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Scientists Creating Life From Scratch

Rubberbando writes "MSNBC is running a story about bioengineering organisms to do specific tasks such as produce hydrogen or ethenol. It also goes into the risks and ethical issues of playing with this sort of science. Some of the scientists involved are saying it's more of an art instead of a science due to its 'biohacking' style of experimentation."

52 of 355 comments (clear)

  1. Becoming a god by helioquake · · Score: 3, Insightful

    This type of biological research convinces me firmly that
    the intelligent design (ID) is just another horse crap
    made up by humans. The base of ID's claim lies on the belief
    that the design of some rudimentary living organisms are
    just too complex to be built by accident. Hence
    some higher intelligence -- beyond human intelligence --
    must be involved in creating such organisms. But now, we
    are stepping closer to make one on our own. What does that
    say about humans? Are we becoming a god?

    No. It's all about perception. From our point of view, some
    things may look too complex to be formed accidentally. But
    as science advances, our perception does evolve (or should).
    If our society continues to exist (not sure if that happens
    in Kansas or in Bill Frist's home, but let's not go there),
    then what it seems an impossible task may not be so impossible
    any more.

    Well, that's my opinion and I'm sticking to it.

    1. Re:Becoming a god by jarich · · Score: 4, Funny
      Well, that's my opinion and I'm sticking to it.

      Good for you! That's following the scientific method! Keep that mind closed up tight! ;)

    2. Re:Becoming a god by Chosen+Reject · · Score: 3, Insightful
      The base of ID's claim lies on the belief that the design of some rudimentary living organisms are just too complex to be built by accident

      I'm not saying anything for or against ID, but if they claim it couldn't happen by accident, then humans doing it on purpose doesn't really disclaim that.

      -1 Faulty logic.

      --
      Stop Global Warming!
      Just say no to irreversible processes!
    3. Re:Becoming a god by Nuclear+Elephant · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This type of biological research convinces me firmly that the intelligent design (ID) is just another horse crap made up by humans. The base of ID's claim lies on the belief that the design of some rudimentary living organisms are just too complex to be built by accident.

      The fallacy in your statement is in the fact that these organisms weren't merely created by accident - they were intelligently created by scientists in a lab. So the fact that this occurred only reinforces the supposition that it could not, in fact, happen on accident. As far as the supernatural beings requirement, manufacturing simple organisms is one thing, but we are still infinitely far off from being able to manufacture another human (at least without a few beers and some luther vandross). Put simply: they just proved intelligent design could occur.

    4. Re:Becoming a god by nharmon · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Thats funny, because the article doesn't mention anything about creating life accidentally or in a manner than could occur in nature. On the contrary, it mentions that the scientists are "mixing, matching and stacking DNA's chemical components like microscopic Lego blocks in an effort to make biologically based computers, medicines and alternative energy sources."

      If anything, this solidifies intelligent design's viability as an alternate theory. After all, this new life was INTELLIGENTLY DESIGNED!

    5. Re:Becoming a god by AKAImBatman · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Or it could be that you didn't read the article, thus you don't realize that this isn't really "From Scratch." In fact, you probably don't realize that the article talks about injecting custom DNA into a pre-existing organism.

      The true test of creating new life "from scratch" is still not even close to coming to frutition.

      But don't let that stand in the way of a good rant. We all love a good rant. :-)

    6. Re:Becoming a god by thc69 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Not that I am a big supporter of ID (especially the now common lobbying that it be taught as/instead of science)-- I prefer to believe in evolution, but by your argument, this offers support for ID, not against it.

      See, by your logic, this proves that intelligence can brew life from no life...thereby supporting ID.

      Tangent: Personally, I've never understood why science and religion must be at odds. Why can't one's deity be the one who caused these scientific laws and phenomena, and either nudged evolution a little bit here and there or maybe just planned it all in the beginning (like writing a program, or planning a chess game ahead) and set it loose?

      --
      Procrastination -- because good things come to those who wait.
    7. Re:Becoming a god by perly-king-69 · · Score: 3, Insightful
      Feed the troll? You ARE the troll!

