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Removing Obstacles on Joint Research

Mark_Uplanguage writes "The New York Times is reporting that a conglomeration of 7 universities and 4 industry partners have agreed to open up software created out of industry funding. From the article: 'The tone was set, Ms. Mitchell said, by the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which allowed universities to hold the patents on federally funded research and to license that intellectual property to industry [...]The guidelines and framework for the agreement will [be] posted this week at www.ibm.com/university, and at the Kauffman foundation's site, www.kauffman.org.' It's nice to see people sharing again."

72 comments

  1. Link to the proposal... by MLopat · · Score: 4, Informative

    Here's a link to the story from Kauffman's Website.

    The part that concerns me about this effort is the wording... "Specifically, the companies and universities agreed: * That intellectual property arising from selected research collaborations will be made available free of charge for commercial and academic use."

    Its the idea that selected research will be available. Any research with *any* sort of monetary benefits will likely not fall under the scope of this program. So while this may perpetuate the research aspects of these IP's, its unlikely that industry will benefit, and thereby very unlikely that end consumers will see any benefit to this agreement.

    1. Re:Link to the proposal... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      Any research is good research. Nobody set out to make penecilin, it was just sort of discovered. And if you look to the history of invention, its usually the product of unrelated research. Any agreement that helps research is good for everyone. Aswell, given that the US economy is suffering due to lack of research, this should simply be embraced.

      QED

    2. Re:Link to the proposal... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Why the hell is everyone on the planet in the planet except a few stuffed shirts and few big heads a consumer? Anyway, no matter how they decide what to share and what to hold close to the vest, they aren't really sharing widely, they're just engaging in a little collective back scratching. Seeing as how this kind of behavior stands in the way of scientific progress, I think researchers who behave this way should be ashamed to call themselves academics. (Wall Street apologists can kiss my ass.) Our scientific edifices were built on a spirit of open collaboration which has been all but obliterated by corporate credos. And we pay the price. Real science has fallen into such disrepute that fairy tales about "intelligent design" actually hold sway over large numbers of people. Bill Gates is lauded as a hero, But sharing technologies with generic drug manufacturers and allowing them to save many more lives is anathema to our worship of shareholder value.

      So these guys are having a circle jerk. Disgusting, if you ask me.

    3. Re:Link to the proposal... by Flyboy+Connor · · Score: 1
      And if you look to the history of invention, its usually the product of unrelated research.

      (John Cleese's voice:) Would Rutherford have split the atom if he hadn't tried? Would Einstein have ever hit upon the theory of relativity if he hadn't been clever? Would Marconi have invented radio if he hadn't, by pure chance, spent years working on the problem?

    4. Re:Link to the proposal... by Savantissimo · · Score: 1
      Except, of course, for the fact that Marconi stole all of his ideas from Bose -

      THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE: 100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH
      D.T. Emerson
      1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Volume 2 pp. 553-6

      National Radio Astronomy Observatory
      Just one hundred years ago, J.C. Bose described to the Royal Institution in London his research carried out in Calcutta at millimeter wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarizers and even semiconductors at frequencies as high as 60 GHz; much of his original equipment is still in existence, now at the Bose Institute in Calcutta. Some concepts from his original 1897 papers have been incorporated into a new 1.3-mm multi-beam receiver now in use on the NRAO 12 Meter Telescope.

      --
      "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?" - Patrick Henry
  2. Was the research conducted . . . by mmell · · Score: 1, Offtopic

    in India?

    1. Re:Was the research conducted . . . by ackthpt · · Score: 0, Offtopic
      in India?

      But of course, using joints.

      You know, which rolling papers work best, do exploding seeds really detract from the experience, that sort of thing.

      you want seeds? you'll shoot your eye out, kid!

      --

      A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
  3. Joint Research? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Where do I sign up?

  4. /. sold out by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Funny

    day pass? wtf is this, salon.com?

  5. Scam by pete-classic · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Can someone please explain to me any way in which this is not a big rip-off of the American taxpayer?

