Slashdot Mirror
Fun with Fog Generators
BoomZilla writes "Only
10 or so shopping days to Halloween. If you're at a loss for a project
this weekend check out gotfog.com for
a full set of detailed instructions on the construction of a Fog
chiller. "What's a fog chiller?" you may ask. And rightly so.
Let me explain. A fog machine dumps fog juice on a heating plate to
produce oodles of the white, floaty stuff. Problem is that it doesn't
hug the ground like you see in the movies. An alternative that is employed
to create the ground-hugging variety of fog is a dry ice machine (which
heats up dry ice and disperses the resultant cloud of fog). The problem is
that dry ice is (a) expensive and (b) not always that easy to get. Enter
the fog chiller. The chiller can be built very inexpensively (major cost
is the sacrifice of a largish cooler) and works with a regular fog machine
that consumes low-cost fog juice. Go on, give it a try. You know you want
to. And just imagine the look on the faces of your little ghouls and
ghosts come the 31st when your house looks like boot hill on steroids."
(c) could get you put on a list of suspected pot growers faster than a subscription to High Times.
Why is Triangle Man so MEAN?
In only a few hours, I will be helping in the construction of one of these! We already have all of the materials.
:)
Glow sticks and some tin foil reflectors make for good glowing green fog, by the way.
Heh... they'll need a lot more than a Fog Chiller to cool down their overheating processors as the /. wave hits ;)
And so we go, on with our lives
We know the truth, but prefer lies
Lies are simple, simple is bliss
My friend bought a fog machine for his dorm room last year, and because he thought his fire alarm was heat and not particle detecting, he filled his room with fog. Turns out, it was a particle detector after all, the fire alarm went off, school security came and made fun of him mercilessly for intentionally filling a room with smoke... then they wrote him up. It was funny...
Once upon a time...
The problem is that dry ice is (a) expensive and (b) not always that easy to get.
He obviously hasn't heard of the wonder which I like to call a "grocery store." It's sold at most supermarkets for $0.99/lb. around here...
And just imagine the look on the faces of your little ghouls and ghosts come the 31st when your house looks like boot hill on steroids.
:)
Or you could just use mustard gas instead of some silly fog, that'll teach the little buggers right enough and betcha they wont come around bothering you the next year anymore.
The problem with dry ice is there are organised networks that specialise in stealing it. I've tried to dry ice several times (by leaving it out in the sun) and when I got back it was all gone.
RMN
~~~
Here's the Google cache of the page on building a fog chiller.
-IOVAR Web Dev Platform
And gosh, come to think of it, who'd ever have thought that smoke coming out of your case was an indication of a successful mod?
the site seems to be slashdotted now (is this happening more frequently than it used to?)
but here are plans to build your own fog/smoke machine http://www.juggling.org/help/misc/fog.html
A couple years ago I was working at Guitar Center and our store manager had just been promoted to regional manager so we had a new manager coming in. They went out to lunch to go over some store specifics and one of them employees decided to break out the fog machine and fill up the new managers office. They came back from lunch everyone said their goodbyes and he left. The new manager introduced himself to everyone then went into the back to check out his office. Bye now the room was absolutely packed with "strawberry" fog, he opened the door, walked in, and sat down like nothing was wrong. :)
sig.
Packing the chiller with ice, then shoving some dry ice inside the cooling tube works a little better. The dry ice cools the fog, and the regular ice keeps the dry ice from evaporating too fast.
OOh, finally, something on Slashdot that I can comment authoritatively on! (I'm a stagehand, and often use atmospheric effects)
I would just like to refute the posters assertations about dry ice foggers. Firstly, dry ice is certainly NOT expensive. Prices usually fall in the $0.50 to $1.00 / lb range, depending on the form (block, pellets, etc.) and supplier. Which brings me to the second point, availability - Go to your local grocery store. If they don't have it (most in southern and western states usually will), they'll be able to tell you who will.
