expressible, and recognizable to us as true -- but ultimately require going "outside the system" to prove them. What is most interesting to me is what this means for the human mind -- we (often easily) recognize certain things as true which cannot be mechanically proven to be -- a fact which many mathematicians and philosophical sorts have argued to be a demonstration that our minds are not mechanisms.
I don't find "faith", as a concept, incompatible with science. In fact, I find it necessary -- the mathematics demonstrates that my mind cannot prove itself to be consistent, if it is a mechanism. I still have faith that it is suited to its purpose, though, and use it anyway. I cannot prove that the Scientific Method can distinguish every truth and every falsehood under the right conditions -- in fact, I would suspect it cannot. I still have faith it will be a useful tool tomorrow, and I cannot suggest a better alternative at present. I can't even prove that the real number system is completely characterized and described, but it suits my purposes to believe that to be the case.
I consider agnosticism to be a reasonable position, but don't have major problems with people believing something to be true rather than saying "I don't know". To me, it isn't something that science even enters into -- it is the wrong tool for the job. Religion isn't the only area that this applies to, either; most of sociology, law, philosophy, art, music -- heck, even the experience of taking a hike in the woods (for me) -- all of these things that make up "the human experience" are not reducible to science. We can theorize, but we cannot produce fully deterministic models of these things and the individuals involved. Even the science of understanding and applying these things seems fundamentally different ( http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/lesbrule.html ). One might easily argue that this distinction means these things are "not science". I'm OK with that point of view -- but it does not follow that they are "incompatible with the philosophy that underlies science". They're just something that science is not intended to address.
With this "first to file" silliness vs. "first to invent" -- does prior art still apply? I worked for a company around that time that remoted their entire GUI over the network, including distributed interactive applications and a hypertext system called "HyperWeb".
I also remember a service available to "Agri-Business" in the mid 1980's that used a specialized set-top terminal to provide services to farmers. You could get weather reports and look at market values, etc., and interact with several other utilities that I don't remember. It supposedly had more success in Canada than in the U.S. I only knew about it because a friend of mine was the originator of the "Agri-Business" style morning news program, which was a big deal at the time. His program sold these things. He gave me his terminal as a novelty when the service died due to the internet. It had a built-in 1200-baud modem and reasonably functional terminal software, in addition to the specialized firmware.
Seems that times have changed. My wife's grandfather was a lawyer and one of the first juvenile court judges in the country, among other claims to fame. He died in the 1950's, fairly young, following an accident. Among the memorabilia passed down in the family are cards and letters from concerned kids that had been through his courtroom. I even read an interview with a now famous author that credited him by name for turning his life around. By all accounts, he was a good man. Reminds me of an Abraham Lincoln quote:
"Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. As a peacemaker the lawyer has superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough."
...greed seems to be the ingredient that ruins that recipe.
I hope you are trying to be humorous. AIX is one of the buggiest UNIX implementations I know of, and that includes security bugs. A really simple example -- one that was fixed years ago in other OS's (like Solaris) -- using the Berkley variant of 'ps', you can easily access the environment of any process on the system. On AIX you access the Berkley version by leaving off the hyphens in front of command-line options (nice feature that, I like it better than Sun's completely separate binary). Try 'ps geww'. Not too dangerous if everyone keeps sensitive things out of their environment, but I can guarantee that is not always the case. CGI scripts tend to put interesting things there as a matter of course.
If you are really interested in understanding how LOGO might apply to subjects outside of teaching turtles to draw pictures, find or borrow a copy of Seymour Papert's Mindstorms Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas [ ISBN: 0-465-04629-0 ]. The book is a quick read, and covers the work that went into developing the language at MIT as part of an experiment in finding better ways to teach children, starting in the late 1960's through the early 1980's when the book was written. The first several chapters do contain lots of images of turtle drawings, or more accurately, Turtle Geometry, but starting about midway through the book, Papert introduces the concept of MicroWorlds, specialized environments for modelling and experimenting with other formal systems. In the Geometry MicroWorld, the turtle is an analogue to a "point", for the most part -- in other 2D drawing languages there is generally the concept of a "current point" with some associated state. In other MicroWorlds, the turtle becomes an analogue for other abstract concepts -- in the Newtonian Physics MicroWorld, for example, the turtle might represent a particle. In addition to position in space it has other associated state such as current velocity and heading. The turtle concept is extended to allow kids to experiment with different aspects of formal systems. More elaborate concepts are added over time, new turtle types are derived (velocity turtle, acceleration turtle, etc.,), and richer state is provided, along with allowing the turtle objects to interact with each other and other objects in these environments.
