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NASA May Have Killed The Martians

Sneakernets writes "CNN reports that NASA may have found life on Mars via the Viking space probes in 1976-77, but failed to recognize it and killed it by accident. Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a geology professor at Washington State University, says that Mars microbes that the space probes had found were possibly drowned and baked by accident. Other experts said the new concept is plausible, but more work is needed before they are convinced. From the article: 'A new NASA Mars mission called Phoenix is set for launch this summer, and one of the scientists involved said he is eager to test the new theory about life on Mars. However, scientists must come up with a way to do that using the mission's existing scientific instruments, said NASA astrobiologist and Phoenix co-investigator Chris McKay.'"

57 of 238 comments (clear)

  1. That would explain... by LiquidCoooled · · Score: 5, Funny

    That would explain why we haven't heard from K'breel or the Council of the Elders for a while :(

    --
    liqbase :: faster than paper
    1. Re:That would explain... by 7macaw · · Score: 3, Funny

      May be he's off inspecting the disgusting blue planet, preparing a surprise for the nasty water-breeds.

    2. Re:That would explain... by MadJo · · Score: 2, Funny

      He was last overheard, shouting: "Ulla!"

  2. Dilbert had a similar problem... by Dr.+Eggman · · Score: 4, Funny

    (To intelligent life under his microscope)

    We come in peace!

    *Adjusts lens to get a better view*

    *Squish*

    --
    Demented But Determined.
  3. Comment removed by account_deleted · · Score: 5, Funny

    Comment removed based on user account deletion

  4. I remember this by Marko+DeBeeste · · Score: 3, Funny
    --
    Faith: n. -- That human impulse that drives them to steal appliances when the power goes out
    1. Re:I remember this by sfraggle · · Score: 2, Funny

      This actually reminds me of the Commander Keen story, where the Vorticons are hellbent on destroying earth after the Viking space probe landed on and killed their leader.

      --
      were you expecting to see a sig here? perhaps you'd rather see the inside of an ambulance!
  5. "We're here to bring democracy to...oops." by Eternal+Vigilance · · Score: 5, Funny

    Well, at least we can learn from this sad lesson in our future missions to other sandy, desolate places. Right?

    Right?


    Lenny at NASA: "I used to have a little friend, but he don't move no more."

    1. Re:"We're here to bring democracy to...oops." by markana · · Score: 4, Funny

      Right - we've found an effective method of killing off the natives before we colonize the place.... :-)

  6. old video by Hennell · · Score: 5, Interesting

    This is rather similar to what I thought when I was watching a video at school once. The video claimed their was no life on Mars (Or any other planet for that matter) because they lacked the key conditions life needs. The lack of water, or stable temperature or decent atmosphere etc were all touted as being proof that life couldn't exist on these planets.

    My immediate thought was Why are we deciding all life is the same here? There are different species on the earth who need different amounts of things, Just because we all need water and a regular-ish temperature doesn't make potential alien life follow that rule. This scientist seems to be agreeing with me. Which is more then my teacher did at the time.

    1. Re:old video by veganboyjosh · · Score: 3, Interesting

      star trek had an episode similar to this, altho they didn't kill the life form. someone else will have to help with the details, but i do remember that the crew scanned the planet and found no life, which later they had to revise as "no carbon based life found". this issue has bothered me as well, when i hear that planets/environments are hostile to life. of course they might be hostile to our kind of life, but who knows what the hell is out there?

    2. Re:old video by Nasarius · · Score: 4, Insightful

      There are fundamental chemistry issues (energy, stability, etc.) that limits the likely composition and needs of any kind of life. There is a Wikipedia article that does a decent job of describing why even the more plausible forms of non-carbon based life are unlikely. Yes, there are many possibilities for life, but the laws of physics still apply.

      Carl Sagan wrote some great material on the topic as well. I particularly like his reasoning on why it makes sense that any alien life would have developed the ability to sense a similar portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can.

      --
      LOAD "SIG",8,1
    3. Re:old video by lawpoop · · Score: 4, Informative

      There are two things here.

