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SpaceX's Falcon 1 Destroyed During Maiden Voyage

legolas writes "SpaceX's Falcon 1 is the world's first privately funded satellite launch vehicle. After a successful static engine test on Wednesday, it was launched today. Unfortunately, the rocket was destroyed shortly after launch."

48 of 293 comments (clear)

  1. Early days by SteelFist · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Sounds a bit like the early days of our space program.

    1. Re:Early days by susano_otter · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Sounds like the early days of any space program.

      I noticed from TFA that SpaceX was touting this as the first totally new rocket design.

      On that basis alone I'd expect it to be plagued with problems for several more iterations.

      I'm pretty sure originality is not a desireable feature in rocket science.

      --

      Any sufficiently well-organized community is indistinguishable from Government.

    2. Re:Early days by Illbay · · Score: 3, Informative
      Good point. I was a bit too young to witness the actual event, but the explosion of the Vanguard satellite on its launch pad was ahuge blow to the fledgling U.S. space effort, coming right on the heels of the successful Soviet launch of Sputnik.

      Yet ten years later, the U.S. astronauts walked on the moon.

      Often great things arise from the ashes of early failure.

      --
      Any technology distinguishable from magic is insufficiently advanced.
  2. Impact or RSO destroyed? by sconeu · · Score: 4, Funny

    Anyone know if it crashed or the RSO destroyed it?

    Of course, it's never a good thing when your downward-pointing cam shows sky and clouds - spinning...

    --
    General Relativity: Space-time tells matter where to go; Matter tells space-time what shape to be.
    1. Re:Impact or RSO destroyed? by wronkiew · · Score: 3, Informative

      It crashed. The rocket had a thrust termination system, not a self-destruct system.

    2. Re:Impact or RSO destroyed? by nacnud75 · · Score: 5, Informative

      I think the RSO terminated the thrust due to excessive rolling (there is no 'self destruct' on the faclon 1, then engin just awitches off)

  3. I had wondered... by Shadow+Wrought · · Score: 4, Informative

    I thought it a bit odd that the static test was for only three seconds and took place the day before the launch. I would not be surpised if the accident was a by-product of them pushing their schedule.

    --
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    1. Re:I had wondered... by Intron · · Score: 5, Funny

      Just as bizarre was that they had a payload on their first launch attempt. That's like trying to ship the Beta! That would never happen in software.

      --
      Intron: the portion of DNA which expresses nothing useful.
    2. Re:I had wondered... by roystgnr · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Just as bizarre was that they had a payload on their first launch attempt.

      The payload cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, true, but lifting it into orbit costs millions. As long as they had a better than 10% chance of success, it was a good risk to take.

    3. Re:I had wondered... by david.given · · Score: 5, Informative
      Just as bizarre was that they had a payload on their first launch attempt.

      The payload massed 20kg (the Falcon could have lifted about 700kg) and was built by Air Force Academy cadets. I suspect it was being launched, er, would have been launched for free. After all, you have to test rockets with something, and you may as well launch something useful rather than a dumb telemetry package.

    4. Re:I had wondered... by interiot · · Score: 5, Insightful
      Well, the payload was a microsatellite, so the actual hardware didn't cost a huge amount really (~$100,000?). Anybody have any idea how much the USAF Academy paid for the launch?

      Also, a large part of satellite cost is in the R&D, so if there are further funds, then building a duplicate would cost a fair bit less than the first one, right?

    5. Re:I had wondered... by shawb · · Score: 4, Interesting

      TFA put the satellite at $750,000. A lot of money, but not an insane amount as compared to the cost of actually putting the rocket up.

      --
      I'll never make that mistake again, reading the experts' opinions. - Feynman
    6. Re:I had wondered... by iamlucky13 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Since the payload was a student project, it has no doubt already accomplished it's primary mission: to give engineering and science students experience in a large-scale, real world project designing and building a satellite and it's experiments. It's sad that they won't get to see the final fruits of their labors and the product of their effort was destroyed, but this doesn't really affect their overall education. The science loss is pretty small, as I'm pretty certain other satellites have studied similar phenomena in the past.

      I think the Air Force giving SpaceX a launch contract was partially throwing them a bone to help get another launch provider off the ground (no pun intended), and partially saving money. No doubt had SpaceX not happened to be up-and-coming as they are, this would have gone up on a Pegasus or piggybacked with another satellite on a bigger rocket, like I believe the first Falcon-Sat was.

