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A History of Apple's Operating Systems

jpkunst writes "Amit Singh of kernelthread.com has written A History of Apple's Operating Systems. From the introduction: 'This document discusses operating systems that Apple has created in the past, and many that it tried to create. Through this discussion, we will come across several technologies the confluence of which eventually led to Mac OS X'."

33 of 334 comments (clear)

  1. Apple operating systems by n3m3sis · · Score: 4, Insightful

    While using unstable Windows 95 at home, I admired apple for creating stable operating systems such as Macintosh OS, which I used in my university. Yes I believe Apple has always been better at making OSs than microsoft

    1. Re:Apple operating systems by Lars+T. · · Score: 3, Insightful
      Odd, I always had Windows 95 crashing even when only one app was running, and have little problems running multiple apps on classic MacOS as long as I don't run anything from Microsoft or Netscape.

      The point about Win95 (and 98 isn't much better)is: is it the app crashing that corrupts the Protected Memory, or is it the OS killing itself.

      --

      Lars T.

      To the guy who modded me down from perfect to terrible Karma - Apple haters still suck

    2. Re:Apple operating systems by slycer9 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Remind me again how hard it was to rebuild desktops as opposed to all you had to do with Win95/98?
      Hello, Memmaker anyone?

      --
      Don't park drunk, accidents cause people.
    3. Re:Apple operating systems by n()_cHIEFz · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I'm sorry but I have to cry bullshit on this post. I work for the the IT department for a reasearch university in New Mexico (yea, laugh now but our U pulls in loads of reasearch money and we have one of the top Engineering schools in the country and we're in the top 50 in Computer Science) and we have widespread use of OS X, mainly in OS X Server but you would be surprised at the ammount our of sys admins running Macs with OS X (our entire NOC is running OS X as admin computers). It's a great combination of useablility (i.e. MS Office and UNIX Sys Admin tools nmap, ethereal, etc.) that just doesn't happen in the Windows environment. And yes, I realize you aren't talking about system administration, you are talking about end users.

      I'm not sure what types of software that you were running but they must have been extremely poorly written. I mean OS X crashing more than ME?!? Come on, give me a break, I don't recall ever seeing a BSOD on a OS X (maybe the swirl that never ends) but if you know anything about *NIX in general, you can kill -KILL (PID) any process that is causing problems. Your comparison of Max OS X in general to ME is almost absurd as ME is based on partly on technology from the old DOS days, where OS X has compatability with classic, but the underpinnings are not the same. A much better comparison would be NT/2000/XP to OS X, but even there the reliability is not the same.

      I personally have a Mac running panther, along with 2 PCs, one (sadly requied) running Windows XP and one running Linux. My current uptime (not max, which is 66 days) on my Mac is 34 days (the MAX uptime i've ever had on my XP machine is 22 days), and security reboots aside I've never had a crash, lockup or any other problem with OS X. I can't say the same for any Windows operating system I've ever run, although with XP my reboots are occuring with less frequency. And NO I'm not a Mac fanboy, I really prefer working on my Linux system, Mac comes in at a close second. And working in IT for 12 years, Mac's are, if not the easiest to deal with, they are close. No wonder you post as AC, but the fact that you're post was modded up shows that those with mod points are on crack.

      --
      -- Is it a right to remain ignorant? -- Calvin
    4. Re:Apple operating systems by NuzzleMySack · · Score: 5, Insightful

      As crappy as Win95 is, OS7 and 8 were a lot worse in terms of stability. I've never met a OS7 user who hasn't had to "rebuild his desktop" at least every other week.

      Well, let me introduce myself. I ran System 7 or 8 on my PowerMac 7100 for over 6 years and never rebuilt the desktop or had unexplained crashes. I kept my system folder very clean and avoided any exotic extensions (i.e. Now Utilities) that hacked the OS.