      First, there is an 'energy' definition of life. That is to say, alien life may not be carbon-based, may not use water, may not be composed of cells, and may not have DNA inside of it. However, one of the defining characteristics of life is that it uses energy. It metabolizes, grows, and reproduces. It eats something, somehow. It makes a waste product.

      So, if we look at a planet's chemical composition, we can make a good guess as to whether there is life there by looking at its chemistry. If there are living things there, they will be making reactive chemicals. From outer space, we could tell that the Earth has a lot of metabolic activity in it, because the sky is mostly highly reactive oxygen that is a result of plant respiration. Mars, on the other hand, is mostly chemically inert. There is very little metabolism going on there, if there is any at all. Either life there has already eaten up the planet, or else there wasn't enough resource to really get started, or there was never life at all.

      Secondly, let's talk about a scenario where life can really only happen with water and organic ( meaning carbon-containing ) compounds. What conditions are necessary for life? What conditions does life thrive in? Take the Earth as an example. Where do we find the greatest mass and biodiversity? In the oceans. Ocean water is practically alive itself, there is so much life in it. On land, the places with the greatest biomass and biodiversity are the rainforests, where they have near 100% humidity. So water as a medium seem to really grow and reproduce. What temperature range do we find the most life in? About 70-90 degrees F -- I'm talking about the *most* life. So the metabolism of life forms seems to function optimally at 70-90 F.

      The point I'm trying to make is that yes, we do find life in weird places on Earth -- inside solid rock, in 200 degree sulfuric vents on the ocean floor, inside nuclear reactor cores. However, there isn't very much of it in terms of biomass, and there's not much diversity of forms. My guess is that those 'extremophiles' are descendants of creatures who lived in more hospital environments and became adapted to increasingly extreme environments. I don't think that life originated in rocks or in ocean vents. I think life originated in an environment that is most like where we find the greatest biomass and biodiversity -- water in sunlight at about 60-120 F.

      If we're not talking about the above scenarios, we are getting away from materialism, and thus science. This might include "Imagine beings of pure energy" (hey, atoms are 'pure energy') or "What if the sun is conscious?" ( well, we can't measure consciousness *yet* so we can't tell scientifically ) These are fun to think about, but scientifically they are kind of a non-starter.

      I understand what you're saying about thinking outside the box, expecting the unexpected, and not limiting our minds or our past experiences. But science puts some serious restraints on what we can imagine or postulate *scientifically*.

      --
      Computers are useless. They can only give you answers.
      -- Pablo Picasso
    4. Re:old video by scottv67 · · Score: 4, Funny

      Was that the rock monster episode?

      Rock monster? Rock monster??? Jeeeeesus!!! Every geek knows that the creatures were called "Hortas".
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horta_(Star_Trek)

      This is the Star Trek episode where we got to hear McCoy complain to Capt Kirk, "Damn-it Jim, I'm a doctor not a bricklayer!" as he was patching the wounds on the Horta.
      That quote is mentioned on the bottom of the Wikipedia page.

      Rock monster? Please turn in your geek card at the door. ;^)
      Just for grins, what is your name for the furry creatures in "The Trouble with Tribbles?" :^)

    5. Re:old video by trewornan · · Score: 3, Interesting

      life would be different on a planet with entirely different conditions


      But it's almost a pre-requisite that there must be a liquid medium available for life to exist. Chemicals in a solid can't move around enough to go through the complexity of reactions and in a gas they're too far apart.


      Also the liquid almost has to be water in order to dissolve the wide variety of chemicals you need (although you could argue that organic solvents would work if life was mostly carbon based).


      You also need compounds which can form large and varied molecules in order to carry enough information for a genome. Some people have suggested silicon based compounds could form large enough (and varied enough) molecules but I doubt it personally, which leaves carbon molecules as the only realistic basis for life.


      We end up with carbon based life forms existing only where liquid water is available and consequently no life on mars - as experiment after experiment has found.


      NASA pushes life on Mars as a possibility because it's a justification for their continued existence and their proposed (pointless) manned trips there.


      Admittedly it's difficult to prove a negative and there the faint possiblity of some weird "energy based" lifeform or something like that but, in practice, (and unless some unexpected evidence shows up) Occam's Razor tells us there is no life on Mars. It's disappointing but try to be logical about it.