      NASA's first failed attempts at orbit also had payloads on board.

    7. Re:I had wondered... by iamlucky13 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      The on pad static fire was just a chance to confirm that all the systems worked together. It was not a proving for the engines or the flight software (which has to be exposed to a myriad of conditions you can't replicate during a static hold-down fire). In fact, firing the tanks dry with the rocket still on the ground receiving back blast probably wouldn't be a good idea. Over the past two years, however, SpaceX has tested the engines thoroughly on stands in the desert, logging several times what it takes to reach orbit on single engines. As Elon has said, they are pretty confident in the capability and reliability of the engines. I think faulting the schedule, especially when they've already been willing to delay a couple times for relatively small issues, is premature and a little unfair.

      They have also thoroughly simulated the flight software, I believe with the hardware hooked up under simulated loads, as well. Of course, it's impossible to truly predict every contingency that the software will have to deal with, and given that the rocket began to exhibit uncontrolled roll rather than loss of power or anything like that, I suspect the problem does ultimately lie in the software rather than the power plant. We will have to wait for them to discuss their analysis to find out. I understand they have a relatively small code base, so hopefully they will be able to track it down quickly.

      One other possibility I think fairly likely is vulnerability of their communications inside the rocket. Supposedly this is the first rocket to rely principly on ethernet, which reduces cost significantly over propriety methods. This is untested in flight, and interference or vibration may have caused problems.

      I'm pretty bummed out by this, but their progress in the last couple of years is still impressive, and I'm looking forward to their eventual announcement of a second launch date. I wonder if it was a non-issue the recovery ship was out of position...or a good thing they moved it.

    8. Re:I had wondered... by DerekLyons · · Score: 4, Informative
      I thought it a bit odd that the static test was for only three seconds and took place the day before the launch. I would not be surpised if the accident was a by-product of them pushing their schedule.
      Pushing the schedule? This launch is eighteen months behind schedule.
  4. "partially reusable rocket" by ds_job · · Score: 5, Funny

    That will be reusable as in "We are all reused parts of supernovae" or "We all have a billion atoms of Julius Caesar's body incorporated into our own" and not "Just pick it up , dust it off and we're ready to go again!"

    1. Re:"partially reusable rocket" by roystgnr · · Score: 5, Interesting

      Actually it is the "partially" in the sense that the first stage should parachute and be reused, but the second stage is space junk.

      This is the right way to do it, too. Lower stages are larger, so you can save more money making them reusable. They're less important for overall rocket performance, so when making them reusable reduces their performance it's not so bad. They don't reach orbital speeds, so you can recover them without reentry shields or even without flyback capability. If we're going to move toward reusable rockets (which could be a very good idea) at a gradual pace (which the Shuttle program has proved is a good idea), the way to start is from the bottom up.

  5. Guidance? by TopSpin · · Score: 4, Informative

    Watching the webcast it looked to me like the vehicle had a guidance problem; the on-board view seemed to be spinning. The feed didn't really provide enough to tell, however.

    It definitely cleared the pad and I think it got to a few thousand feet.

    --
    Lurking at the bottom of the gravity well, getting old
    1. Re:Guidance? by twostar · · Score: 4, Interesting

      It also looked like it went unstable with a wobble. Spaceflight Now is reporting that the flame looked funny right before video was cut but this could be due to a weird orientation of the vehicle relative to the flight path. (ie sideways)

      Hopefully we get more info soon and Elon flies the next one as soon as they figure it out. Take a page out of NASA's early history and just keep putting them up until you get it right. Luckily at $6 million a pop they're pretty reasonably priced compaired to other vehicles out there.

  6. On the bright side... by moochfish · · Score: 4, Funny

    Now it's the world's first privately funded satellite crater.

  7. Woohoo! by MyLongNickName · · Score: 5, Funny

    I've got two tickets for the maiden flight of Falcon 2! I guess this means I should get my ride soon, huh?

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    1. Re:Woohoo! by Kjella · · Score: 3, Funny

      I've got two tickets for the maiden flight of Falcon 2! I guess this means I should get my ride soon, huh?

      Sure. It's not like you'll request a refund or anything.