    5. Re:Apple operating systems by Gropo · · Score: 3, Insightful
      I think the operative word in his recollection is the word "was"... Indicating that we're talking Mac OS 7 or Mac OS 8, not OS X.

      Regardless, a well administered mid-90's Mac was still arguably more stable than the average Windows 95 machine, 'pseudo protected memory' be damned...

      --
      I hate Grammar Nazi's
    6. Re:Apple operating systems by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      > It was called Project Star Trek (where no Mac OS has gone before), and got as far as working code and a pitch to the the Board of Directors.
      >
      > The BoD turned it down.

      I wonder if that is true, that the BoD made the call. If so, that's kind of scary. After dealing with a few boards, and seeing the people who make them up, I don't have a whole lot of confidence in them. It seems to be mostly a gool-old-boy network, where you give them a a bunch of cash, and a lot of benefits, stock options, etc. And, they supposedly lend credibility and guidance to your company - but in reality don't do a whole lot.

      Most Board members have their own full-time gig, and a bunch of other outside projects. So, they don't do much beyond the couple of meetings per year. And, while they may be intelligent people in their field, they are often not anywhere near expert in the area the company is involved in. They are certainly less knowledgeable than many company employees who are immersed in the company business every day.

      Look at Apple's current board:

      Steve Jobs - Okay.
      Bill Campbell - Chairman Intuit. He's in software.. probably has useful input.
      Millard Drexler - Chairman/CEO J. Crew. He can give you tips on a cool pair of cargo pants. But x86 vs. PowerPC?
      Al Gore - Smart guy, but not expert in the field.
      Arthur Levinson - Chairman/CEO Genentech
      Jerry York - Chairman, President, and CEO Harwington Capital

      I'm sure the way it works is:
      - VP of R&D gives presentation
      - Board members ask a few questions to show they're involved
      - Steve Jobs makes his opinion known - loudly and aggressively
      - The other directors fall in line behind Jobs.

      (Okay, that was really venting.. you can see what my opinion of BoD's is.)

    7. Re:Apple operating systems by gobbo · · Score: 3, Insightful

      There's a fileserver/database host pizzabox mac I set up in 1998 for a network-noob arts collective that ran sans reboot for two years, daily (even weekend) moderate use, until a power failure forced the issue. Some dude just changed the jaz disks every couple of days. I used to check up on them but it just worked, and finally I checked back a couple of years ago and it still chugged along, only a few reboots over the 4 years.

      System 8.1, filemaker 4 solution with 45 related files and 600K+ records, and 20K+ word and excel and email files, a cheap old headless mac. Set that config up a few times over the years, for small organizations, a lifeline to them, hassle free and useful.

      When I tried the same thing three years ago with an old win98 box (not enough cpu muscle for Win2k, and no budget, nada, zero), well, let's just say that after getting a few frantic phone calls ['it just shut down' - 'why do the fonts suddenly look all funny'] I went out and got another crusty old mac to do the job, problem solved. Not bad for a non-server OS, when scaled down properly.

    8. Re:Apple operating systems by AmicoToni · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I think the simple idea behind the desktop file is actually pretty powerful, and mostly overlooked by contemporary implementations. The idea is that you have metadata (icons, etc.) contained in the file itself, which allows the metadata to be moved together with the file, but at the same time having efficiency while scanning because the same data is copied transparently in a central database (which can be rebuilt at will).

      On systems in which a similar approach is not used, either the metadata is not part of the file, or the individual files may have to be scanned for icons and other info quite often (*ahem-windows*), which may take a substantial time.

      A file systems in which metadata is handled as part of the file *but* transparently stored in a special way should ease the problem. I guess that's what the people at M$ are trying to do with Longhorn, among zillion other things.