      Man invented God, not the other way round. That's intelligent design.

      --

      --
      This sig is inoffensive.

    8. Re:Becoming a god by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

      Oh great, that means that for unknown millenia there has been a deity sitting somewhere listening to complaints on war, famine, disease, etc and saying: "thats not a bug, its a feature"?

    9. Re:Becoming a god by ozmanjusri · · Score: 2, Insightful

      wouldn't this be evidence for intelligent design? I mean, if we can create an organism, why couldn't some higher being?

      The suggestion that some theoretical higher being could create life was never in dispute. What is in dispute is whether the higher being exists.

      Showing that humans can create life demonstrates that, while God may have created life, (s)he is not necessary for its creation.

      --
      "I've got more toys than Teruhisa Kitahara."
    10. Re:Becoming a god by rinkjustice · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Tangent: Personally, I've never understood why science and religion must be at odds. Why can't one's deity be the one who caused these scientific laws and phenomena, and either nudged evolution a little bit here and there or maybe just planned it all in the beginning (like writing a program, or planning a chess game ahead) and set it loose?

      Science helps us understand how God did it. I believe God will never break a law of the Universe. Why should He?

    11. Re:Becoming a god by wildchild978 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      fairly succinct, except you omitted the conclusion jumping that people will make regarding "creating life" when all they're really doing is manipulating pre-existing life. Analogy: I have five mates with five computers, all built at the computer factory. I take one mate's mother-board, PSU and case. One mate's CPU and RAM, one mate's HDD and CDROM, ones monitor, keyboard and mouse, and my last mates video-card and all the required cables. I then release a press statement saying I've created a computer from scratch. In reality I've done nothing of the kind. Rather, I've ripped my mate's computers apart and assembled my own out of their spare parts. All without acknowledging the computer factory that built the five other computers.

  2. Don't they listen?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    Why have these scientists not heeded the dire warnings of Jeff Goldblum? You cannot control your creations! Life finds a way!

    Their "science" and "bacteria" are going to cause random plot-convenient sex changes and bloody dismemberment of lawyers!!!
     
    ...well okay actually maybe this isn't going to be so bad

    1. Re:Don't they listen?? by uberdave · · Score: 3, Funny

      ... and bloody dismemberment of lawyers!!!

      You say that as if it's a bad thing.

  3. Misleading Title by AKAImBatman · · Score: 4, Informative

    FYI, the title is incorrect. There is no "from scratch" component to the life. What they're doing is building custom DNA, then injecting it into a living cell.

    1. Re:Misleading Title by braindead · · Score: 2, Informative

      You're right, the only problem with the summary is a problem of semantics. That is, the title says something that is not true, because it uses a word that has the wrong meaning (semantics=the meaning of language).

      Another way of saying the same thing would be that everything is wrong with the summary. After all, this is text we're talking about; isn't meaning the whole point?

    2. Re:Misleading Title by kfg · · Score: 2, Insightful

      No, not really. Based on the title I was hoping for a story on synthetic abiogenesis.

      Life truely from scratch is the, ummmm, "Holy Grail" of the life sciences. The true uncharted territory.

      This is just another story about genetic engineering.

      KFG

    3. Re:Misleading Title by hackwrench · · Score: 5, Funny

      A group of scientists decided that mankind had advanced far enough that they no longer needed God. So they drew straws, and the loser went to find God. When he found Him, he dithered a bit, made some small talk about the weather, and finally came out with it.
      "OK, look God," he said, "We've mastered space exploration, we can cure any disease, we can talk instantaneously with people around the world, we can clone human beings; basically, we don't need you any more."
      God listened patiently. Finally He spoke.
      "Tell you what," He said. "We'll settle this with a man-making contest. Each of us will make a man, and the first one to finish wins."
      "Sure," said the man, who headed off to consult with his colleagues.
      "Wait a minute," called God.
      The man turned.
      "We're going to do this the real way; the way I did it in the beginning."
      "No problem," responds the man, bending down to grab a handful of clay.
      "No, no, no," says God. "You get your own dirt."

