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Individual Chemical Bond Formed With STM

WillWare writes: "Using a scanning tunneling microscope at the Free University of Berlin, scientists have for the first time manipulated single molecules to perform a complete chemical reaction. (Here are STM pictures of the reaction happening.) ...the making of C12H10 molecules from C6H5I molecules, normally carried out on a copper catalyst and using thermal activation, has here been forced to proceed by employing one molecule at a time at a cryogenic temperature of 20 K. The researchers believe that new manmade molecules, never before seen in nature, can be engineered in this way, including the selective detachment or replacement of parts of larger molecules for individual assembling of molecular based nano-devices. The official article appears in Physical Review Letters, 25 Sept." Nanites. That's all I have to say.

26 of 101 comments (clear)

  1. STM? by British · · Score: 2

    And just what does STM stand for?

    1. Re:STM? by WillWare · · Score: 3
      As others have pointed out, STM stands for "scanning tunneling microscope". I used the acronym because story titles are limited in length.

      An STM is an interesting gadget. You have a very sharp probe (the point is a single atom) which hovers over the sample. Everything is electrically conductive except for the gap between the probe and the sample, typically a few nanometers. The gap is an insulator except for the ability of electrons to tunnel across the gap. The current flow due to tunneling is quite sensitive to the gap size.

      Set up a servo to control the height of the probe, holding the tunneling current constant (the probe is moved with piezoelectric crystals). Horizontally sweep the probe in a TV-like raster pattern, recording the probe's height as a function of horizontal position, add false color, and voila, you've imaged atoms.

      Here is a more detailed description.

      --
      WWJD for a Klondike Bar?
    2. Re:STM? by IainMH · · Score: 2

      You have a very sharp probe (the point is a single atom)

      My god! Have Gillette heard about this yet?!

  2. Not terribly useful for bulk Quanitites by joshv · · Score: 2

    Seems this process might be able to make a couple thousand synthetic molecules, but how useful will it be at creating bulk quantities?

    I wonder if these methods could be scaled up and automated?

    -josh

    1. Re:Not terribly useful for bulk Quanitites by Quantum_Well · · Score: 2
      Seems this process might be able to make a couple thousand synthetic molecules, but how useful will it be at creating bulk quantities?

      I wonder if these methods could be scaled up and automated?

      Not likely. This is kind of question I get about my STM images. People ask me if I can just write a program to go in and automatically digitize the location of single atom defects. The problem is that it takes many years of looking at STM images just to get a feel for what you are really seeing.

      This type of work is very long and tedious. I would be suprised you could make more than a couple of these molecules in an hour.

      Jeremy
      http://stmlab.tamu.edu/

    2. Re:Not terribly useful for bulk Quanitites by chainsaw1 · · Score: 3

      The primary reason this is so fasinating is not because of mass quanities, but because of the new possibility of manipulating bonds on molecules. This has many potential uses:

      1) Taking two reactants and manipulating certain bonds by hand may give more insight to why catylists work on similar reactions. Many catylists work without us knowing a great amount of detail on how they catylize a reaction. If certain bond manipulation cauese a reaction to proceed, it is likely that the catylist is weakening that bond--a clue to what is actually happening.

      2) Intermediates. Some reactions (esp. in biochemistry) proceed without a good working knowledge of what intermediates form and what changes take place in getting to the intermediate (and so) onto allow the products to form.

      3) Rare chemicals. There are some reactions that entropically / energetically make sense to occur, yet don't react because of other variables (such as bond tension--i.e. the formation of cyclo-pentane from larger molecules, etc...i know this is a baad example, can't think of something better). This gives us a method to try to understand and produce them, though not in bulk.

      Besides, it's the Chemical Engineers responcability to do bulk production of anything anyway. Chemists just get to do the fun stuff and take all the credit. ChemE's are the ones that put it in the hands of John Doe. :)

      (it's getting hot all the sudden...)

      --
      - Sig
    3. Re:Not terribly useful for bulk Quanitites by apg · · Score: 2

      No kidding. I can see it now:

      Scientists have developed a new synthetic substance that is one million times lighter than steel and four hundred times as strong. This new substance can be used to manufacture everything from massive skyscrapers to car bumpers. Of course, a cubic inch would cost approximately the GNP of Bolivia and take seven and a half generations to produce.

      Don't be expecting those new polyflourocyanomanganatecarbon polymer snow boards anytime soon

    4. Re:Not terribly useful for bulk Quanitites by Masem · · Score: 2
      While there's possibilities of reaction studies with this, there's several problems to consider:

      Hesinburg's Principle is very much in force here -- STM has been argued to have some small affect on the surfaces it scans, and here, they are using that affect to do the chemistry. Would 2C6H5I -> C12H10 + I2 happen without the STM tip pushing the molecules along?

      Time scales -- they spent time collecting the images and pushing the molecules aroung but most chemical reactions happen in microseconds. STM scanning isn't even fast enough to capture this at 20K.

