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Shared Video Memory and Memory Bandiwidth Issues?
klystron2 asks: "Does shared video memory consume a huge amount of memory bandwidth? We all seem to know that a notebook computer with shared video/main memory will have performance drawbacks.... But what exactly are they? It's easy to see that the amount of main memory decreases a little bit, but that shouldn't make a big difference if you have 1GB of RAM. Does the video card trace through memory every time the screen is refreshed? Therefore consuming a ton of memory bandwidth? If this is the case then the higher the resolution and the higher the refresh rate, the lower the performance of the system, right? I have searched the Internet for an explanation on shared memory and have come up empty. Can anyone explain this?"
bandwidth is not going to be an issue unless you're saturating your bus. How many people can tell the difference between PC133 and PC2100 RAM?
I can -- but then I'm enough of a professional not to buy a sorry-ass eMachine at my local Walmart.
Besides the obvious penalty caused by the DAC, there should also be a minor improvement in applications where the CPU needs to have direct access to (physical) screen memory (older 2D games) or the GPU needs data stored in main memory (3D bitmaps). In the "standard setup" this would require data transfer from main memory to video memory (and vice versa) including the overhead of PCI/AGP synchronization.
Wrt. performance the benefits of a separated frame buffer outweigh those of shared memory, in my experience. I'm not sure if this is true as well wrt. the performance/power consuption ratio (use suitable definition), however. Especially when the (Dvi LCD/TFT) screen already has a frame buffer and VSync is only 20-40Hz. (Ditch GPU altogether?)
Anyone with ideas, data?
--
As far as we know, our computer has never had an undetected error -- Weisert
I can't say for current day laptops, but early ARM based Acorn computers had shared video and system memory. It did indeed suck bandwidth, which seems was a problem when it came to IO. If you set the resolution high enough, the screen would turn black while loading from disk, presumably so any incoming data from the drive doesn't get lost while the bus is in use by the video output. Fortunately, at the time, the OS and software in general didn't constantly suck at the disk, as is common today.
I presume today's bus speeds, processor caches and other buffers are sufficiently fast and large enough to share the memory without too much of a noticable effect...
Does the video card trace through memory every time the screen is refreshed? Therefore consuming a ton of memory bandwidth? If this is the case then the higher the resolution and the higher the refresh rate, the lower the performance of the system, right?
Yes. The pixels on the screen are read out every single frame time (i.e., 60 to 75 times each second). The DAC (Digital to Analog Convertor) must be fed the pixel data every time -- with video in main RAM, there is no other place to store this image data because the main memory is this buffer. The product of the frame rate, resolution, and color depth tells you how much bandwidth is consumed.
The exact performance impact is not easy to predict though. Where it gets tricky is with CPUs that have large L1, L2, and L3 caches. It is possible for the CPU to be running at 100% while the video is being read if the CPU is finding all the data and instructions in the cache. But if the CPU must access main RAM, then there will be competition.
Two wrongs don't make a right, but three lefts do.
But seriously, you may want to take a look at this Tom's Hardware article detailing the weaknesses of an integrated chip.
For those looking for the quick answer, I'll do my best to summarize. First off, since integrated graphics tend to be low cost solutions, transistor counts are nowhere near current add-in boards. From the article, Nvidia's FX5200 has 47 million transistors (FX5600=80 million and FX5900=130 million), while their onboard solution (equivalent to GeForce4 MX440) has only 27 million.
Then, there's the question of memory bandwidth. Dual channel DDR 400 has a peak of 6.4GB/s, which is shared, while an equivalent GeForce4 MX440 would have a dedicated 8GB/s.
Now, to your question. Does this consume a ton of bandwidth and affect performance? Well, that would all depend on what you're doing with it.
If you're running 3D games and the like, then both performance and bandwidth will be an issue and limit your framerates. Comparing the previous review and this review of add in boards, shows about a 25% reduction in framerate (at 1024x768) between an add in GeForce4 MX440 and an NForce2 integrated chipset in UT2003, and an almost 40% reduction in 3DMark 2001. Since the machines were not identical, don't take the numbers as gospel, but they were similar enough to make a meaningful comparison IMHO.
That being said, for normal 2D work, bandwidth utilization is negligible and shouldn't seriously impact performance as shown by this SysMark 2002 test. AFAIK, this doesn't take into account extremely intensive RAM->CPU loads, but I wouldn't expect results to vary significantly, since memory requirements for 2D work are relatively low.