Once you have the dry ice (I'd suggest about 25-35 lbs. for a good, long show), it's very easy to turn it into fog. Step 1 - pour hot water over it. Step 2 - there is no step 2! There are many many pre-made machines for this purpose, such as the City Theatrical Aquafogger, which are available for rental, but it's such a simple device, anyone here should easily be able to make one on their own.
The basic things you need are as follows - a barrel - big enough to hold the dry ice, plus all the hot water that will be poured through it. A basket, to hold the dry ice in, above the level of the water. A fan and a tube, to take the resultant fog, and put it where you want it (dryer hose works very well for this). And finally, a method for pouring large amounts of very hot water over the dry ice - the faster the rate of pour, the faster the sublimation of the dry ice, and hence, the larger the volume of fog generated. For the water-pouring, something as simple as a 5-gallon pail is quite sufficient.
One down side to a dry-ice fogger, however - that 25lb load will only last about 10 minutes, and the fog only a few minutes longer than that. If the effect that you're looking for is a long-lasting, room-filling, hanging haze, then you'll be better off with an oil-based fogger. (Just avoid prolonged breathing of concentrated amounts of the fog - it's been shown to produce many respiratory ailments - and that was the professional stuff)
If all the world's a stage, anyone who says they want better lighting spends far too much time in a dark theatre.
I've always wanted to find cannabis oil, if such a thing exists - imagine, a few drops of that, mixed with the fog juice - man, what a party!!
If all the world's a stage, anyone who says they want better lighting spends far too much time in a dark theatre.
The problem with dry ice is that it's dangerous (CO2 asphyxiation) in closed areas, and outdoors nothing will work terribly well.
I've put up a mirror of the special projects page at gotfog.com, as well as the "making fog hug the ground" and "vortex" special projects. The mirror should be significantly faster than the original, and can be found at http://www.msu.edu/~brownd41/mirror/gotfog/index.h tml
I built one of these for my drama class in high school. The problem was, we used DRY ICE as the chilling mechanism for the fog. Blow fog though a cooler full of dry ice, and it'll chill down pretty fast. The good news about this is 1) no water from regular ice. 2) dont need much dry ice. We found that 1-2 pounds of the stuff was more than sufficent to last us through a day of competition. Plus, you can toss some pennies on it for a neat metal contracting sound. The problem we ran into was forcing the fog through with the correct speed to both chill the fog into hugging the floor and also producing any kind of fog volume. We fixed that with a fan from radio shak wired into a battery pack so it would be portable enough. After that the only problem was rolling huge blankets of fog off the edge of the stage and into the audience.
No one expects the Spanish Inquisition!
Disclaimer: I have no affiliation with the abovementioned web site.
Warning: Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
I'm trying to teach myself to set people on fire with my mind... Is it hot in here?
Dry ice shouldn't be too expensive if you get it from your local industrial chemical supply store (A place that sekks propane, helium, dry ice, etc) . Dry ice is probably more expensive from a party outlet.
Last halloween I bought several pounds of dry ice from a local industrial chemical supply store for about $15 total. I placed the dry ice in a cheap black 5 gallon "witches cauldron", which I got from the local Haloween store.
To create the fog, I simply placed the ice in the cauldron, and periodically added warm water when I saw trick-or-treaters. The warm water melts the ice, and you get fog.
The dry-ice provided enough fog rolling down my front steps to freak out the neighborhood kids. This fog lasted approximately 4 hours.
For added effect, I placed a couple of those green and red glow sticks inside the cauldron (Since glow sticks glow less when cold, I placed the sticks on a pedestal above the cold ice and water), replaced my porch light with a black light, and added a bunch of those green-spiderwebs from the halloween store.
This gave the whole porch a nice eerie glow, especially with the green-glow eminating from the cauldron.
Whole cost of this operation, including dry ice $15 for several pounds), cauldron ($5 at halloween store), black light ($2 at hardware store), glow sticks ($2 each) and spiderwebs ($3 a pack) was probably $25. I'm going to do the same thing this year.
"Can of worms? The can is open... the worms are everywhere."
Plenty of it around. It certainly makes oodles of thick, ground-hugging fog, especially on a humid or drizzling day. Careful not to "burn" yourself with it, though.