    Also, is there some reason that this doesn't story doesn't link to an article somewhere?

    -Peter

    1. Re:Scam by pete-classic · · Score: 1

      Wonderful, they've linked to an ad for a story.

      Anyway, this is all phrased in a hopeful, upbeat way. "Oooh! We're sharing!" But I don't see how any policy other than putting the fruit of taxpayer funded research in the public domain is legitimate.

      -Peter

    2. Re:Scam by stupidfoo · · Score: 2, Insightful

      1. Mega Corp gives much needed $ to University research department
      2. University researchers and grad students do research and gain knowledge and experience
      3. Mega Corp gets research results
      4. Profit
      5. GOTO 1

    3. Re:Scam by pete-classic · · Score: 1
      the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which allowed universities to hold the patents on federally funded research and to license that intellectual property to industry


      Maybe I'm hazy on what "federally funded" means.

      -Peter
    4. Re: Scam by Black+Parrot · · Score: 2, Informative

      > Can someone please explain to me any way in which this is not a big rip-off of the American taxpayer?

      Someone mentioned the Kaufmann site. There is a link to a PDF called "Open Collaboration Principles" there, and though the wording is obtuse in several places, it sounds like it's actually a good deal. For example, the "be made available free of charge for commercial and academic use" is expanded to "be made available free of charge for commercial and academic use by any member of the public free of charge for use in open source software", and standards, etc.

      I.e., they're just committing to release this stuff as FOSS.

      There's some more verbiage about patents, which I think says that if the group contributing the code also owns relevant patents, the code can be used free of patent restrictions.

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    5. Re:Scam by Daniel_Staal · · Score: 3, Insightful

      The idea behind allowing private companies to buy the patents on federally funded research came from the fact that there were so many projects with great ideas, and very few actually turning into products that people could use. So, a law was passed to let companies get patents on the ideas; then they would have the field to themselves for a little while, and could (therefore) hopefully have an incentive to actually look at the ideas, and turn them into real products.

      It all sounded nice, and like it should work.

      What's actually happened is now every research idea gets a patent by some big company, which then ignores it just as they did before. Only now there's a patent saying everyone else has to ignore it as well...

      --
      'Sensible' is a curse word.
    6. Re:Scam by 70Bang · · Score: 2, Informative



      Actually, this could have some bearings upon something else: the SBIR/STTR programs put together by the National Science Foundation. IIRC, when granted, you own the rights to the technology whilst dealing with the gov't and keep the product when you're finished [as does the gov't]. The gov't creates a wish list of products, you follow the guidelines you've submitted, and wait to find out if you have won the grant [or not].

      Grants, trademarks, etc. belong to the company performing the work but the gov't is granted permanent, free use.

      Also, as a startup, you'd have your first product ready for market when you complete phase III. Some of the descriptions (although a bit lacking) attempt to state a civilian purpose for the product to encourage interest in the program. The SBIR is business-oriented and STTR is generally university|scholarly. There are enough states which do not do well in the SBIR that will go apesh%t to help you write your grant proposals to bring the money into that region.

      There are also companies which will write your proposal and take a cut if|when you acquire the grant.


    7. Re: Scam by Black+Parrot · · Score: 1

      Ooops. Close the bold tag after the word "software".

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    8. Re: Scam by pete-classic · · Score: 1

      At best that is functionally adequate, but the wrong thing to do. I'm a big fan of Free Software*, but if the government pays for it, it should go into the public domain.

      Also, preview makes it obvious when you miss a </b> tag ;-)

      -Peter

      *and "Open Source" to the extent that it is also Free Software.

