FYI: many of the world's most sophisticated weapons systems use JOVIAL, a language first spec'd in 1958 and required by the US DoD for all acquisitions for decades. This complex (600+ BNF predicates) language is still widely maintained with little or no commercial/community support world wide. Think GPS satellites, multiple fighter jets, SAM silos, etc. used by virtually every military in the world and you'll get it's importance. Obscure? Sure; the last spec was in 1983(?) and still only available printed on dead trees.
I win - amirite?
I don't know of any games like that but you should know that the "Baldur's Gate" your friends play is not the one in TFA. While they have the same name, they're very different.
The Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance series was produced by BioWare's publisher Black Isle Studios, a division of Interplay Entertainment. Although they take place in the Baldur's Gate rendition of the Forgotten Realms setting, they are not often regarded as a part of the Baldur's Gate series, as the plot is unrelated to previous games, and they were console-exclusive titles. These were not released for Windows and Macintosh platforms and were not created using BioWare's Infinity Engine. Interplay has announced intentions of releasing a third Dark Alliance game as well.
Cognitive Radio (also known as "Opportunistic Spectrum Access") was first coined in an IEEE journal and is now considered the holy grail of communications research by many electrical/communications engineers.
To understand cognitive radio one must first be familiar with software radio. The operating parameters of a traditional radio (center frequency, modulation type, bandwidth, etc.) are defined in hardware and static in type. A software radio is a device which, in affect, brings the "software to the antenna" i.e. replaces the encoder/modulator/awgn/slicer with software. This allows much more flexible radio devices as they can use any frequency, with any modulation type, etc.
The next thing we must understand is that spectrum is scarce and increasingly expensive. The FCC's old spectrum licensing paradigm of fixed frequency assignment is outdated and can easily be improved. Here's an example: Verizon Wireless ownes (say) 1800 MHz nationwide and at all times but, if I could ensure little to no interference with Verizon's operations in the middle of the desert or at 4AM, shouldn't I be able to sub-license (or sub-lease) the spectrum?
This is where cognitive radio comes in: they scan the spectrum looking for "holes" (barely used frequencies), adjust their center frequency accordingly, find the best modulation type, etc. and transmit/receive at these frequencies. This will open up a lot of spectrum (the FCC noted spectrum utilization typically varies between 15% and 85%) and decrease the cost of spectrum access (or make the FCC a ton of money either way). The problem is that the engineering challenges are formidable (hidden terminal problem, collaborative sensing, etc.) and expensive (if we make a mistake, me might knock Verizon off the air) but eventually fixed licensing will be a thing of the past and we'll have devices that will operate at whatever frequency/modulation type/etc. they determine best and pay per usage (or some similar model).
For more info:
http://www.eecs.ucf.edu/tccn/(The Technical Committee on Cognitive Networks (TCCN) of the IEEE Communications Society)
Cognitive radio is considered the future of spectrum licensing and both the IEEE and FCC agree on this. It was discovered some time ago that spectrum usage varies in both space and time and is often wasted. Even in a metropolitan area many bands are unused up to 85% of the time. With the advent of software define radio (such as the popular GNU Radio) it is now possible for a wireless device to "sense" bands of little spectrum activity and adjust internal parameters (i.e. modulation type, channel coding, Nyquist pulse shape, etc.) and adaptively maximize bandwidth utilization, at least in theory. The engineering is difficult and considered to be the holy grail of communications by many.
What this means, in a nutshell, is that in the future it will be possible to completely open up the spectrum and charge commercial users in a pay-by-usage model, like the internet. Once the problems with cognitive radio were solved, this would require a simple licensing scheme (think unique FCC identifier in the packet header) and new layer 2-1 protocols.