My father used to (jokingly) complain about neighborhood kids on our lawn. (There never were, which was part of the joke.) Then he would confide that he knew the perfect way to keep them off the lawn.
Land mines.
"Tough on that first kid, but they learn quickly," he'd add.
You cannot apply a technological solution to a sociological problem. (Edwards' Law)
In only a few hours, I will be helping in the construction of one of these! We already have all of the materials.
A fog chiller like this will work almost as well as a professional one. The professional fog coolers essentially blow the fog through an refrigerator evaporator.
Halloween of 1994, I had the police at my house 6 times, each time with them begging me to stop doing what I was doing... he so badly wanted a reason to arrest me, but could think of none.
Picture it: The doorbell was connected through an optocoupler to my computer's keyboard. Everytime the doorbell rang, there was a pause (as the stereo audio file loaded) then a loud scream played from a speaker (left) hidden in the trunk of one of the cars in the driveway. The right channel had a nasty kind of chewing sound, and it was played through a speaker hidden in the engine compartment of another car which was parked close to the door.
My roommate and I were car nuts, and we had a junked Toyota that we were waiting for the scrapyard to haul off. With the chain hoist, we put it on its side in the front yard, with a mannequin's arm sticking out from underneath. We hooked its electrical system up to a car battery charger and left some of the parking lights on, with a turnblinker flashing and the AM radio playing quietly inside.
I was working in the professional sound and lighting business then, so I borrowed a fog machine, fog chiller and 6,000 watts of Leko stagelighting.
The fog machine and the chiller from work went outside to provide a ground mist, but not too much. I needed for the kids to see, by the light of the flashing signal, the arm sticking out from under the Toyota.
The Lekos and my own fog machine were set up inside. The Leko dimmer pack was powered off the 40 amp 240V service to the stove outlet, and all 6 lights, at 1000W apiece, were pointed and focused to a point 1 foot outside of my front door.
And then there was the chainsaw. Beg, borrow, steal or rent a chainsaw. Take off the chain and protect the kids from the potentially sharp edge of the chain guide with a rubber edging like people use around the outlines of their car doors.
The Spectacle:
Mom or Dad would stand at the end of the driveway as Little Tommy would walk past the Toyota with the flashing lights and the arm poking out of the ground mist.
Little Tommy, dressed in his finest Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles costume would press the doorbell. He'd hear the ring of the bell, then a couple of seconds later, the scream from the trunk of one of the cars he'd just passed. Gradually, he'd become aware of a wet chewing sound right behind him.
If Little Tommy was still standing at the door by the time I got downstairs, he'd be greeted to the sound of the door opening, and a wall of fog in front of him; invisible foggy blackness.
Of course, wearing black and a black ski mask, I'd be standing there watching the look of fear on the kid's face as it flashed on and off in time with the doomed Toyota's right turn. And then, just when we thought Tommy was getting ready to leave, Mike would kick the foot-pedal that turned on all 6kW of stagelights, focused right at the kid's face.
Blinded and disoriented, Little Tommy would start to retreat as I started up the chainsaw. And his first sight of me would be the silhouette, through the fog, of a black shadow with a running gas chainsaw.
Frozen, the kid would stand there, a deer caught in the headlights, as the chainsaw-wielding black shadow pressed the blade of the saw to his neck and revved the motor.
Of course at this point, the parent, standing at the end of the driveway, would feel that Little Tommy was in mortal danger, scream, drop the bag of candy, and attempt to rescue him from the chainsaw which would have already taken off the kid's head if it still had a chain.
The next morning, I had 4 broken windows, hate messages spray-painted onto the side of my roommate's car, the smell of two-cycle oil in my living room, and a hell of a lot of toilet paper and broken eggs to clean up. But I only had to give out 1/2 bag of candies, so I think I did okay.
Linux isn't ready for the desktop yet.
Fire and Meat. Yummy.
Someone else has already said that this is finally a topic that they can contribute to, but I've been generating a nice, low-lying, thick and clingy fog for my "haunted yard" for the past 8 years.