    4. Re:Misleading Title by digidave · · Score: 3, Funny

      In order to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first create the universe.

      - Carl Sagan

      --
      The global economy is a great thing until you feel it locally.
    5. Re:Misleading Title by Tony+Hoyle · · Score: 2, Insightful

      This is 'life from scratch' in the same sense that writing a plugin for firefox is 'creating a browser from scratch'.

      It would be interesting to try to argue your way around the GPL using that reasoning ('yes your honour I wrote it from scratch using two existing GPL programs that I put together, so the GPL doesn't apply').

      The case might last, um... 15 seconds..?

  4. Biohacking by daeley · · Score: 5, Funny

    Scientist #1: I am teh l33t bi0hax0R!!!!1111!lol!!!

    Scientist #2: LOL j00 r bi -- ur teh ghey!!!

    Scientist #1: STFU, n00b!111!

    --
    I watched C-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhauser gate.
  5. I am going to sue by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    I hold rights to all life and I will see you in court.

    God

    1. Re:I am going to sue by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      I hold rights to all life and I will see you in court.
       
      God


      Yea right, like you have any lawyers up there!

  6. Hmm by MadJoy · · Score: 2, Insightful

    As I understand it, it's trying to make it into more of a science, where previously it had lacked order and had merely been creative guessing which genes to put where. Seems like a much better method to me - start from the most basic (well, almost most basic... genes -> nucleotides -> atoms -> quarks... but you get the gist) elements and put them together building-block style. Go modern science.

  7. Title misleading? by Swamii · · Score: 5, Insightful
    The article states,
    Though scientists have been combining the genetic material of two species for 30 years now, their work has remained relatively simplistic.

    Combining the genetic material of different species, I think we can all agree, is hardly creating life from scratch.
    --
    Tech, life, family, faith: Give me a visit
    1. Re:Title misleading? by MadJoy · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Yes, but now they're going beyond that. They're trying to synthetically combine nucleotides of genetic material together in new ways. No more simple two species transactions, but a genuine "synthetic" approach to creating NEW genes.

  8. Creating life? by ryanr · · Score: 4, Funny

    Are they using the intelligent design method, or the waiting around to see what happens on its own method?

  9. We build organisms by mutations all the time by WillAffleckUW · · Score: 4, Insightful

    in fact, my job is to record all the data from hundreds, well tens of thousands, of such mutations, sometimes only in one small section of the exact same original organism or protein.

    and then we crank out thousands of colonies for each of these, or at least we hope we do.

    So, from my viewpoint, the concept of manufacturing an organism to crank out oil needs to be thought thru quite a bit - what if it harvests not just the biowaste of corn husks but starts eating grasses and other plant life? what if it hybridizes or mutates (there is solar radiation and chemical interference and ingestion) and loses its species-specific behavior - as bioengineered rice did in China and India when it hybridized with nearby "wild" rice crops due to their farming practices and this thing called nature (wind, storms, excessive rainfall, seeds falling out during transport ....).

    Be careful what you wish for - sure you may be able to make a plant that creates oil, but it may end up turning your front yard from grass into sludge, or attack your food crops.

    It's happened before, and that's one of the joys of biochemistry - biological processes change and adapt and mutate and it's always fascinating in this multiply interdependent bio system we live in.

    Now, if you want to experiment on Mars or in space colonies inside large asteroids, be my guest. But we live here. Just because you can do something doesn't mean you need to do something right now...

    --
    -- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
    1. Re:We build organisms by mutations all the time by feltmarskalk · · Score: 2, Insightful

      If the project isn't plagued by haste, and takes its time it is able to address som important issues at hand:

      For humanity and science to grow beyond our current technology, we need viable powersources. I regard fossile fuel like a "rocket booster", when it runs out, we need something to keep us "airborne", technologywise. Fusion technology looks exciting and is supposed to be selfsufficient before long, but if we fail, a backup plan might be useful.