I guess a way of summarizing it is to say that LOGO is/was about building environments that encapsulate the rules of a formal system, and allowing individuals to interact with the objects in those environments to modify their state according to the rules -- and observe the results. The intended goal was to allow children to have environments in which they can discover the rules for themselves, and develop an intuitive understanding of the system and how to go about solving problems according to the rules they have discovered. This was applied in experiments covering mathematics, physics, and even poetry. Papert was not proposing LOGO as the tool to be used for these purposes, however -- he considered it too primitive, limited by the capabilities and availability of computers in the 1970s. What he was proposing was that the concept of modelling specialized environments with computers had merit by making abstract concepts into something that learners could "play" with, but predicted that such a revolution would not come until the machines were cheap and ubiquitous. I know that most of my daughter's AP Physics lessons last year had associated Java applets available to demonstrate concepts -- but most of it was utter, buggy crap. There were several times where I had to tell her what the applet *should* have done, if it had worked -- but even when things did work none of it really let her "play" with concepts very much. I had to keep working with her throughout the year to help her develop better and more intuitive understanding of concepts. Papert's revolution hasn't arrived yet.
I've deleted heaps of code too, but I seldom remove a still-functional API, even if nothing is currently using it. Generally add a comment to that effect, though. I've been grateful in the past when someone prior to me decided to keep something that was no longer in use but still potentially useful: http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=1445528&cid=30120820 . If the code has unit test stubs I try to keep unused API functional and testable as well. It generally takes little effort to do so.
Agree as well about revision control, but I also know that code tends to get moved from one revision control system to another, and often enough some or all of the revision history is dropped -- whether for expedience or simply due to impedance mismatch.
...lots of stuff is left lying about which might not be used any longer on the off chance that it might be adapted to some future purpose. Sounds like genetics.
Simple enough even for some four-year-olds. My daughter (now 16) wrote her first program in MicroWorlds LOGO at age 4. It drew a cat. I had her act out what she wanted the turtle to do, using only the things she already knew how to tell the turtle to do. She worked from there.
Indeed this is so. You can also compile Objective-C using clang/llvm . See: http://clang.llvm.org/compatibility.html#objective-c . The clang implementation is at feature parity with the Mac OS X 10.7 version of the language, and based on my limited understanding of some comments I've read in various announcements, supports some additional features as well. Use of those features requires the GNUStep Objective-C runtime (libobjc2), rather than the GCC runtime. A high degree of Cocoa compatibility is available using the GNUStep Base (Foundation) and GNUStep GUI (AppKit) libraries, for numerous Unix platforms as well as Windows. A version of CoreFoundation is also available which wraps GNUStep Base, with a rewrite coming very soon that implements CoreFoundation in plain C. Various other Cocoa and iOS-compatible libs are available in disparate states of implementation. As always, GNUStep could use more developers and more users. Companies wishing to port their MacOS software to other platforms are encouraged to investigate GNUStep; previous porting efforts have positively contributed to the project by discovering and reporting bugs and sometimes by providing direct improvements.
The parent is correct that you do not need Apple kit to develop in Objective-C. To work with most examples you will find, you will need Cocoa-compatible development libraries and tools, though. Interesting starting points include the Windows Installers, which include all of the components you would need to get started ( http://www.gnustep.org/experience/Windows.html ), or the GNUStep Core packages ( http://www.gnustep.org/resources/downloads.php ) for other platforms. The Étoilé Project http://etoileos.com/ is also interesting. Those of you in Europe who are interested and intend on attending FOSDEM should stop by and visit the talks and devroom sponsored by these projects.
I must have missed the article about the government forcing/nudging/encouraging people to do triple-X, and refusing to give money to people who don't. Interesting.
You forgot Ken Olson (DEC), Scott McNealy (Sun), John Warnock (Adobe), Alan Ashton (WordPerfect), Philippe Kahn (Borland)...I could go on. And, arguably, all of those companies were a lot better off when they were lead by their original CEOs than they are now...those that even still exist.
No, you aren't. At least, once they put the little dent on the front, it was great. But then, I have small hands, and it fit perfectly well into my palm. I always liked the DEC 'puck' mice too (still have a couple), but they were a little too big and heavy.
He is credited in 317 Apple patents so far. He is principle inventor or designer on 33 of them. I think this list actually misses a number of them from outside of Apple; NeXT filed patents under several different names, among them, NeXT, Inc., NeXT Computer, and NeXT Software. There are also still a boatload of pending patents with his name on them, some as principle inventor.
Jobs wasn't around for the Look and Feel lawsuit, though, even if you were:
- Steve Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985 by the Apple Board of Directors and John Sculley. - Apple sued Microsoft in 1988, when Windows 2.0 was introduced and it finally had resizable and overlapping windows. - Apple lost its final appeal in 1994, mostly because Sculley had licensed designs for 179 of 189 GUI elements they were claiming infringement on back in 1985, after Steve was gone. Microsoft had previously licensed some of the same ideas from Xerox, and Apple had licensed them from Xerox for $100M in stock. This figured into the dismissal of the other 10 claims, since copyright only covers an original expression of an idea. - Apple bought NeXT in 1996. - Steve became iCEO of Apple in 1997.
