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Ham Radio Repeater On The Moon?
kd5biv writes "QRZ.com has an interesting article on Martin Reeves' project to put a small amateur radio repeater on the surface of the Moon. The project includes a Surveyor-style lander with a UHF translator, a directional antenna aimed at Earth, remote controllable cameras, and some other interesting features.
If they can solve the basic problem of putting a package that size on the lunar surface, it will make moonbounce operations much easier and cheaper. Then again, a satellite about that size is still waiting for a ride on an Ariane-5 out of Kourou and it's only going to a sun-synchronous orbit .. we shall see how it works out .. "
I have an idea. Since the governments are interfering with the Internet as is, how about each of us gets a ham radio license? Of course you can't swear or use it for commercial purposes, but it's actually far more funner to use. At least we don't fry our eyeballs looking at a ham radio transceiver :)
But still, the test is easy (w/o Morse code). I passed it by taking practice exams on the Internet and studying out of a study guide.
US businesses that currently accept chip and PIN/signature
As the technology progresses ham radios become obsolete, by the end of this year, your average cell phone will do everything and more than any radio simply because you will be able to access the Internet at very high speeds and quite low cost from your Cell. Today it is still not quite there (although there are mobiles with Internet browsers in them.)
A repeator on the moon would make sence if you are ok with a repeater that is mostly there at night and only sometimes during the day, if you agree with a repeater that takes over 2.5 seconds to propagate your message (1 1/3 sec. one way) if you are ok with the fact that the signal you send will be only 1/100 of the power when it comes back to this planet, if you agree that the money should be spent to design a repeater so robust that will be able to withstand -150C for 15 days (lunar night) and than +150C for the other 15 days (lunar day).
So, who the hell cares, with 2.5 latency I wouldn't even dare talking about playing Quake over Ham Radio, but that could be a legitimate purpose for it...
You can't handle the truth.
Ham radio operators are allowed to use several bands ranging from 1.800 MHz (close to AM broadcast) well up into the microwave spectrum. These were originally spaced at "harmonic" intervals to reduce the chance of interference to other radio services. Some of the lower frequency bands will be effected by ionosphereic refraction. The higher ones will not.
As far a radio wave propagation behavior goes: The ionosphere will usually reflect signals at or less than the 10-meter band (aprx 28.000 MHz). Ten meters is the transition band where the ionosphere is less likely to refract the signal back toward the earth. This is far from a hinderance because it allows modest equipment to easily work thousands of miles over the earth's surface. UHF signals (above 300 MHz) will usually just go right out into space. (However, "tropospheric ducting" can "catch" a VHF or UHF transmittion and carry it several hundred miles or more under the right conditions over land.)
Moon-bounce work is usually done from 144 MHz through just under 1300 MHz. Without a repeater, it is required to run nearly full legal output power (1.5 KW PEP) into a huge antenna array that focuses the radio waves into a tight concentrated beam. The return signals are also very weak and require the same antenna setup to receive them. Having a repeater with a sensitive antenna and an active transmitter will reduce both the power output and antenna requirements for the transmitting station, and the pre-amplifier and antenna requirements on the receiving end.
Comment removed based on user account deletion
The moon is a long way away, about 400,000 km. That's 10x the distance to geostationary orbit, meaning signals in each direction are 20 decibels (100 times) weaker than from geostationary orbit. The speed of light delay between earth and moon is 1 1/3 seconds each way.
It is far more costly in terms of fuel to land on the moon than to reach geostationary orbit. It's also far more technically demanding. The moon has no atmosphere to slow a parachute, so all that velocity has to be removed with retrorockets. Those rockets have to be controlled by landing radars. And a soft lunar landing is obviously a lot less forgiving than a geostationary orbit maneuver.
The surface of the moon is a far more hostile place for electronics than geostationary orbit. It's dark for two weeks at a time, when the temperature drops to hundreds of degrees below zero. Something has to keep your payload powered and warm during those lunar nights, and it's unlikely hams will ever get permission to fly nuclear power sources (the only practical way to do it). Lunar surface payloads that weren't nuclear powered (e.g., Surveyor and the Apollo 11 ALSEP) had very short life spans.
The trend is now in the other direction, from geostationary orbit to low earth orbit. Even though many more satellites are needed in LEO to provide global coverage than from geostationary orbit, the lower path losses and reduced propagation delays tip the scales in favor of LEO.