      And another thing, antibiotics are falling behind in the race for our health. If (when) it does so completely, one thing that stands between us and the diseases is evolution, an armsrace between our natural defences and the bacteria. Since we've avoided it for so long, we got a lot of catching up to do. The alternative might to create medicine which can catch up on itself. But all of this should be distant future, so ethics are able to grow alongside.

      --
      In Soviet Norway, the møøse bites you.
    2. Re:We build organisms by mutations all the time by ryanr · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You mean like Ebola mutating into another species ... um, sure, that worked really well ...

      Oh? Did we give up and all die off already?

    3. Re:We build organisms by mutations all the time by WillAffleckUW · · Score: 3, Interesting

      a more reasonable plan might be the a hybrid between the Euro model of lower consumption and increased non-fossil fuel usage - where they are moving to 20 percent wind/solar/biofuel usage by 2012 (and half way there) and expanding use of lower energy cost high speed trains instead of planes and better transit - and the US model of expanding energy supply.

      We could easily migrate to expanding wind farms and solar farms and biofuel usage - storing stored energy via catalysis (H20 to H2 and O2) in fuel cells for some vehicle usage, maybe thru a farm electrification process where they put up wind turbines or solar arrays and use that to fill up fuel cells, with existing hydro and fission nuclear as well [note coal to fuel cell transfer ratios are much worse than the ones i mentioned so i skipped them - use coal for direct electricity or heat instead]. Then phase in hybrids and fuel cell trucks/SUVs/etc over time, removing current inefficient tax credits for inefficient vehicles - allowing the market to shape demand by not subsidizing dead-end technology that gets lousy mpg too.

      But that would be smart.

      Fusion is underway in France. But it's always 10-20 years in the future for commercial usage - and has been since I was born in 1960.

      --
      -- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
    4. Re:We build organisms by mutations all the time by WillAffleckUW · · Score: 2, Informative

      This is extremely unlikely to happen. Different plant species have different proteins and biochemicals, and an organism tailored to deal with the product of one plant is not going to be effective at dealing with those of others. This is why parasitic organisms and infective bacteria, viruses and fungi are so specific to particular species.

      No, that's not true. For example, we find Leishmania using canines (dogs) as a reservoir for infection, and then infecting humans.

      Cross-species parasitic organisms are fairly common, as a recent work by some European scientists in France and the UK said, with a publication date of 2005, and unpredicatable results can happen even by removing quail from a parasitic ecosystem, as many parasites have multiple hosts in their life cycles, including backup or reserve (temporary/seasonal) hosts.

      So, I disagree. It only needs to utilize the other plants and metabolize enough to survive until it gets to its desired or sufficiently optimal source, but that won't stop it's behavior, especially if it's a primitive organism.

      Now, virii or bacteria, those tend to be more specific, but the literature shows that they are much more adaptable than you may think on surface inspection, especially with mutations due to unexpected cross-breeding (including the original non-bioengineered organism).

      --
      -- Tigger warning: This post may contain tiggers! --
  10. Who do they think they are? by uncoveror · · Score: 2, Funny

    Creating life from scratch? Who do they think they are? Darth Plagueis perhaps?

    --
    The Uncoveror: It's the real news.
  11. stuff by lovebyte · · Score: 4, Informative

    Making stuff is the big deal. Most chemicals are made from petrol nowadays and the chemical companies are searching for a way out of this dependency on petrol. One way is plants (as raw material) + bacteria(for their enzymatic reactions). Quite a few microbiology labs are now working in discovery, selection and bio-engeneering of bacteria for this very purpose. Personally, I think the discovery part is very important since we know close to nothing about the biodiversity of bacteria. A number I heard recently is that 70% of the biomass of this planet is made of bacteria, and most of them live in the ground and are very difficult to isolate and study and thus mostly unknown. Look up metagenomic in google for more info.

    --

    I'll do it for cheesy poofs.

  12. IMHO by fanblade · · Score: 3, Interesting

    It's only an ethical problem if scientists create something that has free will. That is, something that can make decisions using a "mind" as well as a brain. If someone succeeded in doing that, then they would have to treat the life as a person, not an animal. The mind (by definition) cannot be explained by science, and I doubt we will ever be able to create that, no matter how perfectly a brain could be developed or free thought mimicked.