The license certainly contributed to Microsoft's victory in court. Digital Research, which had no such license (and a much better implementation) lost a similar suit by Apple in 1985 over GEM, which nearly duplicated the Mac GUI, and was forced to change the look of some features and remove others; due to issues of infringing "trade dress." This is sort of like Kodak suing other film manufacturers for boxing their film in packages using the same orange-and-black color scheme. I think there is some merit in protecting a "look" from being exploited by commercial competitors, and GEM was certainly intended to look like the Mac as much as was possible. A shame, really, since it had a lot more going for it, and was in development by a former Xerox PARC employee before the release of the Mac. A few extra hours invested to make it look unique as opposed to identical would have benefited everyone. Interesting reading here: http://www.computernostalgia.net/articles/GEM.htm .
I have used all of these GUIs (and many others) at one time or another. I still have a GEM box sitting on a shelf in my office here at home, just for nostalgia, along with my Ventura Publisher manuals, etc. That was the most productive GUI I ever used on a PC prior to OpenStep.
Officially, that died on October 1, 2003, when President Bush signed the defense budget in which Congress axed the program after its existence caused a public uproar. Read through the various programs under that umbrella, including "Scalable Social Network Analysis". Zuckerberg released his first "social network" project (Facemash) on October 28, 2003, only 27 days after TIA was officially put down and split up between different agencies. For some reason, Harvard saw fit to drop their proceedings against Zuckerberg to have him expelled for hacking into the student ID databases to obtain the photographs he initially used to populate his site. He was then able to rapidly expand his project and get venture capital funding. Given that this all occurred well after the dot-com bubble burst, it seems that selling the associated data to advertisers would be a weak financial foundation to rapidly build such a project on, particularly when the principal leader of the project is a college undergrad, and its membership was limited to colleges at the time. I think the underlying idea may really have been to privatize parts of TIA all along. In particular, while the US government is bound by the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act amendments, later amendments weakened the original acts in favor of protecting corporations, so the government is not required to reveal information that is considered a "trade secret" of a third party. See the article from a few days ago ( http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/10/13/1938241/facebook-the-law-says-you-cant-have-your-data ), where Facebook is claiming this exact protection.
One related point is that the FOIA gives you standing to find out what records the government is keeping about you, to challenge the accuracy of it, and to sue the government for abusing it; the Privacy Act limits how they can share it, even between agencies. Data held outside the government is exempt from all that, at least in the U.S.
Viewed in that light, the individual information is the *most* valuable and unique; not worthless at all. Now, pair the social network information with all of the photographs that are pumped into FB and tagged by individual... Take a look at cheap software such as http://http//www.facegen.com/ (even has a free version) and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsFj1-fvbkA&noredirect=1 (first couple of relevant Google links I could find, I sure the three-letter agencies have access to better). Even if you aren't on FB, you are probably tagged somewhere in a photo, unless you are a total hermit. If the authorities were looking for you and had access to parametric data about your facial and body structures from this database, as well as access to the National Facial Recognition Network discussed recently ( http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/10/07/2342240/fbi-plans-nationwide-face-recognition-trials-in-2012 ), they have a solution that would make the Stasi drool. You have everyone snitching on everyone else, documenting their comings and goings, providing up-to-date photographs, etc., and it is all there in one place, already tagged and organized.
The advertising revenue may just be the gravy on top of the government contracts.
>> You gave it to the person without restrictions.
You are making an incorrect assumption. On the rare occasion that I do give away an email address or telephone number, I state that the information is not to be shared. People do it anyway, often inadvertently. Most people have such a poor idea about how the internet functions that they don't think that entering an email or telephone number into a web form and clicking 'Submit' to 'Share this article with your friends' is disclosing anything. My father-in-law did this with my daughter's email address when she was two years old, sending her links to kids pages on some web sites about animals. Within a week she was getting SPAM from a dozen different environmental and anti-hunting groups. I had to read him the riot act about his mistake, and change her address. The email account was strictly meant to be used so that family could send her notes and photographs -- nothing else. My mother-in-law has been worse about this, and she honestly just forgets. She puts addresses in CC: instead of BCC: and then tons of people have the address. Recently, one of her great aunts chose to share her address book with Facebook and LinkedIn. My daughter got SPAM from both, inviting her to join. I never even gave the aunt her address; it was in her address book because she copied it there from an email she had been CC'd on. My daughter is a teenager now and there are dozens of photos of her on Facebook, though she does not have (or want) an account. Friends post them and 'tag' her in the photo, sometimes when they already know she doesn't want them posted. She has often asked to have them removed, and gets treated like a weirdo as a consequence. My 8-year-old is dealing with the same issue, from teachers posting photos with everyone in the class labeled, to other parents, to her own friends who are 7 or 8 years old and have their own Facebook accounts.
I don't share *anyone's* email address or other personal information without explicit permission, nor do I use information I happen to come across (in something like a CC field, for example) without obtaining permission first. This is the only fair assumption to make.
Slashdot Mirror
I don't know what doctor's offices you were visiting, but I was setting up EDI systems inside little hick doctor's offices in the early 1990s to exchange medical records with insurance companies. These were running on DOS machines - and there were probably DOS machines on the other end. Other, bigger offices were more sophisticated, and had Unix systems with multiple terminals. I still have a TI Unix box that came from a doctor's office and was used for medical billing and insurance transactions with Blue Cross/Blue Shield and others. It was decommissioned in 1999 because of Y2K (someone who had bought the right to maintain TI Unix was charging an extortionist's fee for a yearly license for patches to fix the issues - it was cheaper to replace the entire system). Our daughter's pediatrician before we moved four years ago didn't even *have* a fax machine - she probably still doesn't.