  2. Newton OS by Ichijo · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I don't see it on the list.

    --
    Any sufficiently unpopular but cohesive argument is indistinguishable from trolling.
  3. Synopsis of history by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Apple started with a decent OS for the Mac, given the hardware at the time. No innovation to the kernel happened afterward throughout the nineties, resulting in the worst modern OS on the planet by MacOS 9. Steve Jobs comes back, identifies how aweful the OS is, and rightly abandons the horrible piece of software. Apple creates MacOS X to replace it out of Mach, and BSD, resulting in a decent OS.

  4. Re:Pity about the os9 GUI by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Alot of people don't understand the principle reasons for the GUI change. One was to make certain that people would see the distinction between the OS X and Classic modes. It was very important for Apple to get programmers to write native software that they make it very clear that the program they are using is not OS X native. Also, there was the necessity that older users be made constantly aware that this was a new OS and that it had very different capabilities. Apple wanted people to learn to use it differently. These are all really more important than the attractiveness of the UI. I really think they blew it on the way textures changed and a few other things. But, for the most part it is very good.

  5. Re:Plagiarism by Stubtify · · Score: 5, Insightful

    As an avid reader of macslash, and knowing how slow the site can be on a normal day of the week, do you really want a link on the frontpage of slashdot? I mean I know it came from macslash earlier this week, and so do you, I think for me thats enough.

  6. Re:Powerstack by ceejayoz · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Why do you foe people for your being stupid enough to not install Mozilla, Firefox, Opera, or the Google toolbar? /just sayin'

  7. Re:Powerstack by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

    It's the principle about it. Any Slashdot user that links to his popunder-laden site deserves to be marked as foe.

  8. Re:nothing special until OS X by Junior+J.+Junior+III · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I am far from screwed on a mouseless Windows box. In fact, I can navigate just about anything using the keyboard. The keyboard in windows can be made to do anything the mouse can, if you know how. And often does so with greater speed and precision, especially if you're computing on a surface that is poorly suited to mousing.

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  9. OS X is a natural progression by Qweezle · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Hey, I loved OS 9 too, and even the older Mac OS' got my heart beating fast.

    But I mean, OS X just has to be the next step. There's only so much Apple could have improved OS 9. I do VERY much agree with some here about the way OS 9 looked, I like it as much as/more than I like the look of OS X. If Windows XP is the "Playschool" interface, then OS X is the "Mattel" interface.

    I really, really wish Apple would provide ways to completely skin the OS from System Preferences, such as making it look like OS 9 while keeping the features set. That would be nice. Even though some programs now can do that, I'd love Apple to do it.

    In the future I can only see good things for Apple. And who knows, maybe they will get closer and closer to integrating Linux, though BSD isn't a bad option as it stands.

    1. Re:OS X is a natural progression by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      > But I mean, OS X just has to be the next step.

      I'm sure that pun was intended! ;-)

      I don't really dislike the interface of OS X, it's the behaviors that bug me. Too much was changed from OS 9 for no good reason, e.g. using the "Control" key for all kinds of stuff instead of the "Command" key, filename extensions, mid-filename '...' abbreviations, leaving out labels, etc.

      The Finder windows in OS 9 were MUCH more understandable and consistent. Apple really should have kept the 'file browser' as a separate app instead of trying to integrate it into the Finder.

  10. Re:Powerstack by iminplaya · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Popups? What are those?

    Signed,
    Happy Mozilla user

    --
    What?
  11. Re:Pity about the os9 GUI by Bishop · · Score: 4, Insightful

    This highlights one of the problems I have with KDE GNOME. Both projects had the misguided idea that a gui that looked like Windows would be easier for users switching from Windows. Ofcourse the opposite is true. If a gui looks like Windows users are going to expect it to act exactly like Windows. When the behaviour is a little different users get frustrated and confused. It would be far better to have a completely different UI that is userfriendly.

    That said, I am not sure that Apple switched the UI for reasons of useability. There are so many UI mistakes in OSX compared to MacOS9 that I not sure if Apple was ever thinking about good UI when designing OSX. ;-)

  12. Re:nothing special until OS X by base3 · · Score: 3, Insightful
    3 -- Built-in command-line-interface. There's nothing I hate more than being slave to my mouse. If your Windows mouse doesn't work, you're screwed. Try navigating and performing normal tasks with only the keyboard. . . .

