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Ancient Greek Computer Reconstructed
afaik_ianal writes "A working reconstruction of an ancient Greek computer, the Antikythera mechanism, which was found at the bottom of the ocean in 1900 has been unveiled and is on display at the Technopolis museum, in Athens. The device is believed to have been used to calculate the positions of various celestial bodies including the sun and the moon on any given date. While some guesswork was required in the reconstruction, the bulk of the design is based on updated X-ray photographs of the device."
Clearly the ancient Greeks had mechanical technology beyond even modern capabilities!
HAH! That's NOTHING! What you must see, is their Orichalcum robots!
The parent comment has a good point. If a computer is simply any man-made device that takes information and makes it more recordable, calculable, or accessible, then this device qualifies, as well as any mechanical watch, or any magnifying glass for that matter.
Presuming that one could have wound this device forward, to see future positions of these planets, I would argue that one can do that with the minute hand of many mecanical clocks.
OTOH, I don't know of any mechanical (sprocket and gear) clocks that predate this.
Pedantically speaking, however, a sundial would meet the above explanation, in that light rays/particles hit contrived designs on a sundial, from which pattern one can determine the time of day.
a) 45+2=1 for qualified values of 1.
b) Is language prescriptive and/or descriptive and all that...
c) how much of the meaning of your life your life life depends on how you define, "meaning"?
d) more or less pedantic blah.
If the wikipedia article is right, that the clockwork was produced in 87BCE then the clockwork was actually Roman, as the whole of modern and ancient Greece was under Roman control at that time. Also, it's not a computer, it's a damn clockwork.
cheese logs keep my wang warm at night.
People in Ancient Greece over two thousand years ago had many things the US and other Western countries claim to have invented much later. Everything from democracy, theater, architecture, clocks, mechanical toys, Hero's heat engines, sport competitions, etc. Not only they knew that the Earth was round, they even managed to measure its diamemeter. They are the fathers of mathematics, which is the mother of all knowledge. Ancient Chinese and Egyptians had bits and pieces of mathematical knowledge but they failed to grasp the big picture and unlike the Greeks did not develop any axiomatic system or the concept of a mathematical proof.
Truly an amazing people, I think they had the greatest impact on world culture, much greater than the Romans, Assirians, Sumerians, Chinese, Japanese or any other old or modern civilization (including the American civilization).
Sure today's Greeks are not the same as the Ancient Greeks. Nevertheles I feel sad when Modern Greeks are made fun of by other peoples (including Americans).
By the way I am not Greek or related to any Greek folks.
"No programming, no modularity, no general problem solving."
Programming was done by selecting and arranging gears. Modularity was accomplished by adding layers, coupling the shafts from one layer to another. I'd even go so far as to say that it's general purpose in the sense of an "Erector Set".
Differential gears make this device far more interesting than any other mechanical clockwork I've ever seen.
My guess is that its an analogue conputer, but there is a good chance that its a clock.
If you are familiar with Ptolemy's "Almagest" you know he models the solar system as a series of epicycles. Until Copernicus' time (and after) European and Arab teaching was that these mechanisms were the physical reality but Ptolomy never actually endorsed that view. What if the "Almagest" was the specs for a dedicated astronomical computer and the Antikythera mechanism is the implimentation?
Then again...clocks became simpler over the centuries. Our modern clocks only show hours, minutes, seconds and perhaps the date. Mediaeval clocks showed years, months, weeks, days and hours as well as planetary positions, seasons, and solar and lunar eclipses. Their mechanisms were more complex than mechanical clocks and watches (remember them?) produced in the 20th century. Mechanical clocks built in the 1970s were more accurate but less complex than mechanical clocks built in the 1270s in Europe. Clocks built in earlier centuries in Arab lands were equally complex. The Antikythera mechanism could have been just one in a line of astronomical clocks.
This might be old news but it is just a reminder that people from ancient times were not stupid. The people around Mediterranean were smart and understand how things work.
Also make note of Heron of Alexandria. A great Greek inventor who invented machine gun, steam power, vending machine and many other mechanical machines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
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The linked Economist article says that ancient Greeks (I am Greek) believed in a universe where Earth was at its centre. I don't agree with that. Geocentrism was the most accepted theory, but not all Greeks believed it. There were Heliocentrists in ancient Greece. Search Google for Greek and Heliocentrism and see what you can find. Learn about Aristarchus of Samos.
I've spent an afternoon in the Archaeological Museum in Athens and without knowing the story stumbled upon this thing (no mention of the "clock/computer" in the weblog post though). It is impressive to look at, among the other ancient stuff it has an otherworldly air, it's not impressive in the sense of how big or complex it looks. Of course you can't see that much from the object itself, but I can imagine that people first looked at it and noticed that there is something really unusual about gears appearing in something so old.
The bronze exhibition also has other fine worked small stuff (and the gold stuff exhibition has even smaller and more detailed worked stuff), so I give the old Greeks the ability to work on this level. Perhaps not your neighbourhood blacksmith, but some experts were definitely able to do this level of work.
So, does this mean that a geocentric universe was "proven" by science in the 1st century BC? We would say that was absurd because we have more information about the universe now than the Greeks had from just looking skyward. But how many other computer models and predictions do we take on faith as "science" which are based on incomplete information. Our best global warming climate models are extemely *inaccurate* compared to this relatively accurate device. Yet we accept the inaccurate model on faith and reject the accurate model that this device "proves".
What this device show is that you can have completely valid "science" and still be completely wrong because your information is almost never complete. Throw in some preconceptions, political or cultural prejudices, and the selective observations that are part of the human nature of the scientists and the the "science" is even more skewed.
And no, its not just "acient" science that is wrong. Roughly 20 years ago every medical scientist *knew* that stomach ulcers were caused by stress. Then some crackpot came along and suggested they were caused by a bacterial infection. The crackpot couldn't even get approval to run tests, so he experimented on himself. A few weeks ago that crackpot won the Nobel Prize. So how many of our accpeted "truths" are wrong?
American Submarines utilized a complex device called the TDC (Torpedo Data Computer). It was an electromechanical device that would take measurements from he periscope with range, direction, and speed estimates from the crew, and formulate a firing resolution for the Torpedoes.
Similar devices were used by other navies on Battleships to work out the firing resolutions on the larger cannons.
Back on point, just because it is clockwork doesn't mean it can't be a computer. Babbages own early attempts were themselves clockwork.
"Learning is not compulsory... neither is survival."
--Dr.W.Edwards Deming