      Ganymede (liquid water) and Titan (liquid hydrocarbons) are better bets.

    6. Re:old video by SleepyHappyDoc · · Score: 5, Funny

      Just for grins, what is your name for the furry creatures in "The Trouble with Tribbles?

      Flatcats.

      --
      Stasis is death. Embrace change.
    7. Re:old video by jlowery · · Score: 2, Informative

      My guess is that those 'extremophiles' are descendants of creatures who lived in more hospital environments and became adapted to increasingly extreme environments. I don't think that life originated in rocks or in ocean vents. I think life originated in an environment that is most like where we find the greatest biomass and biodiversity -- water in sunlight at about 60-120 F.

      Except that life originated in an anaerobic environment: oxygen was not a significant component of Earth's atmosphere for hundreds of millions of years after life began. When oxygen did increase, the atmosphere became inhospitable to those early organisms.

      We find a large amount of biodiversity in (now) hospitable environments because of chlorophyl: early plant-like organisms evolved a way to produce energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide. The waste product was oxygen, which still newer organisms were able to utilize through their mitochondria.

      --
      If you post it, they will read.
    8. Re:old video by SinGunner · · Score: 2, Insightful
      "Take the Earth as an example..."

      You can't take the Earth as an "example" of how life works on other planets when there isn't life on other planets. It's like saying, "all universes work this way because ours does". Or "look, I was able dodge getting shot once, I am the One!!"

    9. Re:old video by networkBoy · · Score: 2, Funny

      -1 pedantic but shouldn't it Earth Fly Traps when on Mars? :-)
      -nB

      --
      whois gawk date unzip strip find touch finger mount join nice man top fsck grep eject more yes exit umount sleep dump
    10. Re:old video by smoker2 · · Score: 2, Insightful
      You talk about science and then ignore the facts !
      From outer space, we could tell that the Earth has a lot of metabolic activity in it, because the sky is mostly highly reactive oxygen that is a result of plant respiration.

      Actually, the "sky" or atmosphere (as scientists call it) is mostly Nitrogen. Only around 20% is oxygen. Link.

      Ocean water is practically alive itself, there is so much life in it. On land, the places with the greatest biomass and biodiversity are the rainforests, where they have near 100% humidity.

      Ocean water is not "practically alive" in any sense whatsoever. There are vast areas where there is virtually no significant life. That is not to say those areas are sterile, but just that they do not have sufficient resources to sustain a large amount of diverse lifeforms. Such things as boundaries between ocean currents and upwellings of cold water bringing nutrients closer to the surface create conditions where life flourishes. This is why there are mass migrations of many species every year - to go where the food is. They wouldn't have to do that if the oceans were "practically alive". As for the rainforests, they have the greatest biomass due mainly to the fact that they are forests ! Forests full of massive plants called trees. Yes they do have massive bio-diversity, but that is mainly due to having the most available niches for life to succeed. From the forest floor to the canopy presents a large area in which to find suitable conditions. The Sahara desert is not entirely lifeless, but appears that way because it only provides 1 environment - the sand. Dig a little beneath the surface of the sand and you will find mammals, reptiles, insects and arachnids. Your argument is too simplistic.

      My guess is that those 'extremophiles' are descendants of creatures who lived in more hospital environments and became adapted to increasingly extreme environments. I don't think that life originated in rocks or in ocean vents.

      Well your guess would be pretty much wrong then. Link. What you "think" has no real bearing on the reality that science has discovered. And I don't think they had hospitals 4 billion years ago !

    11. Re:old video by Thuktun · · Score: 2, Funny
      Just for grins, what is your name for the furry creatures in "The Trouble with Tribbles?

      Flatcats.
      Diet Coke does not mix well with the sinuses. Ouch.
    12. Re:old video by LikeTheSearchEngine · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I'm not one of those "I want to believe," types, but I think that your comment that 'it's not like what we have one earth, so it's very unlikely' is short sighted. Converse to that, I could see some sort of race living with no life sustaining liquid element, but rather a very precise sort of dry nutrient transfer system, saying 'liquid media? that would be far too imprecise to allow proper distribution of vital nutrients.'