    CTRL-ESC R CMD works fine for me. Windows was originally designed to follow the IBM CUA guidelines, which required that the UI could be operated mouseless. Certainly, some apps stray from that, but you'd be amazed at what you can do in Windows, even today, with only the keyboard shortcuts.

    --
    One CPU cycle wasted on digital restrictions management is ONE TOO MANY.
  13. Re:Plagiarism by damiam · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Slashdot didn't steal this from MacSlash any more than CBS "steals" news from ABC. Something happened, both sites report on it. The article submitters are two different people who wrote two different summaries. What the fuck are you ranting about?

    --
    It's hard to be religious when certain people are never incinerated by bolts of lightning.
  14. Steve, is that you? by Gorimek · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Really, don't be surfing Slashdot when you have two companies to run!

    In reality, Steve Jobs came back as part of the deal when Apple bought Next. So his return didn't start the move for a new OS, it was a side effect of the end result of it.

    1. Re:Steve, is that you? by raga · · Score: 2, Insightful

      IMHO, neither Scully nor Amelio had a vision of where to take a company like Apple. All they did was produce 15 different desktop models, each different from the other in trivial ways. I.e., they treated Apple as a hardware company, and let software development go down the drain. Weren't they stuck on OS7 for 6 years? (they did dabble in Copelan/Talligent etc. but for whatever reason seemed to lack focus in getting it to market)

      OpenDoc was perhaps the only thing I'd consider worthwhile that was happening those days. However, it too was canned due to a lack of developer's confidence in Apple's ability to pull it off. There were also rumblings of MS (behind the scenes) killing OpenDoc because it was going to compete with OLE (the great-grandpapa of AvtiveX)

      Given that Apple's strength has always been software (plus making some cool expensive hardware to run said software), it is not difficult to figure out why Apple started to flounder under JS and GA.

      Jobs may be a megalomanic and an egotist (and ten other things that you may care to add), but not giving him credit for having a vision for Apple is letting personal biases get in the way of an objective analysis of the data.

      cheers- raga

  15. Re:Powerstack by iminplaya · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I saw it. I was just trying (ineptly apparrently) to be funny. Save yourself some frustration, and turn off the warning thingy. Sometimes ignorance can be very blissful.

    --
    What?
  16. Re:nothing special until OS X by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

    Networking, file sharing, and printing

    They all Just Work for me. Maybe the problem is, that you Just Don't Know What You're Doing.

  17. Re:Pity about the os9 GUI by idiotnot · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I get nostalgic, too -- here's proof. But using OS9 is just so painful in other ways, it's not worth it anymore. The biggest thing I can say is that OS9 is much better if you don't have a hi-res monitor. My toilet-seat iBook was fine at 800x600 under OS9, but a royal pain under OSX. I replaced it with a newer one mainly for that reason.

  18. Re:MkLinux by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    For that reason, there still is no low-level bootloader if you want to run NetBSD or any other freenix on classic Mac hardware. The NetBSD on my SE/30 boots out of a little vestigal MacOS app, which auto-runs after MacOS loads.

    There probably never will be such a bootloader, because the startup code is built into the ROM. The classic Macs MUST start Mac OS, the boot code is hard-wired. The only way around it is to pull the ROM off the logic board and replace it with something of your own.

    For that reason, it's much easier to write a simple start-up app that boots into Linux/*BSD from Mac OS.

  19. Re:Pity about the os9 GUI by llin · · Score: 2, Insightful

    There are plenty of retro themes out there. I've personally found Max Rudbergs's themes to be some of my favorites. Check out his Rhapsodized and Classic Platinum skins at his site.

    MacThemes.net is a good site w/ both theme reviews, news, and links to theming software.