    9. Re:Scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Uhhh, isn't this EXACTLY how we WANT it to work?

    10. Re:Scam by convolvatron · · Score: 1

      i think its worse than you make out. if i were a graduate student at
      a university, previously i could publish my results and my source code
      however i wanted.

      now however, there are a group of university ip people sniffing around
      trying to find out what of my work they can patent in the name of the
      university.

      many professors are complicit in this arrangement, because they are
      in a great position to buy the patent outright from the university
      for a nominal fee and start a venture of their own...another activity
      that the university enthusiastically encourages.

      all of which is really to the detrement of the student. i knew a phd student
      in his fourth or fifth year whose thesis work was pulled out from under
      him. the unversity patented it, sold it to his advisor who went on indefiniate
      leave to do a startup with it, and he just had to start over again from
      scratch.

      i know the giant horde of slashdot libertarians will scream and gnash their
      teeth, but business and education are two fundamentally different endevours.

    11. Re:Scam by Lehk228 · · Score: 1

      the proper libertarian response would be to burn that motherfucker's house down after nailing his doors shut.

      --
      Snowden and Manning are heroes.
    12. Re:Scam by convolvatron · · Score: 1

      the student or the advisor? (grin)

      actually, i think that would be the anarchist response, an ideology which
      i wholeheartedly approve of.

    13. Re:Scam by Lehk228 · · Score: 1

      an anarchist who would follow patent law fails at life.

      --
      Snowden and Manning are heroes.
    14. Re:Scam by zogger · · Score: 1

      Doesn't your friend automatically own the copyright to whatever he wrote? How can they just take it?

    15. Re:Scam by stupidfoo · · Score: 1

      yes, it is - I was explaining it for the other fellow

    16. Re:Scam by bit01 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Correct as far as it goes but you've missed a bit:

      Mega Corp gets extra research results partly subsidized by taxpayer funding.

      Not saying that you're wrong here, just that it's very important in any arrangement that involves taxpayers' money that you identify all the costs and benefits.

      Unfortunately, in any mixed private/public funding scenario it's all too easy to engage in dodgy accounting practices, everything from company tax avoidance to free advertising to biased education to academic feather nesting. I'm wary of such arrangements simply because it is too easy.

      ---

      Keep your options open!

    17. Re:Scam by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually, the problem is that there were a bunch of what looked like good ideas. Unfortunately, it takes money to commercialize an idea. And, while you're spending that money, you might run into a deal breaker. So in a risk vs. reward calculation, it wasn't worth it to deal with these ideas in the pre Bayh-Dole world.

      In the post Bayh-Dole world, universities typically license the idea in return for a share of the profits. Which lowers the risk for the commercial entities.

      The reward for taxpayers is that they've contributed to general infrastructure. Yes, Megacorp makes some money on the deal, but in general that money will filter back into the U.S. economy, either as taxes (unlikely ;), jobs (somewhat likely), or possibly even a new market/industry.

  6. About time! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    What this modern world needs is some better skunk.

    1. Re:About time! by smoker2 · · Score: 1
      What this modern world needs is some better skunk.
      You're joking !
      the only thing better comes in hypos, and I don't go there.

      Last time I had some skunk I stopped breathing (diaphragm got stoned) - I had to have a cigarette just to kickstart my lungs again !

      Good stuff !

      BTW, I have never felt more like an exhibit than while in Amsterdam. I got wrecked in a cafe, then sat out on the street with all the tourists walking by gawping. Strangely, I had an intense urge to hurl shit at them :)

  7. joint research by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    i've been researching joints for many years, the only obstacle ive come across are the cops. (except the ones i buy from.)

  8. Obsticles to Joint Research? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    First they should decriminalize it. I'd love to grow two or three different strains to conduct more thorough research. I'm particularly interested in trying some of the newer British Columbia strains (BC Pot).

  9. Damn! by Skip+Head · · Score: 2, Funny

    I thought it was about testing joints!

    --
    Most evil is done by good people, and not by accident, but deliberately; motivated by high ideals toward virtuous ends.
  10. Story link by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
  11. Removing Obstacles on Joint Research by ShineyMcShine · · Score: 1

    he said research..hah...heh

    1. Re:Removing Obstacles on Joint Research by Afecks · · Score: 1

      haha, damn that's clever! too bad such brilliant humor like that will probably go unnoticed...

  12. Problems in joint research? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Yeah, I seem to have misplaced my lighter

  13. If you wanna Remove some obstacles... by OneByteOff · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Just legalize it for cryin' out loud.... * Sparks a J*, must be 4:20 somewhere....