Phil Karn, KA9Q, AMSAT technical volunteer and former member of the board of directors
DAGNABBIT! That means we need to add another level to the DNS hierarchy for all the planets.
I can see it already. My domain name is going to grow to something like www.christtrek.web.us.te.
Of course, the question remains whether satellites fall under the domain of the primary body or get their own TLD. And someone's going to petition for "domain name rights" for asteroids and other minor planets.
Constitutionally Correct
I'd still like to see us colonize the moon by the end of this century
Yes, that's pretty unlikely, since this century ends in just over 7 months.
--
It amazes me that so many allegedly "educated" people have fallen so quickly and so hard for a fraudulent fabrication of such laughable proportions. The very idea that a gigantic ball of rock happens to orbit our planet, showing itself in neat, four-week cycles -- with the same side facing us all the time -- is ludicrous. Furthermore, it is an insult to common sense and a damnable affront to intellectual honesty and integrity. That people actually believe it is evidence that the liberals have wrested the last vestiges of control of our public school system from decent, God-fearing Americans (as if any further evidence was needed! Daddy's Roommate? God Almighty!)
.. the next time you're out in the backyard exercising your Second Amendment rights, the liberals will see it! These satellites are sensitive enough to tell the difference between a Colt .45 and a .38 Special! And when they detect you with a firearm, their computers cross-reference the address to figure out your name, and then an enormous database housed at Berkeley is updated with information about you.
Documentaries such as Enemy of the State have accurately portrayed the elaborate, byzantine network of surveillance satellites that the liberals have sent into space to spy on law-abiding Americans. Equipped with technology developed by Handgun Control, Inc., these satellites have the ability to detect firearms from hundreds of kilometers up. That's right, neighbors
Of course, this all works fine during the day, but what about at night? Even the liberals can't control the rotation of the Earth to prevent nightfall from setting in (only Joshua was able to ask for that particular favor!) That's where the "moon" comes in. Powered by nuclear reactors, the "moon" is nothing more than an enormous balloon, emitting trillions of candlepower of gun-revealing light. Piloted by key members of the liberal community, the "moon" is strategically moved across the country, pointing out those who dare to make use of their God-given rights at night!
Yes, I know this probably sounds paranoid and preposterous, but consider this. Despite what the revisionist historians tell you, there is no mention of the "moon" anywhere in literature or historical documents -- anywhere -- before 1950. That is when it was initially launched. When President Josef Kennedy, at the State of the Union address, proclaimed "We choose to go to the moon", he may as well have said "We choose to go to the weather balloon." The subsequent faking of a "moon" landing on national TV was the first step in a long history of the erosion of our constitutional rights by leftists in this country. No longer can we hide from our government when the sun goes down.
This is just another pie in the sky thing that will never fly. The author seems to want something that will 'save' Ham Radio. Well, I'll give him two, both of which have already happened:
Kill the "Old Geezer" Licensing System
Tie Amateur Radio and the New Geekdom together
The first happened April 15th when the FCC (in the United States) decided to eliminate for all practical purposes the testing of Morse code proficiency. (N.B., other countries have done it already.) All you need now to get 99.99995% of the frequencies is knowlege of radio theory and electronics. And, people responded--the FCC was deluged with 20,000 applications for new licenses and upgrades.
The second, which is FAR more important, is the leverage of the Internet savvy, /.-reading, computer-programming, gizmo-hacking crowd into amateur radio. A new mode of Ham Radio operating, the Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) ties HF, VHF, UHF, and microwave radio, satellites, the Internet, Palm Pilots, GPS, real-time mapping, and nomadness into one juggernaut of technology. Interested? Check out www.aprs.net and www.tapr.org
www.backwoodsengineer.com
Ham radio had it's origins at the dawn of the discovery of radio. I.E. that you could send useful information by a wireless means. Experimentation was encouraged to find useful ways of sending information using this new technology. And, everyone was allowed to participate at that time free of licensing restrictions.
As the commercial implications of radio were realized, the government created the FCC to regulate both the commercial use of radio and experimentation in the field. This was to address issues and complaints of interference.
Amatuer radio operators (hams) also had to be regulated by frequency restrictions. Also, certain minimum standards were established to reduce interference with commercial interests. In order to become a licensed ham operator, you have to pass a license examination that requires some knowledge of radio, electronics and FCC regulations.