Be warned though, that Tom's Hardware did note image quality issues with most of the integrated chips-which they theorized was the result oflow cost manafacturing, not a limit of the technology itself. This theory is bolstered by the fact that their low cost add in card (Radeon 9200) suffered the same problems.
...which had the Z80 CPU generating the video directly, leaving only interframe gaps for computing.
Since the greeblie had no interrupts and they were too lazy to quantise the BASIC interpreter so that they could run it in the interframe and still generate reasonably consistent sync pulses, the screen went away completely while programs ran. A modern monitor would go postal, faced with a constantly appearing/vanishing sync pulse train but TVs are kind of used to dealing with cruddy signals.
I think the Sinclair was branded a Timex in the UK.
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> I think the Sinclair was branded a Timex in the UK.
No, Timex sold the Sinclair ZX81 in North America. Sinclair Research Ltd. sold the Sinclair ZX81 in the UK. The US variant was named the Timex Sinclair 1000.
The Timex 1000 was pratically identical to the ZX81, except for a few changes on the circuitboard and a whopping 2K of RAM instead of the 1K that the ZX81 had.
Steve
Bzzt. Incorrect!
The ZX-80 suffered from that, but the ZX-81 could display and execute.
It also had a fast mode, so you could ignore the display and use the whole 3.5MHz for your app.
As described here
'twas the Sinclair ZX80 that blanked the screen when computing... the Sinclair ZX81 could maintain a display while computing because, as you say, it did the BASIC interpretation during the flyback.
Donald 'Duck' Dunn: We had a band powerful enough to turn goat piss into gasoline.
Later models came which so called FastRam, which wasn't affected by the slowdown, but caused all sorts of troubles, as programms couldn't deal with the fact that this RAM wasn't accessible by the grafic chips.
Those were the times, ... :-)
Let's say you're running a game at 1280 x 1024 * 32bit @ 75Hz.
1280 x 1024 x 32 x 75 = 3145728000 bits/second just to display
That's 375 Mb/s.
If you've got DDR 2700 memory, that's a peak rate of around 2540 Mb/s.
Therefore, the screen refresh alone is taking up 15% of your memory bandwidth.
You've also got to be drawing the screen every frame, let's say it'd doing this 25 times a second, and that the game you're playing had an average overdraw per pixel of 1.5 and it hits the z-buffer on average twice per pixel.
You've got 125Mb/s used up with the colour and 125Mb/s used up with z-buffer accesses (assuming 16bit buffer) that uses up 10% of your maximum data rate
Overall, then, a quarter of the maximum available bandwidth is being used by the video card.
I've got a couple of "junk" laptops that I like to play around with, but they keep getting less and less useful because I can't upgrade the memory.
They DO have the CPU capability and they run command-line Linux and NetBSD just fine, but throw X into the mix and they severely suck.
They still suck if I'm doing the X client on my main PIII desktop and only putting the X server on the laptop...it isn't a CPU issue. It's because of memory.
Funny I was just reading an article over on Tom's Hardware guide about that
The article benchmarks three different boards with integrated graphics solutions (Intel i865G , nForce2, & SIS 651) using both the integrated graphics hardware, and a $50 graphics card.
Unsurprisingly, in 3D applications, all have quite poor performance, only the nForce 2 system has acceptable performance with even older games at low resolution.
More important to your question, They also run comparative benchmarks using windows office applications, with both the integrated graphics, and the $50 card. The graphs clearly show, that there is no effective difference in performance, and that the benchmark results are largely CPU bound.
In concussion, I would not expect integrated graphics to hut general computing performance. Though I would of course check that the graphics performance is adequate, as it may not be possible to update in the future.
I remember the Sinclair 1000. My dad got one when I was young enough that I don't remember now how young I was. That was one suck-ass computer! It couldn't even run that stupid condor game at a speed that even remotely approached playability, and mind you, that was compared to machines which it was supposedly competing against.
It's sort of a fond memory, in the same sense that might "fondly" remember the first time you got sick from drinking to much...
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What we call "RAM" (Random Access Memory) really isn't all that good at random access.
When you read a location of RAM, the RAM chips have to read the entire row that location lives in. For a memory that is 256 million locations (where a location could be a bit, or a byte, or even a dword, depending upon the memory's layout), to read a location means loading 16 thousand locations into the sense amps of the chip.
