Bitrot is a myth in modern times. Floppies and cheap-ass tape drives from the 90s had this problem, but anything reasonably modern (GMR) will read what you wrote until mechanical failure.
Oh, really? Is that why drive manufacturers specify a non-recoverable read error rate - typically on the order of 1 bit per 100 terabits? Let's see now. A single 4TB drive contains 32 terabits of data. So if you have three of them, either in a RAID or separately, and you try to read the entire contents, you can expect an average of one bit to be rotted permanently and lost forever. Or that bad bit could happen a lot earlier. Conceivably the first bit you try to read. Or the one millionth. And that is not considered a failed drive. You can't magically guard against these by verifying the recorded data one time, either a nominal portion or even in its entirety.
RAR's checksums will only detect errors that happen to occur when you test read the RAR archive. They won't repair it, and testing OK is no guarantee that it won't have an error the next time you read it. PAR2, on the other hand, does provide for repair.
ZFS can at least detect, and optionally repair (if you use the redundancy options) these isolated bad bits, without the necessity for any special file metadata like PAR2. Of course, there's nothing to say you can't use both ZFS and PAR2.
Do I claim the ultimate in safety has been achieved and is sitting on a shelf next to the holy grail waiting to be used as-is for the Final Ultimate Answer? No, but large advances in safety have been made and need to be pursued further, along with undoubtedly other fresh ideas.
Why shouldn't the DHS have access to this type of ammunition?
The DHS shouldn't have access to ANY ammunition of any kind. Nor should Fish and Game protection. There shouldn't BE a DHS. Is that plain enough for you?
I understand that, but what I don't understand is why a competitor doesn't spring up and knock Elsevier off their high horse by offering the contributors better terms. It would take a while for this new competitor to acquire the necessary prestige, but all businesses face startup costs.
Sorry, but as an explanation that simply begs the question.
If Elsevier's terms are heinously egregious, that just means the territory is wide open to a competitor with better terms. Why doesn't somebody take these bastards on and clean their clock via competition? Sounds like Elsevier is not contributing any sweat to me. They are just cleaning up with their money machine.
Then DO NOT engage filth^Wfirms like Elsevier to publish your work under these egregious terms. This is not the age of the priesthood. Self publishing has become very low cost.
I don't see why anyone would think that Copyright is any inherent problem. On the contrary, it protects the writer's own rights. The problem is when the author voluntarily yields his copyright to somebody else in return for some consideration. Unless that consideration is damn valuable, why do that?
I DO see a huge potential here for enlightened publishers to set up shop and clean Elsevier's clock by taking all their business.
Fans of excellence and achievement are not "fanbois", no matter how much self satisfaction is perversely gained by some pretending so. "Fanbois" are unquestioning sycophants. The mirror image of fanbois are nattering nabobs of negativity. And again, that is different from raising meaningful and specific issues.
Oh, and you fail completely at backing up complaints with facts as demanded by GP, if that was you intention.
Er, you might want to consider that the body is hardly one fixed tempoerature, especially if you don't have textbook perfect circulation. If the human core temperature is 37 C, that does not mean all the fingers and toes are 37 C. I don't find it far fetched at all that extremities could be at or below 29 C. If you live long enough, and get stuck in some hideous northern climate, you will know exactly what that is like, even without metal freezing in them.
A Becquerel is a ridiculously tiny unit. It represents a single nucleus decaying per second. 111 TBq represents a very small amount of Cobalt 60; about 2.7 g or 0.1 oz. That is about the mass of a single penny. What that tells me is (1) my postulated amount of material was wildly overestimated, by a factor of about 300, and (2) the prediction of "doom" for the bad guys is very likely a crazy exaggeration. My postulated one minute of exposure at 1 m would have been only 20 mSv (2 rem). That's not enough to give you even mild nausea and a headache.
Of course the reality depends on how long the morons played with the material and whether they rubbed it over their skull and torso. If they held it in their hand for a while, they might have gotten local skin burns or even necrosis
Even at 100 times the whole body exposure I calculate above (not in the original postulation), the acute phase takes several hours after exposure to become apparent, is fairly mild, with a slight headache and no headache and no diarrhea, less than 50% have any vomiting, and is gone within 24 hours. At no time is there any central nervous system impairment. This is followed by a latent period of about a month in which the victim feels pretty much fine. After that there would be some fatique and weakness, but only several % mortality, even if no care is ever received.
When you go over 100 times the exposure and approach 300 times, the outcome does become markedly worse. At 300 times, you will be at around 50% mortality, but this will still take weeks to take its full toll.