...
... pass the fog through a cooler of wet ice (some cooling, but significant humidification), THEN pass it through an aluminum duct (flexible dryer ducting works best) full (to half-height) of dry ice (that's chilling) ... solves all of the world's fog problems.
The "classic" fog chiller, using coolers, fans and regular ice is a good start, but misses the key points for cold environments.
In order to make a thick, low-lying fog using a cheap fog machine, you need to do two things (particularly here in Canada, where we often get Halloween close to freezing):
1) Humidify the fog (often forgotten)
2) Cool the fog below the ambient temperature
The classic technique accomplishes both of these by passing the fog through a cooler of "wet" ice. As my friends in New England and Minnesota know, this don't do squat when the ambient temperature is around freezing
So
But, remember:
1) Don't cuddle with the dry ice
2) Don't use any of this to cool a processor
The Origins of Halloween
... We see that this holiday has its origin, basis and root in the occultic Druid celebration of the dead. Only they called it 'Samhain', who was the Lord of the Dead (a big demon)".1 When these books and pamphlets cite sources at all, they usually list the Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Americana, and the World Book Encyclopedia. The Britannica and the Americana make no mention of cats, but do indeed list Samhain as the Lord of Death, contrary to Celtic scholars, and list no references. The World Book mentions the cats and calls Samhain the Lord of Death, and lists as its sources several children's books (hardly what one could consider scholarly texts, and, of course, themselves citing no references).
... the evidence for the cat as an important cult animal in Celtic mythology is slight".9 She cites as supporting evidence the lack of archaeological artifacts and literary references in surviving works of mythology.
copyright © 1989, Rowan Moonstone
In recent years, there have been a number of pamphlets and books put out be various Christian organizations dealing with the origins of modern-day Halloween customs.
Being a Witch myself, and a student of the ancient Celts from whom we get this holiday, I have found these pamphlets woefully inaccurate and poorly researched. A typical example of this information is contained in the following quote from the pamphlet entitled "What's Wrong with Halloween?" by Russell K. Tardo. "The Druids believed that on October 31st, the last day of the year by the ancient Celtic calendar, the lord of death gathered together the souls of the dead who had been made to enter bodies of animals, and decided what forms they should take the following year. Cats were held sacred because it was believed that they were once human beings
In an effort to correct some of this erroneous information, I have researched the religious life of the ancient Celtic peoples and the survivals of that religious life in modern times. Listed below are some of the most commonly asked questions concerning the origins and customs of Halloween. Following the questions is a lengthy bibliography where the curious reader can go to learn more about this holiday than space in this small pamphlet permits.
1.
Where does Halloween come from?
Our modern celebration of Halloween is a descendent of the ancient Celtic festival called "Samhain". The word is pronounced "sow-in", with "sow" rhyming with "cow".
2.
What does "Samhain" mean?
The "Irish-English Dictionary" published by the Irish Texts Society defines the word as follows: "Samhain, All Hallowtide, the feast of the dead in Pagan and Christian times, signalling the close of harvest and the initiation of the winter season, lasting till May, during which troop swere quartered. Fairies were imagined as particularly active at this season. From it, the half-year is reckoned. Also called Feile Moingfinne (Snow Goddess)."2 The "Scottish Gaelic Dictionary" defines it as "Hallowtide. The Feast of All Souls. Sam + Fuin = end of summer."3 Contrary to the information published by many organizations, there is no archaeological or literary evidence to indicate that Samhain was a deity. Eliade's "Encyclopedia of Religion" states as follows: "The Eve and day of Samhain were characterized as a time when the barriers between the human and supernatural worlds were broken... Not a festival honoring any particular Celtic deity, Samhain acknowledged the entire spectrum of nonhuman forces that roamed the earth during that period."4 The Celtic Gods of the dead were Gwynn ap Nudd for the British and Arawn for the Welsh. The Irish did not have a "Lord of Death" as such.
3.
Why was the end of summer of significance to the Celts?