  14. Some suggestions by grub · · Score: 5, Funny

    Removing Obstacles on Joint Research

    First make sure you have a clean surface to roll on.

    Ensure all twigs and seeds are removed from the pot.

    Grind it up to a nice fine consistency.

    Don't lick the paper too much or it'll get soggy.

    --
    Trolling is a art,
    1. Re:Some suggestions by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      If you grind overly fine, I think you'll find you either end up with a handrolled joint that leaks too much or a machine-rolled one that's too dense and doesn't draw well.

      I'd keep it a little on the coarse side.

  15. I agree by JofCoRe · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    We definitely need to remove some of the obstacles for researching joints. There needs to be much more research done in that area to clear up some of the BS propoganda that was created for us in the Anslinger/Hearst days.

    The obstacles must be removed so real scientific research can be done on joints.

    I would like to volunteer for this research as well.

    --

    Place sig here.
  16. Is university research "fair-use" anymore? by G4from128k · · Score: 1
    As I understand the situation (IANAL), one of the most important tests for "fair-use" of protected IP is whether profit is involved -- if you make a profit on someone else's IP, you can't claim fair-use. If university research is for profit, then it seems to run risks of not being able to make fair use of other's IP.

    Arguments regarding whether patents, in general, are good or bad aside (see other posts in this thread, I'm sure), I wonder if university research can have it both ways -- both assert restrictive rights on its own IP whist claiming fair-use on other's IP.

    --
    Two wrongs don't make a right, but three lefts do.
    1. Re: Is university research "fair-use" anymore? by Black+Parrot · · Score: 4, Informative

      > As I understand the situation (IANAL), one of the most important tests for "fair-use" of protected IP is whether profit is involved -- if you make a profit on someone else's IP, you can't claim fair-use.

      That's not correct. Otherwise bootlegging would be perfectly legal, so long as you gave it away instead of selling it. And conversely, you wouldn't be able to sell a newspaper that quoted someone's book, even if proper attribution was given.

      Beyond that, there's a sort of war on the fair use doctrine going on in the USA anyway, as part of the general shift in IP law that the *AA has been pursuing.

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    2. Re:Is university research "fair-use" anymore? by stubear · · Score: 2, Informative

      First, profit is only considered when determing damages. You can violate someone's copyright without earning a cent. Second, fair use only pertains to copyright law specifically, not patents. There really is no fair use of patents. If you violate a patent then you risk large sums of money in damages and there is really no excuse other than to try to invalidae the patent or prove you aren't violating it in the first place. You can't claim you violated it but only for research purposed.

    3. Re:Is university research "fair-use" anymore? by petermgreen · · Score: 1

      i'm pretty damn sure that most countries have some form of research exceptions in patent law.

      --
      note: i'm known as plugwash most places but i screwd up registering that here somehow in the past and now can't register
  17. Cheech & Chong suing for Intellectual Property by digitaldc · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    rights violations.

    -------

    [Pedro is having a panic attack after smoking Man's dope]
    Man Stoner: Here, man, mellow out. Here, take this
    [Pedro swallows the capsule]
    Man Stoner: No, wait a minute don't take that.
    Pedro: [Worried] Hey, man; what was that shit you gave me?
    Man Stoner: Man, that was the most acid I ever saw anyone take at one time, man.
    Pedro: [panicing] Acid! Man, I don't mess with that shit, man. A guy in my neighborhood took some
    once, his head swelled up and everything, man!
    Man Stoner: [laughing] Ho, ho, ho - man, I hope you're not planning on doing anything for the next couple of months.

    --
    He who knows best knows how little he knows. - Thomas Jefferson
  18. Yadda by Guppy06 · · Score: 0, Troll

    "The New York Times is reporting"

    Ah yes, that fine purveyor of last year's news. Or do they only sit on stories to save incumbents' elections?

    (Yes, I'm trolling, mod me down.)