I would agree with the OKI printer suggestion - other than power. Maybe there are lower-power versions now. The old ones had a motor that ran constantly, fans, and the print heads would get extremely hot when the printer was busy. I can also say that, while they are heavy and well-built, they are not necessarily rugged - my wife's cat once managed to knock one off a counter and it did not survive (the printer that is - the cat survived; he was just lucky I'm not the violent type - the printer was about $350 to replace).
Cloth printer ribbons can be easily re-inked. Dried out ribbons can be rejuvenated by popping the top open and spritzing the enclosed ribbon lightly with WD-40. When the ribbon has reached the end, it can be popped open, the contained ribbon flipped upside down, and then be re-used when put back together - generally, the print head does not print down the center of the ribbon, so you can get two passes along it without physically using the same strip of ribbon this way, reducing wear. Once you've done that a time or two and the ink starts to dim, the WD-40 trick also works to re-distribute the ink inside the ribbon material. I could usually get around six passes through an OKI ribbon before it needed to be re-inked.
I gave away my last two OKI printers to a school about six years ago. They were probably at least 15 years old then, and are probably still going.
--Rubinstien
Well, it has been a while anyway. I think they did the right thing back when color television was introduced. They accepted multiple proposals, and for the longest time the CBS proposal was leading the race...but the RCA proposal had the potential to be made compatible with existing black-and-white receivers. Some details were changed to allow interoperability and the FCC mandated that this modified RCA method would be adopted so that consumers would not need to purchase all new equipment. I have a 1951 "Sergeant" black-and-white television that still received off-the-air broadcasts just fine up until the digital switchover. I never bothered to get one of the converter boxes or else it would still work.
It is much more likely to be a roundabout way to clear the field for carriers to roll out and profit from small-cell technology.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/wireless/a-surge-in-small-cell-sites (from January's IEEE Spectrum)
I could see that some of these older cell repeaters might interfere with the newer micro/femto-cell technology that is rapidly becoming the darling answer to cell carriers' problems with expanding data demand. Their existence would certainly interfere with the intention many carriers have of selling private small-cell devices which do their cellular backhaul over the customer's own broadband connection. Most of the carriers are in a position to profit from greater broadband adoption as well - either through owning core network switches, or selling broadband as well as cell service to the same consumers. I pay AT&T for five cell phones, with data on most of them, as well as my U-verse broadband connection at home. I'm sure they would love it if I had to pay for a private microcell as well as move to a higher-speed broadband account to deal with the backhaul capacity requirements.
When my mother was dying of Lou Gehrig's Disease (ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), she volunteered for a double-blind trial, knowing that there was an even chance she would get the placebo. This did not bother her in the least - she was hoping that it would ultimately result in some benefit for someone else later on. Unfortunately, her disease had already progressed too rapidly and she was not accepted into the test cohort.
I don't think there is anything unethical or inhumane about making a valid statistical trial. Many of these substances have serious side-effects and very prohibitive costs - it is better to make an informed and valid comparison of the pros and cons of any treatment.
Is this statement about Texas true? I'm not in Texas, but I'm curious and concerned, lest such idiocy spreads. I have a small collection of old labware, including some flasks and Victorian-era gas valves.
I was able to get a standing pass out of art class as a sophomore in high school to go work on art projects in the Apple II lab for a couple of months. Our art teacher was on maternity leave. I decided I did not like the substitute teacher, and luckily for me she had been given the explicit instruction to let me do whatever the heck I wanted to. So I elected to spend my time elsewhere.
The graphics available from BASIC on the Apple ][+ were crude, but better IMHO than the programmable-character "graphics" available on the early Commodore and TI machines. I wrote code for all of them -- including a program that let you use a joystick or paddle for an on-screen "Etch-A-Sketch" style drawing program that would let you save and restore your drawings. Doing that by re-defining characters on the fly in BASIC was not much fun. It did have an advantage over the "real" Etch-A-Sketch in that you had to hold down a joystick button in order to draw, otherwise the single-pixel cursor would just be moved around. I wrote that same program in Commodore Basic for my best friend's PET (at his house while he spent the time playing Intellivision), TI-Basic, and AppleSoft Basic.
That was the level I was at when I started trying to do "art" on the computer. While playing with things and reading magazines from the stack in the corner of the lab, I learned about how the Apple colors were actually pulled off, and realized that White 1/White 2 and Black 1/Black 2 were a half-pixel offset from each other. This allowed you to draw a white line and then draw a pixel-shifted black line on top of it to get thinner lines, which worked great for crosshatching and other fill effects. That got me interested in the fact that the fonts exploited this feature to get smoother curves on-screen, and I began exploring writing my own fonts and doing graphics from inside the assembler/monitor. As a result, I taught myself 6502 assembler and wrote fast "vector" graphics routines that I could call from BASIC, as well as routines that let me draw my own text on-screen as well, not constrained to the rectangular grid of normal characters.