The Celts were a pastoral people as opposed to an agricultural people. The end of summer was significant to them because it meant the time of year when the structure of their lives changed radically. The cattle were brought down from the summer pastures in the hills and the people were gathered into the houses for the long winter nights of story-telling and handicrafts.
4.
What does it have to do with a festival of the dead?
The Celts believed that when people died, they went to a land of eternal youth and happiness called Tír na nOg. They did not have the concept of Heaven and Hell that the Christian Church later brought into the land. The dead were sometimes believed to be dwelling with the Fairy Folk, who lived in the numerous mounds, or sidhe, (pronounced "shee" or "sh-thee") that dotted the Irish and Scottish countryside. Samhain was the new year to the Celts. In the Celtic belief system, turning points such as the time between one day and the next, the meeting of sea and shore or the turning of one year into the next, were seen as magickal times. The turning of the year was the most potent of these times. This was the time when the "veil between the worlds" was at its thinnest and the living could communicate with their beloved dead in Tír na nOg.
5.
What about the aspects of "evil" that we associate with the night today?
The Celts did not have demons and devils in their belief system. The fairies, however, were often considered hostile and dangerous to humans because they were seen as being resentful of man taking over their land. On this night, they would sometimes trick humans into becoming lost in the fairy mounds where they would be trapped forever. After the coming of the Christians to the Celtic lands, certain of the folk saw the fairies as those angels who had sided neither with God or with Lucifer in their dispute and thus were condemned to walk the Earth until Judgment Day.5 In addition to the fairies, many humans were abroad on this night causing mischief. Since this night belonged neither to one year or the other, Celtic folk believed that chaos reigned and the people would engage in "horseplay and practical jokes".6 This also served as a final outlet for high spirits before the gloom of winter set in.
6.
What about "trick or treat"?
During the course of these hijinks, many of the people would imitate the fairies and go from house to house begging for treats. Failure to supply the treats would usually result in practical jokes being visited on the owner of the house. Since the fairies were abroad on this night, an offering of food or milk was frequently left for them on the steps of the house so the homeowner could gain the blessing of the "good folk" for the coming year. Many of the households would also leave out a "dumb supper" for the spirits of the departed.7 The folks who were abroad in the night imitating the fairies would sometimes carry turnips carved to represent faces. This is the origin of our modern Jack-o-lantern.
7.
Was there any special significance of cats to the Celts?
According to Katherine Briggs in "Nine Lives: Cats in Folklore", the Celts associated cats with the Cailleach Bheur, or Blue Hag of Winter. "She was a nature goddess, who herded the deer as her cattle. The touch of her staff drove the leaves off the trees and brought snow and harsh weather."8 Dr. Anne Ross addresses the use of divine animals in her book "Pagan Celtic Britain" and has this to say about cats: "Cats do not play a large role in Celtic mythology
8.
Was this also a religious festival?
Yes. Celtic religion was very closely tied to the Earth. The great legends are concerned with momentous happenings which took place around the time of Samhain. Many of the great battles and legends of kings and heroes center on this night. Many of the legends concern the promotion of fertility of the Earth and the insurance of the continuance of the lives of the people through the dark winter season.
9.
How was the religious festival observed?
Unfortunately, we know very little about that. W.G. Wood-Martin, in his book "Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland", states: "There is comparatively little trace of the religion of the Druids now discoverable, save in the folklore of the peasantry and the references relative to it that occur in ancient and authentic Irish manuscripts are, as far as present appearances go, meager and insufficient to support anything like a sound theory for full development of the ancient religion."10 The Druids were the priests of the Celtic peoples. They passed on their teachings by oral tradition instead of committing them to writing, so when they perished, most of their religious teachings were lost. We do know that this festival was characterized as one of the four great "Fire Festivals" of the Celts. Legends tell us that on this night all the hearth fires in Ireland were extinguished and then re-lit from the central fire of the Druids at Tlachtga, 12 miles from the royal hill of Tara. This fire was kindled from "need fire" which had been generated by the friction of rubbing two sticks together, as opposed to more conventional methods (such as the flint-and-steel method) common in those days.11 The extinguishing of the fires symbolized the "dark half" of the year, and the re-kindling from the Druidic fires was symbolic of the returning life hoped for and brought about through the ministrations of the priesthood.