Remember, this is all highly dependent on duration and proximity of exposure, what parts of the body are exposed, etc, but I see no reason, given that we now understand only a tiny amount of material was involved, for the "likely doomed" hysteria. They might be headed for a demise and they might not. Unless they are not saying something they know about the duration and proximity of exposure (how would they know that?), I see no reason for the hysterical reporting.
A true description of what they could expect under various scenarios is bad enough, without making it lurid.
Disclaimer: there might be something wrong with my math or my information on radiation sickness. In no event should anyone be retarded enough to "try this at home". But at least I am making an effort to analyze the situation, which the press is not.
I looked at a datasheet for cobalt 60 apparently you have to come into physical contact. Looking at it shouldn't do them much harm.
Are you serious? It is a gamma and X-ray emitter. You don't need anywhere near direct contact. The MSDS I am looking at indicates 41,800 GBq/g. I have no idea what the quantity involved in the incident was, but if you postulate 1 kg, that means 41.8*10^15 Bq. The dose rate given in said MSDS is 370 uSv/h/GBq at 1 m. That works out to 370 Sv/h for said 41.8 thousand thousand GBq., or about 6 Sv/min (600 rem/min). Coincidentally, that is LD50 for whole-body radiation. I'm pretty sure that would do the trick, absent heroic and expert medical measures promptly applied (and likely even if they WERE applied), if torso and/or head was placed at 1 m for 1 minute. And these fumb ducks are not likely going to be visiting a hospital which has expertise in massive radiation sickness.
There is a lot of postulation there, but the take-home is that your assumption is grossly incorrect. Good thing you weren't on scene.
You are reading stuff into what I wrote that I neither said nor believe, friend.
Rounding up Japanese Americans wholesale was stupid then as much as it is in retrospect. Just as stupid as arranging the planes on Wheeler and Hickam Fields to protect against sabotage at the expense of making them ridiculously vulnerable to air attack. There was never any significant element of Japanese Americans participating in sabotage, on December 7 or any other time. Fear of it was unreasonable and counter-productive.
Studying history, even when the government indoctrination schools try to fill you with mush and lies, is always a good thing to do, and everyone can do it. The public library system and the internet are wonderful free tools. I sure as hell hope that good people would make the same choice now, or that they would be called "good" if they did make this choice.
Unlike the Japanese civilian roundup, the US treatment of POWs in WW 2 is a shining example of enlightened behavior and good policy.
What the heck? The error retry and sector sparing are within the drive itself. ZFS doesn't even see this. What ZFS can see is a drive not responding for 90 seconds after a write command, and ZFS or the driver below the ZFS level does not like this. There is real danger of multiple drives being kicked out of the storage pool quickly and the whole pool failing, when proper drive behavior lets the pool continue undegraded even in the face of bad sectoirs on multiple disks.
There are plenty of consumer drives that can be set to the same TLER (time limited error control) behavior as enterprise drives, though.
Right on the money about using ZFS, though. I will never understand losers using old fashioned expensive caching RAID controllers when ZFS on dumb SATA/SAS ports is far superior in every way. Many or most of them are Windows losers, of course.
Yes, I thought of including the B-29 program in the cost, but judged it not proper to do so. 1) The B-29 was developed independent of the Manhattan Project, It was started before the Manhattan Project and before anyone knew whether a nuclear weapon was even possible. 2) At the time it was needed whether or not nuclear weapons were ever employed. 3) If it was an essential part of the nuclear program, which is seriously in question, certainly 3970 were not needed. 4) The widespread idea that no other airplane could carry the bomb was certainly false. The Tallboy conventional bomb was both heavier and larger dimensionally than the nuclear bomb, and the British dropped them from ordinary Lancaster bombers. We could have borrowed a few Lancasters or hired the British to drop the nuclear bombs. Or we could have modified a few B-24s. Modified B-24 drones carried up to 21,170 lb of explosives in sacrificial missions. I'm pretty sure even B-17s could easily carry the necessary 10,000 lb. In all these cases it would be some kind of external or semi-external lashup, but it would do the job. 5) The widespread idea that enormous range was needed is equally false. Okinawa is only 936 miles from Tokyo, and much closer to southern Japan. That was within fighter range.
It's certainly true that the range of the B-29 was needed early in the B-29 program, but by 1945 that was not the case. It was nice to have, but not essential.
The US did not intern all Japanese and did intern many Germans and Italians.