    1. Re:Yadda by jav1231 · · Score: 1

      Agreed. What isn't old is fabricated.

  19. watch this commercial?? by new_breed · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    Blatantly off-topic, but what's this new 'free day pass' link on the top of the slashdot homepage? It's telling me to watch a commercial for a day pass. What kind of numbnuts thinks up these ideas for a geek-targeted website?? Sorry, just had to rant about this for a while ;)

  20. OH, that by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    For a moment, I thought this was about research access to medical marijuana.

  21. More likely... by msauve · · Score: 2, Insightful

    since they reference the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and the patent term prior to 1995 was 17 years from grant or 20 years from application, they're just talking about making available stuff where the patents have expired anyway, but trying to get good PR for doing so. i.e. stuff prior to 1985 or 1988.

    --
    "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    1. Re:More likely... by cpt+kangarooski · · Score: 1

      What the hell are you talking about? Bayh-Dole became law in 1980. It's still the law today, and it is at the heart of patentability of inventions made by federally funded schools.

      --
      -- This and all my posts are in the public domain. I am a lawyer. I am not your lawyer, and this is not legal advice.
  22. Proof patents are harmfull by argoff · · Score: 2, Interesting

    This is proof that patents hinder collaberation in a way that causes more harm than good, rather than incentivize creation as is the party line.

    1. Re:Proof patents are harmfull by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      incentivize?

  23. Offtopic, eh? Okay . . . by mmell · · Score: 1

    Was the research conducted in India?

    </sarcasm>

    Better?

  24. Groovy idea man! by bunnyman · · Score: 0, Redundant

    I support joint research!

    Legalize it!!

  25. Bong Research at some of the same Universities by billstewart · · Score: 2, Funny

    Don't know if it's still there, but there was a highway bridge north of Baltimore airport that used to have a construction sign saying "Open Joints On Bridge". Seemed like a good idea.

    --

    Bill Stewart
    New Fast-Compression-only CPR http://preview.tinyurl.com/dy575ks
  26. Open is great and all... by maccalvin5 · · Score: 1

    ...but the good stuff isn't going to be opened up. They get to select what they will release to the public. This is nice for an optimist, but in reality, exciting new stuff will still take time to trickle out into the market. On the bright side, those 11 organizations are 11 of the best out there, so whatever does end up coming out from them ought to be totally worth it.

  27. Removing Obstacles on Reading Slashdot Stories by dorkygeek · · Score: 0, Offtopic
    A good first step would be to make hyperlinks clickable...

    --
    Windows is like decaf - it tastes like the real thing, but it won't get you through the day.
  28. What the hell... by msauve · · Score: 1
    are you reading?

    Yes, it became law in 1980. I pointed out that patents falling under that law dating from 1980 through 1985 or 1988 are now expired.

    You can take your foot out of your mouth now.

    --
    "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    1. Re:What the hell... by cpt+kangarooski · · Score: 1

      No, your post implied that we were only talking about inventions from 1980, as though Bayh-Dole was a one time thing. Furthermore, you're likely wrong, even while backtracking. They can't license patents that have expired, and there are likely other sorts of rights, e.g. copyrights and trade secrets, which are involved in this as well.

      The only reason Bayh-Dole was even mentioned in the article was because it was a large part of how we got to the current situation where schools concentrate heavily on commercializing their research, rather than just trying to discover and spread knowledge.

      --
      -- This and all my posts are in the public domain. I am a lawyer. I am not your lawyer, and this is not legal advice.
  29. Removing Obstacles on JOINT Research by Thing+1 · · Score: 1

    Not only that -- I was also seriously disappointed to read this wasn't an article about removing the drug laws so that researchers could finally determine whether driving stoned was more or less likely to end up with you in an accident. Or at a KFC, or something. What was I saying?

    --
    I feel fantastic, and I'm still alive.
  30. Re:Offtopic, eh? Okay . . . by TheScogg · · Score: 1

    Nah...they ended up going with Indica. A little bit more expensive, but a lot easier to breathe.