      --
      Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
    2. Re:Woohoo! by MyLongNickName · · Score: 4, Funny

      Hey! My wife bought the tickets for me. For some reason, though, she isn't able to come with me that day. Said something about this being less expensive than a lawyer. Not sure what she meannt by that.... but I digress.

      How could I possibly return the tickets?

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  8. This isn't... by Tackhead · · Score: 5, Insightful
    C'mon, Elon! This isn't rocket sci... oh, right. Well then, there we are.

    And to add insult to injury, we'll link your web server from Slashdot.

    Seriously, Elon. Good on you. SpaceX is doing something risky and interesting. Make as many mistakes as it takes to get the job done. Unlike NASA, the bulk of your funding comes from a free market, and you're therefore motivated to learn from your mistakes. The day you build something your investors are willing to let you slap a "man-rated" label on, I'll be in line with tickets to fly on it.

    1. Re:This isn't... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Wait..you're saying private investors are more likely to have safety concerns?

      *boggle*

      I mean, we're talking about the same sort of folks who, in other industries, constantly push companies to release products as early as they can in order to start realizing a profit. Go look at the drug industry. As private companies have increasingly gained influence over the FDA through lobbyists, the number of things slipping through has increased. Private companies cannot be relied upon to have the best interests of anything but their own pocketbook.

    2. Re:This isn't... by EnronHaliburton2004 · · Score: 3, Insightful

      they burn through several billion dollars in funding to fly nowhere,

      Except they flew to SPACE, didn't they. I think NASA has even made it to orbit once or twice since the Challenger disaster, and I dare say they've had a couple successful experiments while they were up there.

      Can private interests do this also? Probably.

      Spaceflight is dangerous. Your jokes about the Challenger & Columbia accidents are pretty fucking lame.

    3. Re:This isn't... by georgewilliamherbert · · Score: 3, Informative

      Do you have any idea how many orbiter specific safety problems remain with the Shuttle system?

      The main engines are still cranky, though probably an order of magnitude better than the early Shuttle launches.

      The hydrazine APUs are an issue.

      Aging of the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge panels is still not as well understood as we thought a few years ago, and may leave them much more vulnerable than we would like.

      These are just the ones at the top of my head; last rundown I saw including all the age-related stuff they would need to recertify for flight past 2010 had several hundred crit-1 items.

  9. More info on the failure. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

    Looks like engine failure or some kind of catastrophic tank or plumbing failure.

    Quoting Spaceflight Now (a real space news site!)

    http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon/f1/status.html

    326 GMT (6:26 p.m. EST)
    Here is the official statement from Elon Musk, the founder of SpaceX:

    "We had a successful liftoff and Falcon made it well clear of the launch pad, but unfortunately the vehicle was lost later in the first stage burn. More information will be posted once we have had time to analyze the problem."


    2250 GMT (5:50 p.m. EST)
    A further look at the imagery seen from the onboard camera mounted to the Falcon 1 shows a noticeable change in the color and shape of the flame coming from the Merlin first stage main engine as the vehicle seemed to roll. It was at that point the webcast provided to reporters covering the launch immediately stopped. Repeated efforts to reconnect to the feed were unsuccessful.

  10. More details of the flight by nacnud75 · · Score: 4, Informative

    Live video was shown of the vehicle's ascent from an onboard downward pointing camera. Within a few seconds the feed started to become intermittent. The small amount of imagery available showed a bright yellow glow protruding away from the normal exhaust pattern, as the rocket began to roll violently. The ascent profile also appeared to be more horizontal than what would be expected for that stage of the ascent. The video then cut out completely - with SpaceX confirming the rocket had been lost just moments later. - http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/content/?id=4394

  11. Re:First flight with a paying customer?! by hitchhikerjim · · Score: 5, Insightful

    $6 Million rocket. $800,000 payload. The cost of the payload is pretty small, all things considered. It's worth the risk to go ahead and fly the payload the first time. Saves you $5 million if it works, and cost you less than $1 million if it fails. ...and when you add in that everything's going to be insured, it makes finantial sense.

  12. Re:Apparently by MS-06FZ · · Score: 3, Funny

    Call it "Star Wars". People like Star Wars, so they'll like SDI more if it's called by that name.

    --
    ---GEC
    I'm but the humble pupil, seeking to snatch the scratchbuilt pebble from the master's fully articulated hand
  13. Name change? by Skiron · · Score: 3, Funny

    Perhaps they should have called it 'Vista'.