Certainly true, as worded, but could you produce comparative numbers, both absolute and as percentage of the population? The reason I ask is because it is not easy to find this information (to say the least). I would hazard a guess that FAR lesser percentages of ethnic Germans and Italians were interned, compared to ethnic Japanese.
The fact is that the Japanese were demonized from Pearl Habor onward in a way that Germans and Italians were, by and large, not. The Germans were not much demonized until around the time of the Malmedy massacre, and particularly when it became impossible to ignore the horror of the concentration camps at the very end of the war. The Italians were never demonized at all.
First, the development of "The Bomb" had been horrendously expensive
"The Bomb" was a mind-bendingly cheap and awesomely rapidly developed piece of world-changing technology. Anecdotally, it has been known for a long time that the total cost of the project during WW 2 was about $2 billion in contemporary dollars.
A detailed audit of nuclear weapons costs was completed in 1998, and the part from pre-Manhattan-Project research beginning in 1940, after 1939's Einstein-Szilard letter, through FDR's formal approval of the program in October 1941, through and past the end of the war until December 31, 1945 determined the total cost to be:
$1,889,604,000 in contemporray dollars, corresponding to $21,570,821,000 in constant 1996 dollars
$296,000 000 000, corresponding to $4,114,000,000,000 in constant 2008 dollars
In other words, the Manhattan Project accounted for 0.6% of all US WW 2 spending. More was spent on small arms alone (NOT ammunition) than for the Manhattan Project.
Parenthetically, the absurdity of post-9/11 domestic security enhancements alone (Operation Noble Eagle) saw about 50% more real dollars spent than the Manhattan Project! That's $33 billion spent to counter an outlay of well under a million dollars by Al Qaeda - a few airline tickets, living expenses for 20 people for a few months to a few years, and elementary flight training. Is a minimum of three million percent of differential asymmetrical enough to impress?
We are the fucking supreme court. We don't have to wait our turn in the restaurant, and we certainly don't have to give a reason for our arbitrary decisions. Not even the decision not to decide. There is nobody who can touch us, bitch.
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Oh, really? Is that why drive manufacturers specify a non-recoverable read error rate - typically on the order of 1 bit per 100 terabits? Let's see now. A single 4TB drive contains 32 terabits of data. So if you have three of them, either in a RAID or separately, and you try to read the entire contents, you can expect an average of one bit to be rotted permanently and lost forever. Or that bad bit could happen a lot earlier. Conceivably the first bit you try to read. Or the one millionth. And that is not considered a failed drive. You can't magically guard against these by verifying the recorded data one time, either a nominal portion or even in its entirety.
RAR's checksums will only detect errors that happen to occur when you test read the RAR archive. They won't repair it, and testing OK is no guarantee that it won't have an error the next time you read it. PAR2, on the other hand, does provide for repair.
ZFS can at least detect, and optionally repair (if you use the redundancy options) these isolated bad bits, without the necessity for any special file metadata like PAR2. Of course, there's nothing to say you can't use both ZFS and PAR2.
It's /. you illiterate and cowardly moronic cipher, not ./
That comment is an insult to your intelligence. I flat out don't believe that you believe that.
In other news, the SS guards in the concentration camps suffer from depression.
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor.
Westinghouse AP1000 reactor.
Something like the Argonne Experimental Breeder Reactor-II.
Do I claim the ultimate in safety has been achieved and is sitting on a shelf next to the holy grail waiting to be used as-is for the Final Ultimate Answer? No, but large advances in safety have been made and need to be pursued further, along with undoubtedly other fresh ideas.
You can't have EITHER, at this point. Civilization is doomed by the whackos, and the planet is already far from pristine.
A lot? Practically all of it that was ever accumulated sits there, in the US at least.
The DHS shouldn't have access to ANY ammunition of any kind. Nor should Fish and Game protection. There shouldn't BE a DHS. Is that plain enough for you?
Wrong. Don't spout off on a subject about which you know nothing.
I understand that, but what I don't understand is why a competitor doesn't spring up and knock Elsevier off their high horse by offering the contributors better terms. It would take a while for this new competitor to acquire the necessary prestige, but all businesses face startup costs.
Sorry, but as an explanation that simply begs the question.
If Elsevier's terms are heinously egregious, that just means the territory is wide open to a competitor with better terms. Why doesn't somebody take these bastards on and clean their clock via competition? Sounds like Elsevier is not contributing any sweat to me. They are just cleaning up with their money machine.
So feudalism is alive and well, eh.