I had to demo how I had been spending my time to my real art teacher when she returned. She appreciated what I had accomplished artistically (including various "vector" animations), but understood little of it. Her eyes glazed over when I began explaining assembly language routines. I got an "A" for my self-directed art study though, which consisted mostly of learning 6502 assembler :-)
I realize someone has modded you as a troll, but on the off-chance that you were serious...
No he is not "retarded". And he is not alone.
I also read terms-of-service, and if I agree to them, I follow them. If I am not willing to follow them, I do not agree to them.
You might call it retarded. I call it being principled. It is important to me to be trustworthy. If my agreement to terms is going to have any value it must *always* have value. Even if I am the only one who will ever know the difference. Especially so. I do not believe in situational ethics.
The grandfather post claims that "everyone" on Slashdot laughs at shrink wrap licenses because they are "unenforceable". So what? What does enforceability have to do with it? I may not like them, and I might think that there is no possibility that I would ever be caught violating the agreement, but I follow them anyway, and if I won't, I do without. I have no music that I do not have the actual CD or vinyl for, save for 2 albums I bought off iTunes, no movies that I have not purchased, and no commercial software that I do not have the actual license and serial number for. I may boot my VM of Windows XP Pro only once or twice a year, but the copy I have installed there is bought and paid for. My kids know they are not allowed to download music or anime without paying for it. A friend of my eldest loaned her a ripped 'Ween' CD last week -- she liked a few of the songs, so she *bought* them. When she gave the CD back, he told her he had meant for her to keep it -- she told him no, but thanks.
I also do not have a Facebook account. No one in my immediate family does. I would gladly have taken a few minutes to share a couple of TSA stories otherwise. Interestingly, one has to do with a trip to Washington, D.C. a few years ago with my daughter, at the invitation of our Congressman. This was before the backscatter scanners came online, but they were being installed at both airports we passed through. My daughter, 14 at the time and very shy about her body, asked about them. I explained the concept. I could have predicted her reaction. She was totally freaked out by the idea. If they would have been online, I am 100% sure we would not have made the trip, because there is not a chance she would have walked through that line knowing there was a possibility of being sent through that machine or having a pat-down as an alternative, and I would not have made her do it, either.
The airport wasn't the only theater, though. We went through so many checkpoints at government buildings and museums while we were there. In many cases, the security holes were very obvious, while all the while I had to repeatedly take off my shoes, belt, empty my pockets, put my keys, coins, camera, wallet, and phone in a bucket, and then step through scanners only to repeat the process again a few minutes later -- just to be part of the show of security. At one point, our Congress-critter was taking us on a short-cut beneath the Capitol building, and he and his assistant had to stand and wait each time we had to go through a checkpoint. It really ended up not being much of a short-cut in terms of time -- for him and his assistant, it would normally have been -- because they got to walk around the scanners without going through that ordeal (which is part of the problem, if you want my opinion).
Unrelated but noteworthy: at one point, while standing on the Capitol steps, our Congressman gave my daughter his business card and told her it was her "get-out-of-jail-free card", and that she should call him if she ever needed him to pull any strings. I thought it was a totally inappropriate comment, particularly for a Congressman to make to a 14-year-old girl. When he saw the sour look on my face, he quickly tried to recover by turning to me and saying, "but I am sure she'll never need it." Meanwhile, my daughter was rolling her eyes while his back was turned. I am not sure how much good the card would be now, since he's no longer in Congress. He retired later that year, ostensibly for personal reasons, though at the time there was a lot of noise starting to be made back home about some of his ethically-questionable financial dealings.
I've been paying taxes since I was twelve, when I got my first regular job. Over 30 years now.
Apart from any other argument, you do a fair job of deifying the Scientific Method.
I have great faith in it myself; it has been demonstrably useful during recent history, and I expect it to continue to be. However -- the view that all truth can be mechanistically derived by following this particular philosophy is fundamentally an act of "faith". Empirically, it is a useful and reasonable faith -- but that doesn't change what it is. Kurt Godel did everyone a favor by rigorously proving that truths exist in any system which cannot be proven within that system -- that there are unprovable truths. They might even be expressible, and recognizable to us as true -- but ultimately require going "outside the system" to prove them. What is most interesting to me is what this means for the human mind -- we (often easily) recognize certain things as true which cannot be mechanically proven to be -- a fact which many mathematicians and philosophical sorts have argued to be a demonstration that our minds are not mechanisms.
I don't find "faith", as a concept, incompatible with science. In fact, I find it necessary -- the mathematics demonstrates that my mind cannot prove itself to be consistent, if it is a mechanism. I still have faith that it is suited to its purpose, though, and use it anyway. I cannot prove that the Scientific Method can distinguish every truth and every falsehood under the right conditions -- in fact, I would suspect it cannot. I still have faith it will be a useful tool tomorrow, and I cannot suggest a better alternative at present. I can't even prove that the real number system is completely characterized and described, but it suits my purposes to believe that to be the case.