  31. Police by obeythefist · · Score: 1

    Obviously you should conduct your research into joints somewhere away from the sight of prying law enforcement officers, as they will gladly be an obstruction to your joint research.

    --
    I am government man, come from the government. The government has sent me. -- G.I.R.
  32. My Mistake by djblair · · Score: 1

    Oops! I thought this had to do with the previous Slashdot article, "Testing Drugs on India's Poor."

  33. Joint Research Illustrated by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    .))
    ((.
    .))
    ((.    ___
    .))  .'   `.
    ((.  |o o  |   <-- Open Source (Tux)
    .#xxxx>_)_,'   <-- Joint
         /(   )\
        |\ ) ( /|
        \_()_()_/

  34. Join research? by rasqual · · Score: 1

    This was the interesting juxtaposition of slashdot titles in my Google homepage:

    Removing Obstacles on Joint Research
    Testing Drugs on India's Poor

  35. What Would TJ say? by vague_ascetic · · Score: 2, Informative

    It has been pretended by some, (and in England especially) that inventors have a natural and exclusive right to their inventions, and not merely for their own lives, but inheritable to their heirs. But while it is a moot question whether the origin of any kind of property is derived from nature at all, it would be singular to admit a natural and even an hereditary right to inventors. It is agreed by those who have seriously considered the subject, that no individual has, of natural right, a separate property in an acre of land, for instance. By an universal law, indeed, whatever, whether fixed or movable, belongs to all men equally and in common, is the property for the moment of him who occupies it, but when he relinquishes the occupation, the property goes with it. Stable ownership is the gift of social law, and is given late in the progress of society. It' would be curious then, if an idea, the fugitive fermentation of an individual brain, could, of natural right, be claimed in exclusive and stable property. If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself ; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of every one, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it. Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less, because every other possesses the whole of it. He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine ; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me. That ideas should freely spread from one to another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and improvement of his condition, seems to have been peculiarly and benevolently designed by nature, when she made them, like fire, expansible over all space, without lessening their density in any point, and like the air in which we breathe, move, and have our physical being, incapable of confinement or exclusive appropriation. Inventions then cannot, in nature, be a subject of property. Society may give an exclusive right to the profits arising from them, as an encouragement to men to pursue ideas which may produce utility, but this may or may not be done, according to the will and convenience of the society, without claim or complaint from anybody. Accordingly, it is a fact, as far as I am informed, that England was, until we copied her, the only country on earth which ever, by a general law, gave a legal right to the exclusive use of an idea. In some other countries it is sometimes done, in a great case, and by a special and personal act, but, generally speaking, other nations have thought that these monopolies produce more embarrassment than advantage to society; and it may be observed that the nations which refuse monopolies of invention, are as fruitful as England in new and useful devices. .

    Considering the exclusive right to invention as given not of natural right, but for the benefit of society, I know well the difficulty of drawing a line between the things which are worth to the public the embarrassment of an exclusive patent, and those which are not. As a member of the patent board for several years, while the law authorized a board to grant or refuse patents, I saw with what slow progress a system of general rules could be matured. Some, however, were established by that board. One of these was, that a machine of which we were possessed, might be applied by every man to any use of which it is susceptible, and that this right ought not to be taken from him and given to a monopolist, because the first perhaps had occasion so to apply it. Thus a screw for crushing plaster might be employed for crushing corn-cobs. And a chain-pump for raising water might be used for raising wheat : this being merely a change of application. Another rule was that a change of material should riot give title to a patent. As the making a ploughshare of cast rather than of wrought iron ;

    --
    Rush Limbaugh is a perfect real world example of an oxycontinmoron
  36. Joint Research by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I found Amsterdam to be a very good place to do joint research.

  37. The 2 biggest obstacles to joint research by Ellis+D.+Tripp · · Score: 0, Redundant

    are stems and seeds...

    --
    Remember "News for Nerds, Stuff that Matters"? Help make it a reality again! http://soylentnews.org
  38. Re:FIRST GNAA POST by OrGoN3 · · Score: 1

    install jews?