    Of course, some people believe that animals deserve the same treatment as humans, but that's another topic.

    1. Re:IMHO by braindead · · Score: 2, Interesting

      OK, so it's only an ethical problem if the thing has free will (which you call a "mind"). The question remains, how do we know it has free will?

      And please don't say that we can't detect the mind, so we should treat everything as not having free will and therefore we can do as we please.

  13. science by spazomatic · · Score: 3, Interesting

    My whole theory is, if there was an intelligent designer who created us, which I doubt, then he created us with the capability to do such things as this. If he did not want us doing stuff like this, wouldn't he have designed us so as it was impossible for us to do such things? Perhaps God didn't create us to be his children, perhaps he is old and tired and created us to be his replacement

  14. Deep theory of biology by amightywind · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Some of the scientists involved are saying its more of an art instead of a science due to its 'biohacking' style of experimentation.

    Much of biological science consists hacking, trial and error, dubious statistics, and manipulating life with cheap tricks and without deep understanding. I'm glad to hear scientists call as such. Given the daunting complexity of the subject matter, it is not surprising. But I wonder if there is there a deeper 'theory' of biology analogous to least action principles in physics, that could be illuminated by mathematics? Any biochemists or geneticists care to comment?

    --
    an ill wind that blows no good
    1. Re:Deep theory of biology by k98sven · · Score: 2, Insightful

      "We do not have a model which reliably predicts some of the most simple chemical reactions, much less those in biochemistry."

      That may have been true 30 years ago, but it's not now. In fact, we can predict the dynamics of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, and metabolism. The hard part about predicting these systems is that _there are so many components_.

      No, it is still correct today. E.g. the Arrhenius equation describes the dynamics of most chemical reactions. That doesn't mean it describes the actual reaction mechanism.

      Yes, you can predict the dynamics of those few (but central) processes that have been studied. But that's something different to what I was talking about. That's a situation where you know the what the component does and are wondering about the how of how they all interact together.

      What I was talking about is the prediction of the what and not the how. For instance, given a DNA sequence for an enzyme, you cannot predict its structure. (yet)

      And even given the structure, you cannot predict the function an enzyme. (ab initio, anyway. Homology comparisons can help do it of course. But since we're talking 'deep understanding' here, I take it to mean ab initio)

      We can't know the mechanism offhand either. In fact, some of the most well studied enzymes in existance still have unknown reaction mechanisms. You can't predict how the enzyme will interact with any given substrate.

      So basically, what I'm said and am saying now is that there is absolutely no way you can build an ab-initio model of a cell in the forseeable future.

      That doesn't mean that you can't make abstractions and make simplified models which are useful. But you cannot make an ab-initio model based on physics, which is what I was talking about.

      Now, if you can tell me a non-empirical model which will accurately provide information about chemical reaction kinetics, I'd like to know about it. Because that's what I do research in.

    2. Re:Deep theory of biology by k98sven · · Score: 2, Informative

      Ab initio calculations are limited to ~200 atoms.

      Less even. Largest our group has done is about 120.

      The current solution to that problem is to use a hybrid Quantum Mechanic / Molecular Mechanic (QM/MM) method that only uses ab initio calculations for the atoms located near the catalytic site and use regular molecular dynamic simulations for all other atoms.

      Right. But MM is not ab-initio, and DFT QM isn't either if you're a purist. And you still need a reliable structure :)

      So, you're right when you say "you cannot make an ab-initio model", but if the end goal is to _predict_ the dynamics of a whole cell then one doesn't need to perform quantum calculations _on everything_. And the calculations don't need to be performed at the same time.

      Absolutely. But that's pretty much in line with my original point: That even though we do not know exactly what is going on at every given moment, we don't really need that information either. And it doesn't mean we don't have a 'deeper understanding' of what's going on.

      Now, of course, there's experimental data out there so we don't need to in silico predict _everything_.