  14. Space Aint Cheap by Ash+Vince · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Its interesting to compare this with the scram jet trials currently scheduled by Qinetic (British Defence Contractor thats just been privatised)

    Qinetic are about to test fire a £1 million scramjet directly into the ground. If it works it will fire for 6 seconds before it hits earth at mach 7.

    The problem with seeking venture capital is the the investors usually want a return of their investment within a specified (Probably too short) time frame.

    Successful space exploration takes man decades not man hours.

    --
    I dont read /. to RTFA, I read /. to offend people in ignorance.
  15. Obligatory Chuck Norris comment by atari2600 · · Score: 3, Funny

    Unconfirmed reports state that Chuck Norris was seen leaving the scene of the accident with a blow-pipe in his left hand.

  16. Darn by FleaPlus · · Score: 3, Informative

    I'm pretty bummed out about this, but hopefully they'll figure things out and the next flight will go better. My sentiments are pretty much the same as this commentary from Clark Lindsay:

    Well, this is fairly typical for the first launch of a new vehicle. I hope they will figure out the problem soon and be ready for a second attempt not long after. Elon Musk has said he can afford up to three straight failures before he will decide if they should give up or not.

    Also, an interesting comment from that page:

    According to Astronautix, the Ariane 1 had failures on the 2nd and 5th launches and Aerospatiale spent a lot more than SpaceX.

    Both SpaceflightNow and the forum on NasaSpaceFlight are speculating it was an ablative engine failure. If so, I would imagine they'll hold off on any more launches until the regen Merlin 1B is ready. According to an SpaceX update in mid-2005, they should already have a dozen 1Bs by the end of the 2005. Or it could be the turbopump which according to SpaceX engine page is also responsible for roll control. That might explain why it started to roll after launch.

  17. Or Engine by amightywind · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Spaceflight Now observed:

    A further look at the imagery seen from the onboard camera mounted to the Falcon 1 shows a noticeable change in the color and shape of the flame coming from the Merlin first stage main engine as the vehicle seemed to roll. It was at that point the webcast provided to reporters covering the launch immediately stopped. Repeated efforts to reconnect to the feed were unsuccessful.

    Seems to be a problem with the engine, a leak, or pump failure. A turbopump that has seized could induce a sharp roll.

    --
    an ill wind that blows no good
  18. SpaceX's Falcon 1 Destroyed During Maiden Voyage by yermoungder · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I hope they have enough flight data to re-create (virtually) what happened in the lab. I'd be very interested to find out if this was a software error... and if so, what could have prevented it - different language (Ada95?), better test tools (www.polyspace.com?)...

  19. Plume by everphilski · · Score: 4, Informative

    There was a plume coming out the side of the rocket in the last few frames of the SpaceX feed, normal to the body of the rocket - not the direction of flight. Most likely due to an engine/turbopump failure. This could possibly cause adverse roll/pitching. It looks like a physical problem; I doubt it was a guidance problem.

  20. Re:Anyone know? by iamlucky13 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    "...before range safety got to it?"

    That reminds me of an interesting talk I attended by an X-ray astro-physicist back in college. He had been involved in several launches. Not surprisingly, they are very personally invested in the payloads, since they spend quite a few years fighting for budgeting and designing and building, and plan to spend several more years analyzing data. He said there was one launch where the rocket went off course and the Range Safety Officer gave the order to blow it, but the lead scientist jumped on the guy in charge of the button in a rather desperate attempt to save his project (which was doomed anyways). Since then, the customers have been kept in a seperate room from the RSO's.

    Smells of a tall tale, but probably based on fact.

  21. Video URL by antdude · · Score: 4, Informative
    --
    Ant(Dude) @ Quality Foraged Links (AQFL.net) & The Ant Farm (antfarm.ma.cx / antfarm.home.dhs.org).
  22. Re:Crash and Burn Testing by MurphyZero · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Shuttle NEVER flies flawlessly. It survives due to redundancy, the efforts of the people working on it, particular the foresight of some engineers, and in no small part, luck. When it fails, it fails due to lack of redundancy, a failure to be creative enough to foresee the failure mode, and an unforgiving environment.