      Molecule sizes -- They used benzene-like structures and iodine -- both are *hugh* on the molecular scale, but most reactions of interest for study use smaller molecules (CO, NO, etc), which might be hard to detect with STM on such surfaces.

      That said, there are opportunities to build molecules from scratch, but you do appear to be limited to 2 dimensions, which might pose limitations, but it should work.

      --
      "Pinky, you've left the lens cap of your mind on again." - P&TB
      "I can see my house from here!" - ST:
  3. 3,2,4-dimethyl-hexyl-natalie-portman by joshv · · Score: 2

    With the ability to custom create molecules, perhaps we could created a petrified Natalie Portman on the microscopic scale.

    -josh

  4. Nano Techonology is terrifying by smartin · · Score: 2

    I don't know about the rest of you but I think nano technology is terrifying. We are getting very close to the point where there will be lots of people creating things that have never existed before in nature and for which there is no natural protection. The potential for accidental or intentional mass distruction is enormous. Think about the paranioa of genetically modified food, which is at least very close to something that exists in nature. Who knows what will happen to Molecule X when you weld a new Oxegen atom to it!

    --
    The difference between Canada and the USA is that in Canada healthcare is a right and gun ownership is a privilege.
    1. Re:Nano Techonology is terrifying by Sodium+Attack · · Score: 2
      We are getting very close to the point where there will be lots of people creating things that have never existed before in nature and for which there is no natural protection.

      "Very close????" They've created a molecule of 22 atoms (not at all complex, by organic chemistry standards) which occurs in nature.

      The potential for accidental or intentional mass distruction is enormous.

      A hundred years down the road, maybe. Not at today's level of technology.

      Think about the paranioa of genetically modified food,

      "Paranoia" is a particularly appropriate word choice.

      Who knows what will happen to Molecule X when you weld a new Oxegen [sic] atom to it!

      Actually, organic chemists understand this very well.

      --

      Never take moderation advice from sigs, including this one.

    2. Re:Nano Techonology is terrifying by Remus+Shepherd · · Score: 2
      Terrifying and glorious, yes. If used correctly it can do wonderous things.

      Take one of my favorite nanite designs: the Respirocyte. This artificial blood cell does nothing more than load and unload oxygen and CO2. Infuse a person's blood with it, and they can spend hours underwater, run 12 minutes at top speed without taking a breath, or live for 3.8 hours with their heart stopped .

      Yes, there's a dangerous side -- the Biovorous Nanoreplicator or 'Gray Ooze'. We need to ask ourselves if the risks are worth the rewards. I think you'll find most scientists are cautious, but optimistic about the possibilities.

      --
      Genocide Man -- Life is funny. Death is funnier. Mass murder can be hilarious.
    3. Re:Nano Techonology is terrifying by phil+reed · · Score: 2
      We are getting very close to the point where there will be lots of people creating things that have never existed before in nature and for which there is no natural protection.

      Oh, you mean like telephones, Post-It Notes (tm), automobiles, radios, computers, art, music, toilet paper, paper clips and cities?

      You must live in perpetual fear.


      ...phil

      --

      ...phil
      "For a list of the ways which technology has failed to improve our quality of life, press 3."
    4. Re:Nano Techonology is terrifying by smartin · · Score: 2

      I'm not saying that i'm opposed to progress or even nano technology, it's just that as we progress, the protential to create something we can't control increases. And if you think about it, its can be pretty scary, there is a very good chance that the last word that will be spoken on planet earth will be Oops!

      --
      The difference between Canada and the USA is that in Canada healthcare is a right and gun ownership is a privilege.
    5. Re:Nano Techonology is terrifying by Goonie · · Score: 2
      We are getting very close to the point where there will be lots of people creating things that have never existed before in nature and for which there is no natural protection. The potential for accidental or intentional mass distruction is enormous.

      We've been able to wipe ourselves out for 50-odd years. Ever heard of the H-bomb?

      --

      Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from a rigged demo
      --Andy Finkel (J. Klass?)
  5. Nanites? Pile of shite!!! by deefer · · Score: 2
    OK, I'm not doing down this discovery, or the scientists who researched it.
    But a step closer to nanites? Come on!!!
    Nobody seems to have a clear idea of what a nanite is, yet there are always claims after a discovery like this - "Nanites tomorrow!!!"
    I would define a nanite as:
    Having some sort of applicable intelligence, either as a function of what it is made of, or an AI in the truest sense of the meaning
    Capable of acting individually or collectively.
    Very, very small
    Capable of receiving instructions, or acting autonomously.

    I don't see how duplicating an existing chemical reaction in an organic compound could possibly bring us anywhere nearer to "nanites".
    And yes, I know that being able to modify individual molecules is handy when creating tiny, tiny things, but you must remember carbon has some special properties which may be assisting here (c.f. electron clouds on benzene rings), and those properties may not be found in compounds suitable for nanites. This is just an organic compound, ferchrissakes!!!
    A closer take on this would be "it's a step closer to being able to make the materials for nanites", and that, IMHO, is an important distinction. It's a bit like saying the discovery of silicon is a major step to making a Cray...