      That's not quite true though. For instance, say you want to predict how a certain foreign substance interacts in the cell environment. Which is a rather important scenario to drug companies, to say the least. Then you'd have to go off and do a huge number of experiments to get parameters for that substance. In the end, you're better off just feeding it to a rat and waiting to see what happens.

      For non-empirical models of chemical reaction kinetics, look up 'transition path sampling'. It's a way to sample the possible reaction mechanisms of a reaction and calculate kinetics. You need to perform a lot of sampling so it's currently limited to quickly occurring reactions (but it has recently worked on calculating the kinetics of small protein folding). The method does require that the reaction mechanism is known (ie. what the reaction coordinates are).

      It requires a full potential energy surface to work with. And that would be either empirical (MM, which is incapable of breaking/forming bonds) or non-empirical (QM, which is way too expensive to do any kind of PES scanning).

      Nobody I know of using QM or QM/MM for reaction mechanisms uses an automated procedure.

      For the hybrid QM/MM stuff, look up 'Darrin York'.
      Well, my own research group does this already. ;)

      That stuff still needs some sort of reaction coordinate defined, but the simulations don't assume anything about the catalysis process itself.

      Well saying that you need the reaction coordinate (of the transition-state, presumably) means that you already know (or assume) what the reaction mechanism is, as you said yourself. And either you automate that search (too expensive), or you use your chemistry skills to make some qualified guesses and do the calculation to see if they're viable.

      But we do not have a 'black box' where you can put in the arbitrary substances A and B, choose a temperature and solvent and find out what they will do to eachother.

      When you're working with thousands of atoms, it's hard to determine at which point did the substrate turn into product /etc.

      That's wrong though. The transition-state is easily defined: The highest-energy point on the substrate-to-product pathway. This can be verified even for a single coordinate, just as for any function: Zero derivative of energy W.R.T coordinates, and a negative second-derivative. The numbers will also tell you which atoms are the ones actually reacting.
      (Now the transition-state isn't always the limiting factor in the kinetics. It could be a very fast reaction limited by diffusion for instance, but that's a different story)

  15. Re:Been done? by pin_gween · · Score: 3, Informative

    Not quite -- Miller-Urey succeeded in making organic molecules

    While necessary for life, molecules are not living organisms.

    Oro's experiment created the base adenine, which is one of 4 nitrogen bases in DNA. Again, not life.

    --
    Ignorance is not a crime; neither should it be a way of life

    Congress control $ = inmates run the asylum
  16. Hillbilly Engineering by gosand · · Score: 2, Funny
    Combining the genetic material of different species, I think we can all agree, is hardly creating life from scratch.

    Hillbillies have been doing this for years.

    --

    My beliefs do not require that you agree with them.

  17. Slavery by Peter+Cooper · · Score: 2, Funny

    bioengineering organisms to do specific tasks such as produce hydrogen or ethenol

    Isn't this a form of slavery?

    1. Re:Slavery by aduzik · · Score: 2, Insightful
      You laugh at that, but I know people who *really think* that using microorganisms to do our bidding is a form of slavery. There are people who are honestly opposed to using recombinant organisms to produce oh, say, insulin.

      And you can't point out that those organisms exist in an environment where they reproduce in numbers that would never be possible in nature. According to them -- well, one person in particular -- "it doesn't matter how loosely we hold the whip; it's still a form of slavery." That's more or less a direct quote.

      And when you point out the symbiotic relationships that already exist in most living organisms -- animals in particular -- they refuse to believe that it's true. Something about the military-industrial complex of medicine trying to make us believe what they want us to believe or some crap like that.

      It's hard not to laugh when someone tells me that humans are evil evil creatures for creating antibiotics and vaccines. Because someone think of the poor bacteria and viruses! I only wish I were joking right now.

      --
      If it's not one thing it's your mother.
  18. I can't believe they would do this by Sycraft-fu · · Score: 4, Funny

    They risk making the Flying Spaghetti Monster furiously angry and being strangled by His Noodly Appendage. We should recognies that there are things man was not meant to do, and leave it firmly in the realm of pasta.

    http://www.venganza.org/

  19. Ethenol? by slickwillie · · Score: 2, Funny

    Maybe they can creat a bionic spell checker.