If you're interested, more info can be found at:
(IEEE info center) www.ieeep1900.org/crinfo
(FCC workshop) www.fcc.gov/oet/cognitiveradio/
(Scientific American article) www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&art icleID=000C7B72-2374-13F6-A37483414B7F0000
For a more technical discussion, refer to Mitola's PhD thesis (where the term "cognitive radio" was coined):
www.it.kth.se/~jmitola/Mitola_Dissertation8_Inte grated.pdf
(Note: this is a repost of mine but it seemed applicable and I'm lazy)
is considered the future of spectrum licensing and both the IEEE and FCC agree on this. It was discovered some time ago that spectrum usage varies in both space and time and is often wasted. Even in a metropolitan area many bands are unused up to 85% of the time. With the advent of software define radio (such as the popular GNU Radio) it is now possible for a wireless device to "sense" bands of little spectrum activity and adjust internal parameters (i.e. modulation type, channel coding, Nyquist pulse shape, etc.) and adaptively maximize bandwidth utilization, at least in theory. The engineering is difficult and considered to be the holy grail of communications by many.
What this means, in a nutshell, is that in the future it will be possible to completely open up the spectrum and charge commercial users in a pay-by-usage model, like the internet. Once the problems with cognitive radio were solved, this would require a simple licensing scheme (think unique FCC identifier in the packet header) and new layer 2-1 protocols.
If you're interested, more info can be found at:
(IEEE info center) www.ieeep1900.org/crinfo
(FCC workshop) www.fcc.gov/oet/cognitiveradio/
For a more technical discussion, refer to Mitola's PhD thesis: www.it.kth.se/~jmitola/Mitola_Dissertation8_Inte grated.pdf
(a) the angle between the 2 and the 3 is 1/12*360 degrees but the two is 1/4 of the way between the 2 and the 3 so the final answer is 3/4*1/12*360 or 22.5 degrees.
(b) i'm not sure how to answer this
(c) i believe it's supposed to also include a 8 gallon jug too. for more info and a solution, visit: http://www.stormloader.com/ajy/waterjug.html
actually no - the speed of light changes depending on the medium it is passed through. data travelling through space would approach the speed of light through a vacumm, the number you're using in your equation for a light year. however, the speed of light in fiber is about 30% slower due to the relatively higher refractive index in the cable and thus would be much slower than radio transmissions.
more info can be found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light#Intera ction_with_transparent_materials
Slashdot Mirror
FYI: many of the world's most sophisticated weapons systems use JOVIAL, a language first spec'd in 1958 and required by the US DoD for all acquisitions for decades. This complex (600+ BNF predicates) language is still widely maintained with little or no commercial/community support world wide. Think GPS satellites, multiple fighter jets, SAM silos, etc. used by virtually every military in the world and you'll get it's importance. Obscure? Sure; the last spec was in 1983(?) and still only available printed on dead trees. I win - amirite?
The Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance series was produced by BioWare's publisher Black Isle Studios, a division of Interplay Entertainment. Although they take place in the Baldur's Gate rendition of the Forgotten Realms setting, they are not often regarded as a part of the Baldur's Gate series, as the plot is unrelated to previous games, and they were console-exclusive titles. These were not released for Windows and Macintosh platforms and were not created using BioWare's Infinity Engine. Interplay has announced intentions of releasing a third Dark Alliance game as well.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldur's_Gate_series#Baldur.27s_Gate:_Dark_Alliance_.26_Baldur.27s_Gate:_Dark_Alliance_II
Cognitive Radio (also known as "Opportunistic Spectrum Access") was first coined in an IEEE journal and is now considered the holy grail of communications research by many electrical/communications engineers.
To understand cognitive radio one must first be familiar with software radio. The operating parameters of a traditional radio (center frequency, modulation type, bandwidth, etc.) are defined in hardware and static in type. A software radio is a device which, in affect, brings the "software to the antenna" i.e. replaces the encoder/modulator/awgn/slicer with software. This allows much more flexible radio devices as they can use any frequency, with any modulation type, etc.
The next thing we must understand is that spectrum is scarce and increasingly expensive. The FCC's old spectrum licensing paradigm of fixed frequency assignment is outdated and can easily be improved. Here's an example: Verizon Wireless ownes (say) 1800 MHz nationwide and at all times but, if I could ensure little to no interference with Verizon's operations in the middle of the desert or at 4AM, shouldn't I be able to sub-license (or sub-lease) the spectrum?