10.
What about sacrifices?
Animals were certainly killed at this time of year. This was the time to "cull" from the herds those animals which were not desired for breeding purposes for the next year. Most certainly, some of these would have been done in a ritual manner for the use of the priesthood.
11.
Were humans sacrificed?
Scholars are sharply divided on this account, with about half believing that it took place and half doubting its veracity. Caesar and Tacitus certainly tell tales of the human sacrifices of the Celts, but Nora Chadwick points out in her book "The Celts" that "it is not without interest that the Romans themselves had abolished human sacrifice not long before Caesar's time, and references to the practice among various barbarian peoples have certain overtones of self-righteousness. There is little direct archaeological evidence relevant to Celtic sacrifice."12 Indeed, there is little reference to this practice in Celtic literature. The only surviving story echoes the tale of the Minotaur in Greek legend: the Fomorians, a race of evil giants said to inhabit portions of Ireland before the coming of the Tuatha Dé Danann (or "people of the Goddess Danu"), demanded the sacrifice of 2/3 of the corn, milk and first-born children of the Fir Bolg, or human inhabitants of Ireland. The Tuatha Dé Danann ended this practice in the second battle of Moy Tura, which incidentally, took place on Samhain. It should be noted, however, that this story appears in only one (relatively modern) manuscript from Irish literature, and that manuscript, the "Dinnsenchus", is known to be a collection of fables. According to P.W. Joyce in Vol. 2 of his "Social History of Ancient Ireland", "Scattered everywhere through our ancient literature, both secular and ecclesiastical, we find abundant descriptions and details of the rites and superstitions of the pagan Irish; and in no place -- with this single exception -- do we find a word or hint pointing to human sacrifice to pagan gods or idols."13
12.
What other practices were associated with this season?
Folk tradition tells us of many divination practices associated with Samhain. Among the most common were divinations dealing with marriage, weather and the coming fortunes for the year. These were performed via such methods as ducking for apples and apple peeling. Ducking for apples was a marriage divination. The first person to bite an apple would be the first to marry in the coming year. Apple peeling was a divination to see how long your life would be. The longer the unbroken apple peel, the longer your life was destined to be.14 In Scotland, people would place stones in the ashes of the hearth before retiring for the night. Anyone whose stone had been disturbed during the night was said to be destined to die during the coming year.
13.
How did these ancient Celtic practices come to America?
When the potato crop in Ireland failed, many of the Irish people, modern descendants of the Celts, emigrated to America bringing with them their folk practices which were remnants of the Celtic festival observances.
14.
We in America view this as a harvest festival. Did the Celts also view it as such?
Yes. The Celts had 3 harvests. Aug 1, or Lammas, was the first harvest, when the first fruits were offered to the Gods in thanks. The Fall Equinox was the true harvest. This was when the bulk of the crops would be brought in. Samhain was the final harvest of the year. Anything left on the vines or in the fields after this date was considered blasted by the fairies ("pu'ka") and unfit for human consumption.
15.
Does anyone today celebrate Samhain as a religious observance?
Yes. Many followers of various pagan religions, such as Druidism and Wicca, observe this day as a religious festival. They view it as a memorial day for their dead friends and family, much as the mainstream US does the national Memorial Day holiday in May. It is still a night to practice various forms of divination concerning future events. It is also considered a time to wrap up old projects, take stock of one's life and initiate new projects for the coming year. As the winter season is approaching, it is a good time to do studying on research projects, and also a good time to begin handwork such as sewing, leatherworking, woodworking etc., for Yule gifts later in the year. And while "satanists" are using this holiday as their own, this is certainly not the only example of a holiday (or even religious symbols) being "borrowed" from an older religion by a newer one.
16.
Does this involve human or animal sacrifice?