Then DO NOT engage filth^Wfirms like Elsevier to publish your work under these egregious terms. This is not the age of the priesthood. Self publishing has become very low cost.
I don't see why anyone would think that Copyright is any inherent problem. On the contrary, it protects the writer's own rights. The problem is when the author voluntarily yields his copyright to somebody else in return for some consideration. Unless that consideration is damn valuable, why do that?
I DO see a huge potential here for enlightened publishers to set up shop and clean Elsevier's clock by taking all their business.
Fans of excellence and achievement are not "fanbois", no matter how much self satisfaction is perversely gained by some pretending so. "Fanbois" are unquestioning sycophants. The mirror image of fanbois are nattering nabobs of negativity. And again, that is different from raising meaningful and specific issues.
Oh, and you fail completely at backing up complaints with facts as demanded by GP, if that was you intention.
Er, you might want to consider that the body is hardly one fixed tempoerature, especially if you don't have textbook perfect circulation. If the human core temperature is 37 C, that does not mean all the fingers and toes are 37 C. I don't find it far fetched at all that extremities could be at or below 29 C. If you live long enough, and get stuck in some hideous northern climate, you will know exactly what that is like, even without metal freezing in them.
A Becquerel is a ridiculously tiny unit. It represents a single nucleus decaying per second. 111 TBq represents a very small amount of Cobalt 60; about 2.7 g or 0.1 oz. That is about the mass of a single penny. What that tells me is (1) my postulated amount of material was wildly overestimated, by a factor of about 300, and (2) the prediction of "doom" for the bad guys is very likely a crazy exaggeration. My postulated one minute of exposure at 1 m would have been only 20 mSv (2 rem). That's not enough to give you even mild nausea and a headache.
Of course the reality depends on how long the morons played with the material and whether they rubbed it over their skull and torso. If they held it in their hand for a while, they might have gotten local skin burns or even necrosis
Even at 100 times the whole body exposure I calculate above (not in the original postulation), the acute phase takes several hours after exposure to become apparent, is fairly mild, with a slight headache and no headache and no diarrhea, less than 50% have any vomiting, and is gone within 24 hours. At no time is there any central nervous system impairment. This is followed by a latent period of about a month in which the victim feels pretty much fine. After that there would be some fatique and weakness, but only several % mortality, even if no care is ever received.
When you go over 100 times the exposure and approach 300 times, the outcome does become markedly worse. At 300 times, you will be at around 50% mortality, but this will still take weeks to take its full toll.
Remember, this is all highly dependent on duration and proximity of exposure, what parts of the body are exposed, etc, but I see no reason, given that we now understand only a tiny amount of material was involved, for the "likely doomed" hysteria. They might be headed for a demise and they might not. Unless they are not saying something they know about the duration and proximity of exposure (how would they know that?), I see no reason for the hysterical reporting.
A true description of what they could expect under various scenarios is bad enough, without making it lurid.
Disclaimer: there might be something wrong with my math or my information on radiation sickness. In no event should anyone be retarded enough to "try this at home". But at least I am making an effort to analyze the situation, which the press is not.
Are you serious? It is a gamma and X-ray emitter. You don't need anywhere near direct contact. The MSDS I am looking at indicates 41,800 GBq/g. I have no idea what the quantity involved in the incident was, but if you postulate 1 kg, that means 41.8*10^15 Bq. The dose rate given in said MSDS is 370 uSv/h/GBq at 1 m. That works out to 370 Sv/h for said 41.8 thousand thousand GBq., or about 6 Sv/min (600 rem/min). Coincidentally, that is LD50 for whole-body radiation. I'm pretty sure that would do the trick, absent heroic and expert medical measures promptly applied (and likely even if they WERE applied), if torso and/or head was placed at 1 m for 1 minute. And these fumb ducks are not likely going to be visiting a hospital which has expertise in massive radiation sickness.
There is a lot of postulation there, but the take-home is that your assumption is grossly incorrect. Good thing you weren't on scene.
You are reading stuff into what I wrote that I neither said nor believe, friend.
Rounding up Japanese Americans wholesale was stupid then as much as it is in retrospect. Just as stupid as arranging the planes on Wheeler and Hickam Fields to protect against sabotage at the expense of making them ridiculously vulnerable to air attack. There was never any significant element of Japanese Americans participating in sabotage, on December 7 or any other time. Fear of it was unreasonable and counter-productive.