This is where cognitive radio comes in: they scan the spectrum looking for "holes" (barely used frequencies), adjust their center frequency accordingly, find the best modulation type, etc. and transmit/receive at these frequencies. This will open up a lot of spectrum (the FCC noted spectrum utilization typically varies between 15% and 85%) and decrease the cost of spectrum access (or make the FCC a ton of money either way). The problem is that the engineering challenges are formidable (hidden terminal problem, collaborative sensing, etc.) and expensive (if we make a mistake, me might knock Verizon off the air) but eventually fixed licensing will be a thing of the past and we'll have devices that will operate at whatever frequency/modulation type/etc. they determine best and pay per usage (or some similar model).
For more info:
http://www.eecs.ucf.edu/tccn/(The Technical Committee on Cognitive Networks (TCCN) of the IEEE Communications Society)
http://www.ieeep1900.org/ (IEEE Cognitive Radio Information Center)
http://www.sdrforum.org/pages/aboutSdrTech/relatedTechnologies.asp (SDR Forum)
Exactly what Ron Paul would say!
Cognitive radio is considered the future of spectrum licensing and both the IEEE and FCC agree on this. It was discovered some time ago that spectrum usage varies in both space and time and is often wasted. Even in a metropolitan area many bands are unused up to 85% of the time. With the advent of software define radio (such as the popular GNU Radio) it is now possible for a wireless device to "sense" bands of little spectrum activity and adjust internal parameters (i.e. modulation type, channel coding, Nyquist pulse shape, etc.) and adaptively maximize bandwidth utilization, at least in theory. The engineering is difficult and considered to be the holy grail of communications by many.
t icleID=000C7B72-2374-13F6-A37483414B7F0000
What this means, in a nutshell, is that in the future it will be possible to completely open up the spectrum and charge commercial users in a pay-by-usage model, like the internet. Once the problems with cognitive radio were solved, this would require a simple licensing scheme (think unique FCC identifier in the packet header) and new layer 2-1 protocols.
If you're interested, more info can be found at: (IEEE info center) www.ieeep1900.org/crinfo (FCC workshop) www.fcc.gov/oet/cognitiveradio/ (Scientific American article) www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&ar
For a more technical discussion, refer to Mitola's PhD thesis (where the term "cognitive radio" was coined): www.it.kth.se/~jmitola/Mitola_Dissertation8_Inte grated.pdf
(Note: this is a repost of mine but it seemed applicable and I'm lazy)
is considered the future of spectrum licensing and both the IEEE and FCC agree on this. It was discovered some time ago that spectrum usage varies in both space and time and is often wasted. Even in a metropolitan area many bands are unused up to 85% of the time. With the advent of software define radio (such as the popular GNU Radio) it is now possible for a wireless device to "sense" bands of little spectrum activity and adjust internal parameters (i.e. modulation type, channel coding, Nyquist pulse shape, etc.) and adaptively maximize bandwidth utilization, at least in theory. The engineering is difficult and considered to be the holy grail of communications by many.
e grated.pdf
What this means, in a nutshell, is that in the future it will be possible to completely open up the spectrum and charge commercial users in a pay-by-usage model, like the internet. Once the problems with cognitive radio were solved, this would require a simple licensing scheme (think unique FCC identifier in the packet header) and new layer 2-1 protocols.
If you're interested, more info can be found at:
(IEEE info center) www.ieeep1900.org/crinfo
(FCC workshop) www.fcc.gov/oet/cognitiveradio/
For a more technical discussion, refer to Mitola's PhD thesis:
www.it.kth.se/~jmitola/Mitola_Dissertation8_Int
(a) the angle between the 2 and the 3 is 1/12*360 degrees but the two is 1/4 of the way between the 2 and the 3 so the final answer is 3/4*1/12*360 or 22.5 degrees. (b) i'm not sure how to answer this (c) i believe it's supposed to also include a 8 gallon jug too. for more info and a solution, visit: http://www.stormloader.com/ajy/waterjug.html
132231 232221 134211 14131231
actually no - the speed of light changes depending on the medium it is passed through. data travelling through space would approach the speed of light through a vacumm, the number you're using in your equation for a light year. however, the speed of light in fiber is about 30% slower due to the relatively higher refractive index in the cable and thus would be much slower than radio transmissions.
a ction_with_transparent_materials
more info can be found at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light#Inter