Today, Ham radio still has the same basic goal: To provide a hobby that enhances the technical art of radio, communications and electrical engineering. Many new modes of digital communication have been created recently. Packet radio--from the late-80's--simulates the function of a wide area network; whereas your own station can be a "router", a "client", or a "server" of sorts. Also, PSK-31 is a very recent mode that allows nearly error free weak signal communication in the extremely narrow bandwidth of 30Hz.
Hams also participate in emergency situautions where no other means of communication are possible. During hurricanes, earth quakes and tornadoes this invaluable service has made them known.
Exceptional.. Truely exceptional.. Now if only we could rid ourselves of the bad trolls!
(+6, Funny!!)
.sig: Now legally binding!
The second, which is FAR more important, is the leverage of the Internet savvy,
Ummmm, no.
Look, I suppose (at 35) that you can call me an "old geezer" because I've got an Amateur Extra class license (KA8KPN) which I got in '81 so I wouldn't have to remember any of the stupid HF sub-band edges. Those were the days of 20 WPM CW requirements and the whole nine yards. I've watched the rise of the "let's turn ham radio into wireless networking" brigade in amateur radio and wondered about all those people who don't seem to have a freaking clue about why some people become radio amateurs, and others don't.
Amateur radio is not and, furthermore, will never be about technology. Not primarily. Many people who are interested in ham radio are those that are interested, not in the technology of radio, but in using radio to find out about the differing cultures spread all over the world even where the Internet doesn't reach. Others are interested in the challenge involved in radio communications over long distances or through other difficulty. The gadgeteers (of which Mr. QuantumHack certainly appears to be one) are actually a small minority in the hobby.
In short, the "Internet savvy, /.-reading, computer-programming gizmo-hacking crowd" looks at ham radio---and yawns. The OC3 they've got coming in to their office is a lot sexier than amateur packet radio will ever be. Not when a "9600 baud" packet radio link (the highest in current use) typically gets about a 20 CPS throughput and the setup required costs considerably more than the cost of the equipment required to do 11 MB/s wireless networking which, incidentally, doesn't require a license or much of anything else.
If you're interested in moving data, then DSL or cable modems allow you to do that at higher speed and you don't have to pass a test, or wait for a license, or cut any trees down to make way for Microwaves. You just set up your server and go. No need to involve radio in it.
You know, ham radio is a lot like hiking. People who hike are interested in hiking, not travelling from place to place with a maximum of efficiency. They're interested in the challenge of getting places far off the beaten track and the interesting scenery they'll see on the way.
The people to whom Mr. QuantumHack's vision of amateur radio might appeal are not interested in a leisurely stroll through the backwoods of communications technology, which is just where that vision puts them.
Not that a lunar repeater is necessarily a good idea, but this "juggernaut of technology" is just as dumb in a different way.
If voting were effective, it would be illegal by now.
OK, a quick primer on ham radio for the uninitiated.
:)
The "ham" in ham radio is a strange abbreviation of "amateur." The amateur radio service is chartered by the FCC in America, and other government bodies in other nations.
The government has allocated parts of the radio spectrum for hams to use. It's not restricted to high or low frequencies -- there are ham bands up and down the dial, from a few MHz to the GHz range, and everything in between.
In return for getting radio spectrum, hams have a moral responsibility to further the radio arts and provide emergency communications in time of need. That's the spirit of the deal. In practice, a ham doesn't have to do anything he doesn't want to. Just obey the rules -- no swearing, no commercial use, no broadcast entertainment, ID yourself often -- and you are fine.
Most hams do often use their radios ("rigs") for the public good though -- calling in car accidents, stranded motorists, that kind of thing. I do that all the time. Used my HT (Handheld Transciever) once to call in aid for an injured mountain biker I found. Where I was there would have been no cell coverage, either.
You do have to take a Federal test to get your ham ticket, and there are harder tests required o get more privileges. But even the entry-level license lets a geek have a LOT of fun. If you have half a brain you can cram for the test in a weekend. If you have any electronics experience, you might be able to cram for it in a day.