    So Elon was absolutely right but the true comparison is with software that may not be perfect but must at least handle problems gracefully (particularly with manned spaceflight) so that maybe the mission is degraded, but not finished. How do you get there? Shuttle still hasn't figured it out, so Elon can't really be faulted for a failure on the first try. He might even survive a second failure. Third time would be a death knell to commercial activity, even if he wanted to try further. It was mentioned elsewhere in the discussions that he'd stop if he got three failures and no successes--it'd be appropriate.

    Our office (one of our jobs is to estimate rocket failure probability) pegged the likelihood of failure at 70%, so we weren't surprised. We were hoping he'd succeed, just realistic. Hopefully they'll learn from this one and succeed on the next one, but if you have an even money bet on his next launch, take failure.

    --
    Our founding fathers removed the guys in charge. Be American. Vote incumbents out.
  23. Ariane 5 by JonBuck · · Score: 5, Informative
    Consider for a moment the failure of Ariane 5's maiden flight in 1996.

    Aboard Ariane 5 was Cluster -- a $500 million set of four identical scientific satellites that were designed to to establish precisely how the Earth's magnetic field interacts with solar winds.

    The unmanned rocket was on its first voyage after years of intense development by some of Europe's leading scientists. The explosion was a setback for Arianespace, whose previous models of the Ariane rocket had been some of the most reliable vehicles for satellite launches.

    The European Space Agency estimated that total development of Ariane 5 cost more than $8 billion.


    Maiden flights are perilous things. They got a full minute of flight data that they didn't have before. I'm sure the next one will be a success.
  24. A launch a day keeps the high costs away by Baldrson · · Score: 5, Informative
    One of the things that John Carmack does correctly is lots of small flights with the possibility to scale upon success. John Walker wrote a paper about this approach (restricted to expendables) called "A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away". It's good advice. It's too bad more people (to be fair, such as John Walker himself) don't take it to heart.

  25. Re:Crash and Burn Testing by O2H2 · · Score: 5, Insightful
    As a designer of very successful rockts I can tell you why making a rocket fly is much harder than making darn near any other machine function properly...you are trying to harness enormous energies which do more than just push the rocket upward. The vibration and shock environments are beyond anything you probably have experienced. A simple connector can see upwards of 300 Grms without even trying. You can reduce polymeric materials to a puddle just with hysteretic heating from vibration. And you cannot simulate and predict everything. Weird system interactions are par for the course. You can only get first flight success with a lot of painful experience. SpaceX do not have this level of experience.

    That is why demonstrated reliability cannot be replaced by calculation. Spacex bragged about their high reliability but it is all on paper. Successful rockets have tens of thousands of hours of debugging of problems built into them. You just never see it. Nothing can replace hours in the air. And they come slowly and at great expense.

    Elon is now going to learn firsthand why spaceflight is so damn expensive. It is not the lack of innovation or intelligence at Lockheed Martin or Boeing- it is the brutal reality that nature imposes on lack of attention to detail and ignorance. It ain't the metal in the rocket - its the know-how in the people. We have to dig down to root cause on even the most innocuous anomaly - hence we know a lot more about flaws in parts than damn near anybody on the planet. But this knowledge is pricey.

  26. Re:here's a hint by penguin-collective · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Actually, "underwater ships" already existed by the time Jules Verne wrote his story.

    As for traveling to the moon, that's just not comparable. The physics for going to the moon were well understood and within reach; that was just a question of technology and engineering.

    For manned interplanetary and interstellar travel, it's not so much that we can make a reasoned argument against it, we don't even have a hint of the physics needed to make it work; current reactor, propulsion, and shielding technologies are many orders of magnitude away from what they would need to be for manned travel. And the technology being developed by SpaceX is completely irrelevant; it's a commercial launch vehicle, and an inefficient one at that--it has nothing to do with interplanetary or interstellar travel.

    It's a different thing for unmanned interstellar travel: technologically, if we devote enough resources to it, we can probably send a small interstellar probe to a neighboring star system within the next century--it would be hugely expensive, but feasible.

    Actually, I think the most likely path to manned space exploration is to reengineer people: radiation hardening, hibernation, vacuum resistance, and changes to the skeletal system, among others. If you do that well, you could send people in small pods and they might be able to work when they arrive. But I give it a century before people overcome their squeamishness to permit genetic engineering with people, and another century to do it. But you and I are never going to set foot on another planet.