    Also, the obligatory:

    I'd like to see a Biowulf cluster of these.

    All your biohacks are belong to us!

  20. Not news by digitalderbs · · Score: 2, Informative

    Molecular biologists have been cloning genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes for tens of years. It's not a new idea to clone a series of genes that work cooperatively to change biochemical behaviour of an organism.

    Something I find more note-worthy, as a biological chemist, is a new trend to expand the amino-acid table (past 20). Many of the codons (DNA or RNA triplets) are degenerate or they are stop codons. The idea is to add synthetic amino-acids to specific tRNAs. Chemically modified amino-acids are incorporated at the desire of the molecular biologist. This technology has already been developed, and the scientists in this field (not myself) are discussing using directed evolution with organisms with an expanded codon base. Very interesting.

  21. Re:Dogma bit set low for some, high for others by Jackmn · · Score: 2, Informative
    Ever hear of Pascal's Wager?
    Pascal's Wager is irredeemably flawed. It only works if the Christian conception god is assumed, and all others are ignored.
  22. Until what they create has a brain... by MikShapi · · Score: 2

    Until what they create has a brain and is capable of rational thought I don't see where the moral implications of this differ from material science.

    --
    -
  23. IDIOTS, when CANABIS is the answer!! and no patent by cheekyboy · · Score: 2, Funny

    Yeah typical,

    "oh lets invent something because the free nature stuff cannot be patented and sold for profits"

    Any one can clone natures best, cloning plants is trivial.

    So - http://www.hempcar.org/

    So if the damn politicans and christian nut cases would just die of cancers overnight, we could have some real prople with brains running the show to everyones benefit not just the corporate elites nutjobs.

    --
    Liberty freedom are no1, not dicks in suits.
  24. Re:blah blah blah risk! you cannot play god. by anubi · · Score: 2, Insightful
    I consider myself spiritual, yet my concept of God is thus:

    God created the Universe, Earth, and everything in it.

    "Science" is the word we use to describe the Study of God's Creation. Hence, science is the study of God himself by witness of His Creation.

    I will NOT tell you who God is. Or what He wants. I do not know. And it is my firmest belief no one else does either.

    We are trying to understand how we came to be.

    I have to take as a given that if I was created with a sense of curiousity, my Creator intended me to use it to try to find Him, wherever and whatever He is.

    He may even be another set of completely natural processes following laws of probablity... how am I to know until we study, contemplate, and hopefully finally understand?

    I believe the the worst we can do is to do nothing.

    If God had wanted Sheep, he would have left it at that.

    Our Creator has already also provided us with all sorts of tools we can adapt and use as we see fit. We have already known about the atoms that make us up for some time... now we are learning more about actually how to assemble them in other ways. How is this any more wrong learning how to ignite wood so we can warm ourselves on a cold night?

    To sum up, from all I have seen and understand, Science is the truest study of God possible, as the basic tenents of the Scientific Methods rely on observations and reproducible phenomena, not hearsay. This observable phenomena was authored by God himself, using God's laws ( aka "Laws of Physics" ) that no man can put asunder.

    I will not say I am "religious" because I believe "religion" is the word we use to describe how Man creates God in his image.

    It is my strongest belief that Religion has very little to do with God and a helluva lot to do with maintaining hierarchical authority and obedience in the religious organization.

    In those cases, a God was created to give an illusion of authority so the "middlemen" who know how to play the game can use their God to claim authority over the masses.

    Read Stanley Milgram's research on "Obedience to Authority" if you need any reason to question just how prone to subordination we are. It all goes back to basic economics, as it requires a lot less effort on our part to follow than to lead, but if you can get enough followers, its worth your while to lead.

    If I am wrong, may God have mercy on my soul.

    --
    "Prove all things; hold fast that which is good." [KJV: I Thessalonians 5:21]

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