Absolutely NOT! Hollywood to the contrary, blood sacrifice is not practiced by modern followers of Wicca or Druidism. There may be some people who think they are practicing Wicca by performing blood sacrificing but this is not condoned by reputable practitioners of today's neo-Pagan religions.
FOOTNOTES:
1. Tardo, Russell K., "What's Wrong with Halloween?", Faithful Word Publishers, (Arabi, LA, undated), p. 2
2. Rev. Patrick Dinneen, "An Irish-English Dictionary", (Dublin, 1927), p. 937
3. Malcolm MacLennan, "A Pronouncing and Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language", (Aberdeen, 1979), p. 279
4. "The Encyclopedia of Religion", ed. Mircea Eliade, "Halloween" by Primiano, (New York, 1987) pp. 176-177
5. Alwyn & Brinley Rees, "Celtic Heritage", (New York, 1961), p. 90
6. W.G. Wood-Martin, "Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland", Vol. II, (Port Washington, NY, 1902), p. 5
7. Kevin Danaher, "The Year in Ireland", (Cork, 1972), p. 214
8. Katherine Briggs, "Nine Lives: Cats in Folklore", (London,1980), p.5
9. Dr. Anne Ross, "Pagan Celtic Britain", (London,1967), p. 301-302
10. Wood-Martin, op. cit., p. 249
11. Rees & Rees, op. cit., p. 90
12. Nora Chadwick, "The Celts", (Harmondsworth, 1982), p. 151
13. P.W. Joyce, "A Social History of Ancient Ireland", Vol.2, (New York, 1968), pp. 282-283
14. Madeleine Pelner Cosman, "Medieval Holidays and Festivals", (New York, 1981), p. 81
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
* Bord, Janet & Colin, "The Secret Country", (London: Paladin Books, 1978)
* Briggs, Katherine, "Nine Lives, Cats in Folklore", (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980)
* Chadwick, Nora, "The Celts", (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1982)
* Coglan, Ronan, "A Dictionary of Irish Myth and Legend", (Dublin: 1979)
* Cosman, Madeleine Pelner, "Medieval Holidays and Festivals", (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981)
* Danaher, Kevin, "The Year in Ireland", (Cork, Ireland: The Mercier Press, 1972)
* Dinneen, Rev. Patrick S., M.A., "An Irish-English Dictionary", (Dublin: The Irish Texts Society, 1927)
* Joyce, P.W., "A Social History of Ancient Ireland", (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1968)
* MacCana, Proinsias, "Celtic Mythology", (London: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 1970)
* MacLennan, Malcolm, "A pronouncing and Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language", (Aberdeen: Acair and Aberdeen University Press, 1979)
* MacNeill, Maire', "The Festival of Lughnasa", (Dublin: Comhairle Bhealoideas Eireann, 1982)
* Powell, T.G.E., "The Celts", (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1980)
* Primiano, Leonard Norman, "Halloween" from "The Encyclopedia of Religion", ed. Mircea Eliade, (New York, McMillan Publiching Co., 1987)
* Rees, Alwyn and Brinley, "Celtic Heritage, Ancient Tradition in Ireland and Wales", (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1961)
* Ross, Dr. Anne, "Pagan Celtic Britain", (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967)
* Sharkey, John, "Celtic Mysteries", (New York: Thames & Hudson, 1975)
* Spence, Lewis, "British Fairy Origins", (Wellingborough: Aquarian Press, 1946)
* Squire, Charles, "Celtic Myth & Legend, Poetry & Romance", (New York: Newcastle Publishing Co., Inc., 1975)
* Toulson, Shirley, "The Winter Solstice", (London: Jill Norman & Hobhouse, Ltd., 1981)
* Wood-Martin, W.G., "Traces of the Elder Faiths of Ireland", Vols. I & II, (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1902)
Published by CultWatch Response, Inc., PO Box 1842, Colorado Springs, CO 80901-1842. This article may be reprinted only if it is not excerpted or abridged in any way except for review purposes. Permission to republish must be requested in writing from the author at the above address. Price: $1.00 each, 10/$8.00, over 100/$0.65 ea., other quantities available. All prices are postpaid.
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