  27. Re:here's a hint by Iron+Sun · · Score: 3, Interesting
    Actually, I think the most likely path to manned space exploration is to reengineer people: radiation hardening, hibernation, vacuum resistance, and changes to the skeletal system, among others.
    Bravo! Somebody give this person some mod points.

    Space is far too hostile and Homo Sapiens is far too frail and squishy for any large scale space travel. Somebody during the Apollo program made an estimate (conceivably pulled out of their butt) that there was a 10% chance per flight that there would be a solar flare large enough to kill the crew or at least abort the mission. There actually was a lethally large flare between Apollos 15 and 16. (Note that this doesn't mean it was all a hoax and they didn't go: it means they were heroes).

    I firmly believe that intelligent life from Earth has a great future ahead of it in space. I just don't think it will be human life.

  28. Re:Yes, but... by O2H2 · · Score: 3, Interesting
    Yes I do work for one of the two companies you mention- I do this stuff on a daily basis

    As for the corporate "masters", your assessment, while totally understandable, is absolutely wrong. First of all no one is making much money on launching rockets. LM and Boeing management would love to get rid of the space launch divisions. They are packed with risk and produce very little money. Boeing has not made a cent on the Delta III and IV. They are billions in the hole. LM just had their first year in recent memory where Atlas broke even on operating costs- but they are still hundreds of millions in the hole.

    The space launch business has nearly dried up. There are a few commercial launches but those mostly go to the Russian- built vehicles like Proton or Zenit. You can have a decent capability and pay the engineers a few hundred a month. The successful American vehicles are left with government business. Profits on government services are strictly limited- no one would ever invest a lot of money on that biz given the poor rates of return.

    The ability to develop new machines is then strictly limited by small amounts of money that are available. We make slow but steady progress - but only because the financial math doesn't justify much more. It is extremely annoying when folks out of the blue come up with hundreds of millions and then piss it away on showboating ( Spaceship 1- what a joke) or repeating the past (Conestoga, Roton, Beal, SpaceX et al).

    We are all space enthusiasts and would love to see some next steps made. It is within our grasp to make vehicles that can make real lunar exploration an economic possibility. And believe me the NASA CLV and CaLV vehicles are NOT the way to go. You could scarecely pick a less effective path. It will be a miracle if even one makes it to first flight. So instead of making educated next steps all the major resources are squandered on crap. Wouldn't you be a little pissed off too?

    I personally would like to see some people on Mars before I die. At the present rate of development that is not going to happen. It could though. We could be on Mars in 15 years with a serious exploration effort if we took the right paths. So keep all this in mind when you get all excited about some newbie's attempt to lift 1000 lb to LEO.

  29. Re:here's a hint by Kjella · · Score: 4, Insightful

    For manned interplanetary and interstellar travel, it's not so much that we can make a reasoned argument against it, we don't even have a hint of the physics needed to make it work; current reactor, propulsion, and shielding technologies are many orders of magnitude away from what they would need to be for manned travel.

    Say again? Interplanetary travel is quite well understood. It'd take some months but hardly out of reach. Now interstellar is a completely different ballgame. The solar system (diameter of Pluto's orbit) is about 80 AU wide, the nearest sun is 272000 AU away.

    It's a different thing for unmanned interstellar travel: technologically, if we devote enough resources to it, we can probably send a small interstellar probe to a neighboring star system within the next century--it would be hugely expensive, but feasible.

    As in arrive in the next century? Nope. With current tech we're talking about 75000 years or so. Even the most theoretical scenarios I've seen using ungodly amounts of antimatter as fuel takes about 20 years.

    Actually, I think the most likely path to manned space exploration is to reengineer people: radiation hardening, hibernation, vacuum resistance, and changes to the skeletal system, among others. If you do that well, you could send people in small pods and they might be able to work when they arrive. But I give it a century before people overcome their squeamishness to permit genetic engineering with people, and another century to do it. But you and I are never going to set foot on another planet.

    Interplanetary I don't see any reason why we couldn't do today. As for interstellar, I think it's far more likely we'll not actually send humans per se. Even with all the genetric modifications you suggest, sending humans is horribly inefficient. I think we'd send fertilized eggs and artificial wombs, or even just a DNA sequencer to do it on-site.

    --
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