I consider agnosticism to be a reasonable position, but don't have major problems with people believing something to be true rather than saying "I don't know". To me, it isn't something that science even enters into -- it is the wrong tool for the job. Religion isn't the only area that this applies to, either; most of sociology, law, philosophy, art, music -- heck, even the experience of taking a hike in the woods (for me) -- all of these things that make up "the human experience" are not reducible to science. We can theorize, but we cannot produce fully deterministic models of these things and the individuals involved. Even the science of understanding and applying these things seems fundamentally different ( http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/lesbrule.html ). One might easily argue that this distinction means these things are "not science". I'm OK with that point of view -- but it does not follow that they are "incompatible with the philosophy that underlies science". They're just something that science is not intended to address.
With this "first to file" silliness vs. "first to invent" -- does prior art still apply? I worked for a company around that time that remoted their entire GUI over the network, including distributed interactive applications and a hypertext system called "HyperWeb".
I also remember a service available to "Agri-Business" in the mid 1980's that used a specialized set-top terminal to provide services to farmers. You could get weather reports and look at market values, etc., and interact with several other utilities that I don't remember. It supposedly had more success in Canada than in the U.S. I only knew about it because a friend of mine was the originator of the "Agri-Business" style morning news program, which was a big deal at the time. His program sold these things. He gave me his terminal as a novelty when the service died due to the internet. It had a built-in 1200-baud modem and reasonably functional terminal software, in addition to the specialized firmware.
It also seems that several of the Prodigy patents would apply. Some were filed as early as 1988. This one: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5,347,632.PN.&OS=PN/5,347,632&RS=PN/5,347,632 , which got broken apart, with this one: http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=14&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PTXT&s1=filepp.INNM.&OS=IN/filepp&RS=IN/filepp being the one I was remembering as being applicable.
Seems that times have changed. My wife's grandfather was a lawyer and one of the first juvenile court judges in the country, among other claims to fame. He died in the 1950's, fairly young, following an accident. Among the memorabilia passed down in the family are cards and letters from concerned kids that had been through his courtroom. I even read an interview with a now famous author that credited him by name for turning his life around. By all accounts, he was a good man. Reminds me of an Abraham Lincoln quote:
"Discourage litigation. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. As a peacemaker the lawyer has superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough."
I hope you are trying to be humorous. AIX is one of the buggiest UNIX implementations I know of, and that includes security bugs. A really simple example -- one that was fixed years ago in other OS's (like Solaris) -- using the Berkley variant of 'ps', you can easily access the environment of any process on the system. On AIX you access the Berkley version by leaving off the hyphens in front of command-line options (nice feature that, I like it better than Sun's completely separate binary). Try 'ps geww'. Not too dangerous if everyone keeps sensitive things out of their environment, but I can guarantee that is not always the case. CGI scripts tend to put interesting things there as a matter of course.
If you are really interested in understanding how LOGO might apply to subjects outside of teaching turtles to draw pictures, find or borrow a copy of Seymour Papert's Mindstorms Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas [ ISBN: 0-465-04629-0 ]. The book is a quick read, and covers the work that went into developing the language at MIT as part of an experiment in finding better ways to teach children, starting in the late 1960's through the early 1980's when the book was written. The first several chapters do contain lots of images of turtle drawings, or more accurately, Turtle Geometry, but starting about midway through the book, Papert introduces the concept of MicroWorlds, specialized environments for modelling and experimenting with other formal systems. In the Geometry MicroWorld, the turtle is an analogue to a "point", for the most part -- in other 2D drawing languages there is generally the concept of a "current point" with some associated state. In other MicroWorlds, the turtle becomes an analogue for other abstract concepts -- in the Newtonian Physics MicroWorld, for example, the turtle might represent a particle. In addition to position in space it has other associated state such as current velocity and heading. The turtle concept is extended to allow kids to experiment with different aspects of formal systems. More elaborate concepts are added over time, new turtle types are derived (velocity turtle, acceleration turtle, etc.,), and richer state is provided, along with allowing the turtle objects to interact with each other and other objects in these environments.
I guess a way of summarizing it is to say that LOGO is/was about building environments that encapsulate the rules of a formal system, and allowing individuals to interact with the objects in those environments to modify their state according to the rules -- and observe the results. The intended goal was to allow children to have environments in which they can discover the rules for themselves, and develop an intuitive understanding of the system and how to go about solving problems according to the rules they have discovered. This was applied in experiments covering mathematics, physics, and even poetry. Papert was not proposing LOGO as the tool to be used for these purposes, however -- he considered it too primitive, limited by the capabilities and availability of computers in the 1970s. What he was proposing was that the concept of modelling specialized environments with computers had merit by making abstract concepts into something that learners could "play" with, but predicted that such a revolution would not come until the machines were cheap and ubiquitous. I know that most of my daughter's AP Physics lessons last year had associated Java applets available to demonstrate concepts -- but most of it was utter, buggy crap. There were several times where I had to tell her what the applet *should* have done, if it had worked -- but even when things did work none of it really let her "play" with concepts very much. I had to keep working with her throughout the year to help her develop better and more intuitive understanding of concepts. Papert's revolution hasn't arrived yet.