Studying history, even when the government indoctrination schools try to fill you with mush and lies, is always a good thing to do, and everyone can do it. The public library system and the internet are wonderful free tools. I sure as hell hope that good people would make the same choice now, or that they would be called "good" if they did make this choice.
Unlike the Japanese civilian roundup, the US treatment of POWs in WW 2 is a shining example of enlightened behavior and good policy.
What the heck? The error retry and sector sparing are within the drive itself. ZFS doesn't even see this. What ZFS can see is a drive not responding for 90 seconds after a write command, and ZFS or the driver below the ZFS level does not like this. There is real danger of multiple drives being kicked out of the storage pool quickly and the whole pool failing, when proper drive behavior lets the pool continue undegraded even in the face of bad sectoirs on multiple disks.
There are plenty of consumer drives that can be set to the same TLER (time limited error control) behavior as enterprise drives, though.
Right on the money about using ZFS, though. I will never understand losers using old fashioned expensive caching RAID controllers when ZFS on dumb SATA/SAS ports is far superior in every way. Many or most of them are Windows losers, of course.
Yes, I thought of including the B-29 program in the cost, but judged it not proper to do so.
1) The B-29 was developed independent of the Manhattan Project, It was started before the Manhattan Project and before anyone knew whether a nuclear weapon was even possible.
2) At the time it was needed whether or not nuclear weapons were ever employed.
3) If it was an essential part of the nuclear program, which is seriously in question, certainly 3970 were not needed.
4) The widespread idea that no other airplane could carry the bomb was certainly false. The Tallboy conventional bomb was both heavier and larger dimensionally than the nuclear bomb, and the British dropped them from ordinary Lancaster bombers. We could have borrowed a few Lancasters or hired the British to drop the nuclear bombs. Or we could have modified a few B-24s. Modified B-24 drones carried up to 21,170 lb of explosives in sacrificial missions. I'm pretty sure even B-17s could easily carry the necessary 10,000 lb. In all these cases it would be some kind of external or semi-external lashup, but it would do the job.
5) The widespread idea that enormous range was needed is equally false. Okinawa is only 936 miles from Tokyo, and much closer to southern Japan. That was within fighter range.
It's certainly true that the range of the B-29 was needed early in the B-29 program, but by 1945 that was not the case. It was nice to have, but not essential.
I have never said this about anyone here, but you are one sick bastard and you need help.
Your point? It WAS special, in degree and in egregiousness. I'm sorry if that makes you somehow unhappy.
Certainly true, as worded, but could you produce comparative numbers, both absolute and as percentage of the population? The reason I ask is because it is not easy to find this information (to say the least). I would hazard a guess that FAR lesser percentages of ethnic Germans and Italians were interned, compared to ethnic Japanese.
The fact is that the Japanese were demonized from Pearl Habor onward in a way that Germans and Italians were, by and large, not. The Germans were not much demonized until around the time of the Malmedy massacre, and particularly when it became impossible to ignore the horror of the concentration camps at the very end of the war. The Italians were never demonized at all.
"The Bomb" was a mind-bendingly cheap and awesomely rapidly developed piece of world-changing technology. Anecdotally, it has been known for a long time that the total cost of the project during WW 2 was about $2 billion in contemporary dollars.
A detailed audit of nuclear weapons costs was completed in 1998, and the part from pre-Manhattan-Project research beginning in 1940, after 1939's Einstein-Szilard letter, through FDR's formal approval of the program in October 1941, through and past the end of the war until December 31, 1945 determined the total cost to be:
$1,889,604,000 in contemporray dollars, corresponding to
$21,570,821,000 in constant 1996 dollars
That compares to a total outlay for WW 2, for the US alone, of:
$296,000 000 000, corresponding to
$4,114,000,000,000 in constant 2008 dollars
In other words, the Manhattan Project accounted for 0.6% of all US WW 2 spending. More was spent on small arms alone (NOT ammunition) than for the Manhattan Project.
Parenthetically, the absurdity of post-9/11 domestic security enhancements alone (Operation Noble Eagle) saw about 50% more real dollars spent than the Manhattan Project! That's $33 billion spent to counter an outlay of well under a million dollars by Al Qaeda - a few airline tickets, living expenses for 20 people for a few months to a few years, and elementary flight training. Is a minimum of three million percent of differential asymmetrical enough to impress?
We are the fucking supreme court. We don't have to wait our turn in the restaurant, and we certainly don't have to give a reason for our arbitrary decisions. Not even the decision not to decide. There is nobody who can touch us, bitch.
Impeachment? BWAHAHAHAHA!