  20. Mistakes in OS X v OS 9? by wfolta · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Most of the "mistakes" I've read about boil down to simply operating differently.

    Remember, the OS 9 GUI was originally designed for a uni-tasking computer with a tiny screen. It was brilliant. But over the years, more and more features were welded on, Frankenstein-style and it ended up being inconsistent and unwieldy. Curmudgeons now bitterly complain that it was better, but it sucked in so many ways...

    For example, the Apple menu which became the dumping grounds for anything that didn't fit elsewhere. It was originally meant to be a place where mini-applets resided to provide you with a tiny bit of multitasking. (The calculator, Chooser, etc.) And let's not even mention that the Apple menu could change on a per-program basis even though it was supposed to be independent of the currently-running program.

    How about the File menu which is featured in every program and mostly contains functions that don't have anything to do with files, or even the program in which it is featured. Then we have the much-vaunted Finder which does things absolutely inconsistent with all other apps. (I.e. CMD-N creates a new folder, not a new window/document.)

    How about another OS 9 Finder gem: go to one window and select some files, go to another ans select some more files. Guess, what, the files in the first window are no longer selected. Would you put up with this in any other app? NO. You'd complain about Apple's GUI guidelines, and rightly so.

    But OS 9's GUI has achieved sacred status in the minds of the inflexible and so you can't argue with them.\

    (The most prominent curmudgeon is the Applelinks guy, who has become a parody of himself with all of his protestations about being a MacOS X guru yet wanting his old kludgy and inconsistent OS 9 back. Sort of like the sports "expert" who complains about the end zone in baseball. He bitterly complained about performance for a long time, but it turns out he had all kinds of "haxies" to make OS X look like OS 9, then he ran in a tiny partition without enough RAM.)

    1. Re:Mistakes in OS X v OS 9? by wfolta · · Score: 2, Insightful
      Please, the inconsistencies were relatively minor considering the history. I mean, a menu which is overloaded and an inconsistent keyboard shortcut isn't exactly world shattering.
      Please, just because I list three or four does not mean that there are only three or four. I could list many more, but I thought I could make my point my listing a few that OS-9-ers insist are broken by OS X when in fact they were fixed.
      Just because you only use five applications for your work, doesn't mean that I shouldn't use thirty regularly.
      Ooo, hoo, hoo, who made you so smart? Just goes to show that all curmudgeons are the same. They all apparently assume that they've been using MacOS longer and that they use it harder than anyone else. (You forgot to use the standard curmudgeon terminology, "production work" to show you're a professional and I'm not.)

      I doubt that you're interested in facts, but just in case, I've been using MacOS since my original Mac SE. I make my living on a Mac doing video editing, music, special effects, etc. Some of my coworkers are PC users and are always amazed by how many programs and windows I have open at any one time.

      The same goes for the dock. You can only lock down one side, which means that either your regular apps will move or your trashcan will
      Awww... And MacOS 9's solution of having the trashcan on the desktop -- where it's either inaccessible or you have to warp your style to make sure it's always visible -- is better? I don't trash stuff often enough that a moving (but always visible) trashcan bothers me. In fact most of the time, I CMD-DEL and don't even bother with the drag.

      I'm not saying that MacOS X is perfect. But the "All bow to MacOS 9, the high point of UI for all eternity" chant really bugs me. OS X simply has fewer flaws for modern, multi-tasking usage. And most of the "broken" things are holdovers from the 9-inch-screen days.

      (How about another example of "broken" from a MacOS 9 viewpoint: clicking on a single window of an app doesn't bring all of its windows to the front. Annoying at first. (Annoying always for an OS9 bigot.) But how many times was I hamstrung on OS 9 trying to use, say, drag-n-drop when everything pops to the front, obscuring your target? In MacOS X, you can still get the old behavior in multiple ways, but OS 9 offers no alternatives to get the new behavior.)