I've deleted heaps of code too, but I seldom remove a still-functional API, even if nothing is currently using it. Generally add a comment to that effect, though. I've been grateful in the past when someone prior to me decided to keep something that was no longer in use but still potentially useful: http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=1445528&cid=30120820 . If the code has unit test stubs I try to keep unused API functional and testable as well. It generally takes little effort to do so.
Agree as well about revision control, but I also know that code tends to get moved from one revision control system to another, and often enough some or all of the revision history is dropped -- whether for expedience or simply due to impedance mismatch.
...lots of stuff is left lying about which might not be used any longer on the off chance that it might be adapted to some future purpose. Sounds like genetics.
Simple enough even for some four-year-olds. My daughter (now 16) wrote her first program in MicroWorlds LOGO at age 4. It drew a cat. I had her act out what she wanted the turtle to do, using only the things she already knew how to tell the turtle to do. She worked from there.
Indeed this is so. You can also compile Objective-C using clang/llvm . See: http://clang.llvm.org/compatibility.html#objective-c . The clang implementation is at feature parity with the Mac OS X 10.7 version of the language, and based on my limited understanding of some comments I've read in various announcements, supports some additional features as well. Use of those features requires the GNUStep Objective-C runtime (libobjc2), rather than the GCC runtime. A high degree of Cocoa compatibility is available using the GNUStep Base (Foundation) and GNUStep GUI (AppKit) libraries, for numerous Unix platforms as well as Windows. A version of CoreFoundation is also available which wraps GNUStep Base, with a rewrite coming very soon that implements CoreFoundation in plain C. Various other Cocoa and iOS-compatible libs are available in disparate states of implementation. As always, GNUStep could use more developers and more users. Companies wishing to port their MacOS software to other platforms are encouraged to investigate GNUStep; previous porting efforts have positively contributed to the project by discovering and reporting bugs and sometimes by providing direct improvements.
GNUStep was recently used to port the Mac-only racing game CoreBreach to Linux: ( http://corebreach.corecode.at/CoreBreach/About.html ). Other visible examples of Cocoa/Objective-C applications ported to Linux from MacOS include the 'eggPlant' automated testing tool from TestPlant ( http://www.testplant.com/ ), and plenty of previously Mac-only Free/Open-Source software such as Bean.app ( http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_2qH5zqXu7wQ/TRi6sNiNZjI/AAAAAAAAADM/i8RwqzQ6OYE/s1600/bean-gnome-theme.png ).
The parent is correct that you do not need Apple kit to develop in Objective-C. To work with most examples you will find, you will need Cocoa-compatible development libraries and tools, though. Interesting starting points include the Windows Installers, which include all of the components you would need to get started ( http://www.gnustep.org/experience/Windows.html ), or the GNUStep Core packages ( http://www.gnustep.org/resources/downloads.php ) for other platforms. The Étoilé Project http://etoileos.com/ is also interesting. Those of you in Europe who are interested and intend on attending FOSDEM should stop by and visit the talks and devroom sponsored by these projects.
No, 40-55 is still too early for wearing Depends, unless you have some sort of health issue (or just enjoy that sort of thing).
I must have missed the article about the government forcing/nudging/encouraging people to do triple-X, and refusing to give money to people who don't. Interesting.
You forgot Ken Olson (DEC), Scott McNealy (Sun), John Warnock (Adobe), Alan Ashton (WordPerfect), Philippe Kahn (Borland) ...I could go on. And, arguably, all of those companies were a lot better off when they were lead by their original CEOs than they are now ...those that even still exist.
No, you aren't. At least, once they put the little dent on the front, it was great. But then, I have small hands, and it fit perfectly well into my palm. I always liked the DEC 'puck' mice too (still have a couple), but they were a little too big and heavy.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/08/24/technology/steve-jobs-patents.html
He is credited in 317 Apple patents so far. He is principle inventor or designer on 33 of them. I think this list actually misses a number of them from outside of Apple; NeXT filed patents under several different names, among them, NeXT, Inc., NeXT Computer, and NeXT Software. There are also still a boatload of pending patents with his name on them, some as principle inventor.
Jobs wasn't around for the Look and Feel lawsuit, though, even if you were:
- Steve Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985 by the Apple Board of Directors and John Sculley.
- Apple sued Microsoft in 1988, when Windows 2.0 was introduced and it finally had resizable and overlapping windows.
- Apple lost its final appeal in 1994, mostly because Sculley had licensed designs for 179 of 189 GUI elements they were claiming infringement on back in 1985, after Steve was gone. Microsoft had previously licensed some of the same ideas from Xerox, and Apple had licensed them from Xerox for $100M in stock. This figured into the dismissal of the other 10 claims, since copyright only covers an original expression of an idea.
- Apple bought NeXT in 1996.
- Steve became iCEO of Apple in 1997.
Good reading: http://bit.ly/me36I (note that Steve was not involved).