When you pass your test you get a call sign. This is how you ID yourself on the air. Your call sign is analogous to a commercial broadcaster's call sign like KROQ or KNBC. The first call you get is long, like mine: KF6IYW. As you advance in the ham tests, your call gets shorter (provided there are vacant calls to move you up to). A ham with a call like NO6B is a stud.
Ham radio is cool because you have a lot of options and there are neat toys to buy. You can talk across town on a pocket-sized radio, or blacken the sky with a monstrous antenna over your home with which you talk to the other side of the planet. You can build a transmitter and try to get Morse code to the other side of the country with a few watts of power. It's about problem solving and electronics as much as communication for a lot of people.
Me, I like the pocket-sized stuff. Does it replace a cell phone? No, but it makes a damn good supplement -- and it doubles as a police scanner, FM radio, and TV audio receiver. You can't stay in touch with a mess of people at once, with no per-minute fees with a cell phone.
Last common question people have is "how far can that thing talk?" A small handheld radio -- cellphone sized -- can let you talk to someone 100 miles away, or more, if there are convenient repeaters. I commonly use an HT to talk to friends all over the LA area, sometimes farther. A powerful rig that operates on lower frequencies can talk to anywhere on earth, if conditions are good. Some nuts even put this stuff in their cars. That's too much for me.
There, all you ever wanted to know about ham radio...
If you can co-ordinate with some other payloads that want to go to the same place, you might try for a launch on a converted decommissioned (Russian) SS-18. An SS-18 has already been used to launch a student satellite (Surrey University in the UK I believe), and with the addition of a Star-48 inside the fairing you should easily be able to get a few hundred kilograms to the moon's surface.
It's still not going to be cheap. The numbers I've heard are on the order of $10 million for an SS-18 launch. But if you can find a commerical partner going in the same direction, it may be an option, and likely a lot cheaper than most other launch options.
Best new white rapper since Pimp Daddy Welfare... Pimp-T!
I remember reading on slashdot years ago that it had been decided the first person to get a pingable box on the moon gets the domain rights..
.mo I guess.
For anybody technically inclined (like most people on /.), it shouldn't be hard. If you need your ego stroked, you can still feel satisfied that for the population at large, it's probably a non-trivial test.
I'm by no means an expert, but I'm not certain if colonizing the moon is worth it.
...).
The amount of gravity on the moon is fairly weak, so the human body would degenerate significantly while living on it. It wouldn't be as bad as living on Mir for years, but it's still not good.
It is exposed to a lot of radiation, since it has no atmosphere. This would mean you'd more or less have to live in a thick stone building, which isn't the romantic bubble dome lifestyle Star Trek would have one think.
I don't believe there's much in terms of resources one could use to fabricate most of the requirements of life. So you'd need frequent shuttle trips to bring supplies. Of course one could argue that once you've left the earth, traveling from orbit to the moon isn't overly costly. For a long term settlement, though, you'd want a bit more ease.
Though Mars has about 1/3 the gravity of earth, it's definitely an improvement over the moon. It's slightly better in terms of resources, since there's frozen water (caps, permafrost,
Of course if there're problems, it's also a lot farther away. Still, I'd rather shoot for a real planet, and leave the moon alone.
What are the benefits? Well, it's a good way to communicate, even in out of the way places, and it's free. There are lots of nifty things you can do with digital transmissions in the amateur radio band. And people learn about interference as part of the reading material (useful for computer folks who may not be aware of the interference they are causing).
Amateur radio is one of the last refuges on the spectrum that is non-commercial and it needs new participants, or else it will slowly be taken over by commercial interests. And the digital aspects of amateur radio need new people to bring better technology and new ideas to them.
So, go out and get your license. You can get started at the ARRL web site. A reasonable handheld transmitter/receiver will cost you under $200 and is a good way to get started. For the test itself, you won't need more than a $20 book.
Although I would like to see the repeater on the moon, I don't think this is all that newsworthy, at least from a ham perspective. Perhaps the slashdot fans just are not familiar with ham radio enough to understand this type of experimentation has always been going on. There are radios built into tuna and even altoid cans. Almost every issue of the QST ( the magazine of the ARRL) has a new and different project idea. Although some hams are only interested in buying fancy equipment and using it, there are a great number of them that will sit down and think of "new ways to make the wheel". Hams are already bouncing signals off the moon, a repeater is just another step forward.