    Strong data typing is for those with weak minds.

    --

    Strong data typing is for those with weak minds.

    1. Re:Nanites? Pile of shite!!! by Bearpaw · · Score: 4
      It's a bit like saying the discovery of silicon is a major step to making a Cray...

      It was.

  6. Two words..... by Ripp · · Score: 2

    Transparent Aluminum

    "A Keyboard...how quaint."

    --
    Blech. Signatures.
  7. Re:Whatever. by Bearpaw · · Score: 3
    Nanites are just like AI.
    1) Wait ten years
    2) See how far off their predictions are
    3) Go to step #1

    1) Read shallow, badly-researched fluff pieces about a new technology
    2) Don't bother trying to find anything to read by anyone who has a reasonable, knowledge-based point of view of the topic
    3) Adopt oh-so-hip more-blase-and-cynical-than-thou attitude
    4) Go to step #1

  8. Re:Nanites-- by chainsaw1 · · Score: 2

    Sluggy Freelance!

    Nanites are biologicaly nanomachines that can make you stronger, more flexible, report data on your body, or kill you. They can be "killed off" from a master switch or by watching to much Golden Girls

    --
    - Sig
  9. First step towards assemblers by Remus+Shepherd · · Score: 2
    The holy grail of nanotechnology is the Assembler -- a machine that can be used to construct objects atom-by-atom. Scientists already know what nanotech machines they want to build, but the technology isn't there to let them do it. With an assembler you can. This STM looks like a crude jury-rigged assembler...and it sounds as if, with patience, you could actually build Respirocytes or a Mesoparticle Sling or a Planetary Gear with this tool.

    Now, the truly cool thing to build would be a self-assembler; an assembler that can build copies of itself. That's a toy for which people have yet to draw up a design.

    --
    Genocide Man -- Life is funny. Death is funnier. Mass murder can be hilarious.
  10. Re:Whatever. by MrScience · · Score: 2

    I truely believe that's what killed VR. I researched that topic, had a huge library of information, and it was really coming along. Then the media got a hold of it. Hyped the snot out of it. When people started seeing where it currently was, they got bored, and interest in what could occur dropped waaaaay down. If it hadn't, I'm positive that we would have more HMD's, as by now the cost to build them would be extremely cheap. (yes, there are the models like Sony has, but it doesn't do 6-degree location)

    --

    You quitting proves that the karma kap worked. The most annoying of the whores shut up. --CmdrTaco

  11. What STM *REALLY* stands for by empesey · · Score: 2

    It stands for Super Terminating Machine. It's everything the T-1000 wanted to be, but wasn't. The T-1000 could have taken the tunneling method to kill John Connor. Instead of hunting John down, like a prototypical mimetic polyalloy, he simply shoots a sliver of himself into his mark. Then while John is running around the country with Linda and Uncle Bob, the T-1000 is tunneling his way through John's internal orgrans. Cyberdyne stock goes way up and ushers in the birth of The Matrix.

    --

  12. I have a 6502 assembler! by jd · · Score: 2

    Will that help?

    --
    It's a small world and it smells funny; I'd buy another if it wasn't for the money; Take back what I paid (SoM)
  13. Re:F'kng crack smoker! by uradu · · Score: 2

    > Where did you go to school, Bob Jones University?

    He, he, yeah, they probably offered their famous Creationist Quantum Mechanics course that summer. The lab was conducted by Charlton Heston, demonstrating moving molecules with the tip of a bullet.

  14. Buckminsterfullerines Anyone? by Self+Bias+Resistor · · Score: 2

    There is a theoretical superconductor that is a long n-alkane-like hydrocarbon chain with regularly spaced halogen molecules outboard to the backbone. The theoretical stats were impressive, something like superconductivity to 200 degrees C. The problem was forming the molecules long enough to be useful and then orienting them.

    There are hydrocarbons that can perform this type of function and they are called Buckminsterfullerines. They come in two main varieties: Buckyballs (soccer-ball type molecules - C60 and C90) and Buckytubes (long Carbon nanotubes). Buckytubes are nanometres wide but can be made to incredible lengths (theoretically they can bypass the typical 70-mile length limit of regular cables). These tubes can be made to such incredible lengths by chemically bonded the ends of each piece of tubing together. Does this STM process have anything to do with that? Because to construct long Buckytubes, you would need to manipulate molecules at the atomic level which this STM process can provide.

    Apparently these Buckytubes can be used to make ultra-small circuits. Which should bring computers up to enough speed to complete one of those bloody SETI@home packets in less than a day!

    Self Bias Resistor
    "You gotta save yourselves, from yourselves." - Rennes, Cube

    --

    ----------
    When the pin is pulled, Mr. Grenade is no longer our friend.