    2. Re:Mistakes in OS X v OS 9? by wfolta · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The level of problems in OS X that I talked about is much more serious IMHO because you can't really adapt to them.

      Or more precisely, you (and other vocal critics) can't adapt to them. Many of us are doing just fine. While each OS 9 problem is not "world-shattering" there were so many layered on one another that it adds up. As you say, you get used to it and move on, but of course many people got used to DOS and moved on. The question is how inconsistent and warped is the result?

      The old one was not broken in the OS 9 (since it is suitable to a spatial Finder), but it would be broken in the OS X Finder.

      I'm not saying the old shortcut was totally broken in the context of the old Finder. I'm saying that the old Finder's shortcut worked differently from CMD-N in every app I've ever used and is thus broken in the context of the MacOS GUI.

      And that's the problem that OS 9 lovers miss: it was inconsistent in dozens of ways because it was a Frankenstein's monster, hacked together from various body parts over the years. Sure you adapt. But that's a far cry from being well-designed.

      I never claimed that using more apps makes me smarter, better or whatever.

      OK, I'll skip humorour references. (It was a quote from The Princess Bride.) You weren't implying you were smarter, but you did immediately leap to the conclusion that I must surely be using fewer windows/apps than you. This is the kind of bias I've encountered again and again from MacOS 9 advocates.

      Yes, the Dock is sub-optimal for managing dozens of windows/folders, though not applications. I can't think of an OS 9 alternative that was better. Two programs that were must-haves under OS9 and still are in OS X: 1) Drag Thing, and 2) Default Folder.

      Then you have a static target, in the most accessible place (just give the cursor a sweep to the corner), that doesn't take unnecessary screenspace. Give users the option of linking docks and they can do the same thing they do now. Unfortunately, after so many years, the dock is still one monolitic app.

      If you rarely use it, being a static target doesn't matter much. It's frequently-used things that need to rely on muscle memory. (Now that you've brought it up, it's another Finder inconsistency in OS 9: Undo. Who would buy an application with no Undo? Yet the almighty pre-OSX Finders had none. OS X has added this, making at least some trips to the trashcan unnecessary.)

      The Dock is not perfect. That's why I use it for absolute-must-have apps and managing running apps and some windows, but have Drag Thing for managing most (non-running) apps and documents. What gets me is how you can so vociforously criticize MacOS X for an incompletely-implemented feature, while praising OS 9 which is a no-show in that area.

      True, but it's the modern backend that makes up for the crappy interface. There is very little progress on the user-interface front (one step forward, two steps back).

      It's actually more like five steps forward and two back. It boils down to this: you had twisted yourself around OS 9's dozens of inconsistencies, limitations, and bugs and it worked well for you. OS X has fixed most of those (five steps forward) but broken two or three of your favorite things so you trash it.

      I could probably list pages of OS 9 limitations and inconsistencies. You would just look at each one and say, "not world-shattering". But the sum of them is world-shattering and OS X makes OS9 look more like Windows 3 by comparison.

      In that example, what's broken is not that all windows move to the front (which is perfectly appropriate when windows are related, which is often the case), but that there is no easy way to navigate between windows when you have a selection.

      Actually, it is broken. The direct manipulation metaphor says that when you click on something, you are selecting t

  21. Re:I'd believe it. by HeghmoH · · Score: 3, Insightful

    It may be Jobs's fault, but in any case, the issue is moot. The choice is not between Aqua and the Classic look-and-feel. The choice is between Jobs and OS X or a dead-in-the-water Apple still making incremental upgrades to OS 9 and getting less relevant by the second. Regardless of Jobs's faults, he did save the company, and I prefer a modern OS with a good GUI to an ancient OS made by a dead company with a great GUI.

    Although, for me, I prefer OS X in every way except for the Finder, including appearance and interface. It might help that I studiously avoid Carbon apps (except for the Finder). And of course I like UNIX, which helps. But on the rare occasion that I boot back into OS 9, I feel very constrained and limited.

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