One area I do find hams a little lacking is using linux, I would have thought that the majority of individuals that pride themselves in being able to take their equipment apart and redesign it would demand an open source operating system where they have more control, but unfortunately, the majority of hams and ham related software is for windows.
>>>please remove "nospam" from email address
Even if it were easy to achieve, that project would be effectively dead before it started, for the same reasons as amateur radio is effectively dead as a full-power communications medium.
The reasons? Centralized control by men in robes commanding the power to send 'round men with guns, and the severely limited bandwidth of a centralized communications hub (and let's not forget Shannon).
The fact that it's still a very enjoyable social activity and even very effective in niche applications doesn't invalidate the underlying point that amateur radio is unusable as a power building block in a world where Internet-quality communications (in both freedom and bandwidth) is an assumed minimum starting point. The reasons why the medium is so limited are of course entirely political: in principle radio amateurs could have multi-megabit, peer-to-peer dynamic networks capable of vastly more than the Internet right now (the aggregate amateur bandwidth is about 5GHz, much of it usable today), but the end result would be worthless except as a technological achievement. The gates of the amateur radio prison are still firmly shut.
Oh well, too bad. People have now discovered the freedom of the net, and as a result certain types of dinosaur will die out. It's the way of change.
"The question of whether machines can think is no more interesting than [] whether submarines can swim" - Dijkstra
Apollo went to the moon, so what ?
As a 5 year old, I remember the excitement of the first landing. We're all geeks here, so we care about this sort of thing, but the sad fact is that the vast majority didn't give a damn beyond the initial novelty. How long is it since we went back ? Jo Sixpack doesn't care, and certainly won't want to fund any attempt to return.
Commercial space is about geosynchronous DBS and low orbit constellations. Interesting exogeology is already looking past the moon. Our most likely chance of returning to the moon is if George Lucas decides he wants it for a location shoot - no-one else is going to pay.
PS - A quick "I'm not worthy" to the illustrious creator of KA9Q. Thanks for my connectivity during a large part of the early '90s 8-)
>Joshua asked Our Lord to stop the Sun, you ignorant asshole, not the Earth. What possible good would it have done to stop the Earth from moving?
please. your lord. stopping the earth would stop nightfall.
>If the Earth did rotate, then one would expect to see tornadoes in the area at the centre of rotation. This would imply that Kansas is the centre of the Earth, a thought pleasing to my personal sympathies, but contradicted by scripture. There has never been a tornado in Jerusalem
Or Jerusalem is not the centre of the world
>Your blasphemous statement that the Moon "reflects" light from the Sun directly contradicts Genesis 3:16, in which it is made perfectly clear that "he created the moon, that the slimy crawling things by night might see". Which part of "he created", don't you understand? Your pathetic advocacy of the fraudulent theory (and it IS a THEORY, not some bourgeois, East-Coast elitist idea of a "fact") is sickening
actually, that doesn't say anything ofcourse. the above says NOTHING on the method of illumination, which could well be by reflecting the sun's light.
//rdj
No one can understand the truth until he drinks of coffee's frothy goodness.
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Yu Suzuki
Yu Suzuki
Deamcast. It's thinking.
"I'm not an expert on all the technical aspects involved in such an endeavor (Im no rocket scientist); nor do I have any idea of the cost involved, but I think I can reduce my plan into words here and let the engineers take it from there."
Qualifications anyone? could this be little more than an AC rant on Ham Radio?
___
quick, what was the first communications satellite? Nope, not Echo. That's right, it was the moon! For many decades people have been doing moonbounces, or EME (Earth-Moon-Earth).
It's a pretty cool way to talk to someone on the other side of the world (albeit probably one of the least efficient). You can actually notice the delay from the return trip time for the radio signal to travel to the moon and back.
In fact, about a year ago, the ARRL just awarded two hams for doing the first single-yagi to single-yagi moonbounce. A typical EME involves an array of yagi antennas aimed at the moon. Lots and lots of wattage, so a small reflecting amount can hit a receiver sufficiently. In reflecting radio waves, the amount of received power varies inversely as R^4, so the moon being pretty far away makes this vastly difficult.
But that's what makes it all the more fun! (although i must confess, i've never done it, it's one of my goals when I get around to it)...
But seriously, a repeater on the moon is pretty cool, it'll still be a good challenge to key it successfully. Maybe it'll offer real-time pictures of earth for packet download too...
make world, not war
Take a look at the restructuring rule-making documnent. You'll find my name in attribution several places throughout the document.