The license certainly contributed to Microsoft's victory in court. Digital Research, which had no such license (and a much better implementation) lost a similar suit by Apple in 1985 over GEM, which nearly duplicated the Mac GUI, and was forced to change the look of some features and remove others; due to issues of infringing "trade dress." This is sort of like Kodak suing other film manufacturers for boxing their film in packages using the same orange-and-black color scheme. I think there is some merit in protecting a "look" from being exploited by commercial competitors, and GEM was certainly intended to look like the Mac as much as was possible. A shame, really, since it had a lot more going for it, and was in development by a former Xerox PARC employee before the release of the Mac. A few extra hours invested to make it look unique as opposed to identical would have benefited everyone. Interesting reading here: http://www.computernostalgia.net/articles/GEM.htm .
I have used all of these GUIs (and many others) at one time or another. I still have a GEM box sitting on a shelf in my office here at home, just for nostalgia, along with my Ventura Publisher manuals, etc. That was the most productive GUI I ever used on a PC prior to OpenStep.
Remember - information about individuals is worthless. It's the large-scale aggregate data that has value.
Another false assumption.
Remember 'Total Information Awareness"?: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office
Officially, that died on October 1, 2003, when President Bush signed the defense budget in which Congress axed the program after its existence caused a public uproar. Read through the various programs under that umbrella, including "Scalable Social Network Analysis". Zuckerberg released his first "social network" project (Facemash) on October 28, 2003, only 27 days after TIA was officially put down and split up between different agencies. For some reason, Harvard saw fit to drop their proceedings against Zuckerberg to have him expelled for hacking into the student ID databases to obtain the photographs he initially used to populate his site. He was then able to rapidly expand his project and get venture capital funding. Given that this all occurred well after the dot-com bubble burst, it seems that selling the associated data to advertisers would be a weak financial foundation to rapidly build such a project on, particularly when the principal leader of the project is a college undergrad, and its membership was limited to colleges at the time. I think the underlying idea may really have been to privatize parts of TIA all along. In particular, while the US government is bound by the Freedom of Information Act and the Privacy Act amendments, later amendments weakened the original acts in favor of protecting corporations, so the government is not required to reveal information that is considered a "trade secret" of a third party. See the article from a few days ago ( http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/10/13/1938241/facebook-the-law-says-you-cant-have-your-data ), where Facebook is claiming this exact protection.
One related point is that the FOIA gives you standing to find out what records the government is keeping about you, to challenge the accuracy of it, and to sue the government for abusing it; the Privacy Act limits how they can share it, even between agencies. Data held outside the government is exempt from all that, at least in the U.S.
Viewed in that light, the individual information is the *most* valuable and unique; not worthless at all. Now, pair the social network information with all of the photographs that are pumped into FB and tagged by individual... Take a look at cheap software such as http://http//www.facegen.com/ (even has a free version) and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsFj1-fvbkA&noredirect=1 (first couple of relevant Google links I could find, I sure the three-letter agencies have access to better). Even if you aren't on FB, you are probably tagged somewhere in a photo, unless you are a total hermit. If the authorities were looking for you and had access to parametric data about your facial and body structures from this database, as well as access to the National Facial Recognition Network discussed recently ( http://yro.slashdot.org/story/11/10/07/2342240/fbi-plans-nationwide-face-recognition-trials-in-2012 ), they have a solution that would make the Stasi drool. You have everyone snitching on everyone else, documenting their comings and goings, providing up-to-date photographs, etc., and it is all there in one place, already tagged and organized.
The advertising revenue may just be the gravy on top of the government contracts.
>> You gave it to the person without restrictions.
You are making an incorrect assumption. On the rare occasion that I do give away an email address or telephone number, I state that the information is not to be shared. People do it anyway, often inadvertently. Most people have such a poor idea about how the internet functions that they don't think that entering an email or telephone number into a web form and clicking 'Submit' to 'Share this article with your friends' is disclosing anything. My father-in-law did this with my daughter's email address when she was two years old, sending her links to kids pages on some web sites about animals. Within a week she was getting SPAM from a dozen different environmental and anti-hunting groups. I had to read him the riot act about his mistake, and change her address. The email account was strictly meant to be used so that family could send her notes and photographs -- nothing else. My mother-in-law has been worse about this, and she honestly just forgets. She puts addresses in CC: instead of BCC: and then tons of people have the address. Recently, one of her great aunts chose to share her address book with Facebook and LinkedIn. My daughter got SPAM from both, inviting her to join. I never even gave the aunt her address; it was in her address book because she copied it there from an email she had been CC'd on. My daughter is a teenager now and there are dozens of photos of her on Facebook, though she does not have (or want) an account. Friends post them and 'tag' her in the photo, sometimes when they already know she doesn't want them posted. She has often asked to have them removed, and gets treated like a weirdo as a consequence. My 8-year-old is dealing with the same issue, from teachers posting photos with everyone in the class labeled, to other parents, to her own friends who are 7 or 8 years old and have their own Facebook accounts.
I don't share *anyone's* email address or other personal information without explicit permission, nor do I use information I happen to come across (in something like a CC field, for example) without obtaining permission first. This is the only fair assumption to make.