Now, once you've fetched the data into the sense amps, reading the rest of the row out can happen much faster than that initial access.
CPUs tend to access things more or less sequentially when it comes to code (modulo jumps, calls, interrupts, and context switches), but data isn't quite as nice.
Video, on the other hand, is great from the DRAM controller's point of view - it can grab an entire row of data and shove it into the display controller's shift register. And wonder of wonders, the next request from the video refresh system is going to be the very next row!
So while video refresh does take bandwidth, in many ways driving the video controller is "cheaper" than feeding the CPU.
(the details in this post GREATLY simplified for brevity)
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In general, yes, shared memory sucks bandwidth. As others pointed out, the calculations are pretty straightforward (X * Y * #bytes/pixel * refresh rate = Bandwidth).
However, in today's systems it's FAR more complicated that this.
First, some older implementations, particularly the Intel 810, used a 4MB display cache. The net of this is that the display refresh was generally served from a secondary memory and didn't interfere with main memory bandwidth. As well, Intel used some technology Chips & Tech developed that basically did run-length encoded compression on the display refresh data (look right at your screen now, there's a LOT of white space, and RLL will shrink that substantially.)
Today most chip sets incorporate a small buffer for the graphics data and compression techniques to minimize the impact of display refresh on bandwidth.
But wait -- it gets even MORE complicated. With integrated graphics on the north bridge of the chip set, the memory controller in the chip set knows both what the CPU and what the graphics core want to access. So the chip set actually does creative scheduling of the memory accesses so that the CPU doesn't get blocked unless absolutely necessary. So most of the time the CPU is either getting its memory needs services by its own cache, or it's getting (apparently) un-blocked access to memory. So the impact of graphics is much less than the simple equation above would suggest.
Finally... we now have dual-channel memory systems. Even more tricks to keep the graphics and CPU memory accesses separate come into play here.
So, the short answer is yes, there's an impact, but it used to be much worse. Innovative design techniques have greatly reduced the impact so that in non-degenerate cases it doesn't affect the system too much. In a degenerate case of your app never getting cached and doing nothing but pound on the memory system with accesses, however, then you'll see the impact in line with the bandwidth equation above.
bandiwidth? :P
That must have been on an older version of the OS. The Amiga can prioritize memory allocation so that it uses FastRAM before ChipRAM without confusing applications. The only ChipRAM utilization on an Amiga would have to be for accesses to the chipset for gfx, built-in sound, and built-in I/O ports (serial, parallel, floppy, game ports). In such an environment ChipRAM can be thought of as dedicated video RAM as in a graphics card, but with the option of using it for regular program storage if you don't have enough (or any) fastRAM.
You say that every frame must be read out from main memory. This is true if the shared memory system has 0 memory (caching issues aside), but don't shared memeory systems have at least a single buffer to store at least the last frame? I mean, how much can 3 Meg of RAM cost these days (i.e. 1024 x 728 @ 32 bit)?
No, these systems have no separate frame buffer - main RAM is the buffer. Even when nothing is changing on the screen, the video subsystem is reading data at the full frame rate from RAM.
Although 3 MB of RAM chips might seem cheap, every component adds cost (most system designers try to minimize the total number of components). More importantly, space on the motherboard (especially in a laptop or miniATX) is a precious commodity. The most cost efficient and space efficient way to have 3 MB of video memory in a PC is to borrow it from the 256 MB DIMM that you will be putting in there anyway.
Borrowing from main RAM may incur a slight performance penalty, but the systems that use this approach are not sold for their performance. Low cost or extreme compactness drive the designer to avoid adding special video memory buffers. And with DDR RAM, the memory bandwidth is sufficently high to not cause too much of a performance hit.
Two wrongs don't make a right, but three lefts do.
Here in Oz, 't'was Sinclair.
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+1 Informative, that man!
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He is probely talking about an Amiga 500 which don't
normally don't have Fastram. Even the 512K Ram expansion were not real fastram. It were called slowram and had the performence of chipram, but were not accesable for the chipset. The worst of both words)
Martin Tilsted
That depended entirely on the chipset. The ECS chipset could access the entire 1Mb. The AGA chipset could access 2Mb. If my memory serves me correctly, that is. :)
with system memory is a cheap option for motherboard manufacturers and practically guarantees sub-standard performance since main memory is not nearly as fast as most, if not all, dedicated video memory.
I couldn't think of a sig.