There is no going back now.
Bruce
Bruce Perens.
"Ham radio".. ha!
"ARTeMiS" is merely a
front operation
for the communist
conspiracy to launch nukes
and blow up the moon
as a response to
the U.S. moon-nuke program.
(They're behind scedule.)
The truth is out there
but you refuse to believe.
(score, 0: flamebait)
Irritable, left-wing and possibly humorous bumper stickers and t-shirts
It's an interesting idea, and certainly feasible from a technology standpoint.
However, the cost of getting the repeater there is extremely high. It's cost AMSAT a huge amount of money just to get Phase 3D into orbit, and it's not even up yet. Vibration testing, platforms costs, etc, etc, etc. So while I'm sure funding could be arrived at, I think it would actually be more difficult to raise the funds because of the perceived usefulness (Phase 3D promises usage with 5 watt handheld radios, versus steerable high gain antennas).
I wonder if using the Mars Lander airbag technique might not be a better method for safely delivering the payload to the lunar surface. While you certainly can't parachute it down, I wonder if something like a braking rocket with the payload suspended from it might work. Once some distance above the surface, the payload would be cut loose, the airbags inflated, and the device garanteed to arrive in a safe and upright condition (many people say that the Mars Lander landed softer than UPS handles most packages!)
-- Chris, K4JCW
Can it be overloaded by a bunch of geeks if it works? >:)
Ant(Dude) @ Quality Foraged Links (AQFL.net) & The Ant Farm (antfarm.ma.cx / antfarm.home.dhs.org).
>Are you stupid, or just being ignorant of the Truth of our Lord? If God wants to stop the Earth then he can do so and have night fall as well if He so pleases. That is what omnipotence is.
;)
1) no, I am not stupid
2) I am not ignorant of the truth of your lord. I just dispute it as The Truth.
3) I just learnt that stopping the earth wouldn't do any good. the earth doesn't even rotate. So god cannot stop the earth, since it is already stationary.
>Again your ignorance astounds me.
I live to please
>Jerusalem is the spiritual capital of the world,
Thank you for completely discounting the Tornado-theory
>and as such if the centre of the world in every way which counts.
depends on how you count. If your criterium is 'what place is a holy place for most religions' then you have a point.
//rdj
No one can understand the truth until he drinks of coffee's frothy goodness.
--Sheikh Abd-Al-Kadir, 1587
The atmosphere works a little like a lens in this respect. Shine a flashlight through the lens on someone's glasses. The reflection back off the glasses is the waves bouncing off the atmosphere. All the rest of the light (radio waves) are going out into space. Unfortunatly, the moon is so much farther away that any bounced off it is weak compared to the amount reflected by it. (which is why people trying E-M-E bounces use directional antenna farms loaded up with the peak wattage available and the best low signal detection equipment.)
.sig: Now legally binding!
This is kinda cool. I'd still like to see us colonize the moon by the end of this century (no way in hell :( It's still funny when you think of people 20 years from now saying "Oh jesus! we can put a repeater on the moon but we can't make a car that doesn't break down."
BTW - my favorite quote from a NASA representative: "this IS rocket science"
FluX
After 16 years, MTV has finally completed its deevolution into the shiny things network
"It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once." -David Hume
I didn't think you were the original poster. but you did discount the tornado theory by the original poster. and cut it out with the personal insults. The lies of satan have convinced me that the big bang is a decent theory, but by no means perfect. And my philosophy is not atheist, but that's a whole other discussion for which I do not have the time right now.
>But until you accept the love of the Lord into your heart and act to save the souls of your fellow men, you are still one of Satan's dupes, and as such destined for Hell.
hell, here I come!
Granted, you as a nameless, faceless entity are closer to a god than me.. a 'mere human'. I'd be happy to continue this discussion, but not with people calling me ignorant, idiot or asshole.
//rdj
No one can understand the truth until he drinks of coffee's frothy goodness.
--Sheikh Abd-Al-Kadir, 1587
On the other hand, you might have a CBer who doesn't give a flying f*ck about the law, in which case you will have to call cops (or the FCC).
...phil
...phil
"For a list of the ways which technology has failed to improve our quality of life, press 3."
Nice.
Got Rhinos?