      Say 'I'll wait for the evidence' all you want, hell, I agree with you and so will I. This kind of 'news' about life on Mars seems like a rehash of every other story similar to it.

      But to say it's unlikely simply because life there would have to be very different than life here? Well... define alien again for me?

    13. Re:old video by ceoyoyo · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Life also acts against entropy. You take in simple molecules and synthesize them into more complicated ones and arrange them in ordered structures. Fire (burning wood) takes those ordered structures and breaks them down into minimum energy molecules.

  7. Well by jaymzru · · Score: 4, Funny

    I've seen "Mars Attacks!" Better them than us.

  8. OMG The title is soooo misleading... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    This same article was on digg a while back, so I've read it already.

    The title implies that NASA killed off all of the martians, while the article says that if Viking had found a few martian microbes in its sample, it would have killed those.

    There's no need for the sensationalism.

    1. Re:OMG The title is soooo misleading... by Prof.Phreak · · Score: 2, Informative

      The title implies that NASA killed off all of the martians

      Unless all of martian life was conviniently located in just that sample, and nowhere else.

      --

      "If anything can go wrong, it will." - Murphy

  9. Well, by ampathee · · Score: 5, Funny

    I for one, welcome our new Martian- oops.. Nevermind.

  10. Obligatory Star Wars Quote by bmo · · Score: 4, Funny

    "I feel a great disturbanc in the Force, as if billions of microbes cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced"

    --
    BMO

  11. Obligatory.... by Karl+Cocknozzle · · Score: 3, Funny

    "He's dead, Jim..."

    --
    Who did what now?
  12. Earth by reset_button · · Score: 4, Funny

    Mostly harmless

  13. No, I'm New Here by New+Here · · Score: 3, Funny

    No, I'm New Here

  14. Can't you read? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

    They're *dead*. :-)

    1. Re:Can't you read? by MrShaggy · · Score: 4, Funny

      They're not dead, they're just pining for the fjords.

      --
      I have mod points and I am not afraid to use them.
    2. Re:Can't you read? by 5of0 · · Score: 3, Funny

      Previously... NASA Supervisor: "Look, matey, I know a dead bacteria when I see one, and I'm looking at one right now." NASA Employee: "No, no, he's restin'! Look, there, it just moved!" NASA Supervisor: "No it didn't, you bumped the petri dish!" NASA Employee: "No, I never did anything."

      --
      You all have Oo.o and Firefox, so get World Wind.
  15. It's life Jim but not as we know it by Attaturk · · Score: 2, Interesting
    star trek had an episode similar to this, altho they didn't kill the life form. someone else will have to help with the details...
    I believe that's the "Devil in the Dark" episode. Miners accidentally destroy some alien eggs thinking they're just rocks. Silicon-based mummy alien gets mad and starts harrassing the mining operation until Spock works out that they're dealing with sentient life and the apologies start flowing.
  16. Re:Marvin will get angry by Axe · · Score: 5, Funny
    ..not Martians - Sea-men

    Kyle: Wow! That's a lot of seamen, Cartman.
    Cartman: Yeah, I bought all that I could at this bank, and then I got the rest from this guy Ralph in an alley.
    Stan: That's cool.
    Cartman: Yeah, and the sweet thing is, the stupid asshole didn't even charge me money for it. He just made me close my eyes and suck on a hose.

    --
    <^>_<(ô ô)>_<^>
  17. Point is we might have missed detecting life by davros-too · · Score: 5, Interesting

    From TFA: "Given the cold dry conditions of Mars, life could have evolved on Mars with the key internal fluid consisting of a mix of water and hydrogen peroxide, said Schulze-Makuch."

    The important point is that a new possibility for the nature of life on Mars has been suggested. If there is any life in this form it would not have been detected by previous experiements. This is interesting because it keeps open the possibility of what would be the greatest discovery ever - life on another planet. The minor point that the testing process could have killed the specific bacteria it sampled is - apart from the obligatory jokes - totally irellevant.

    --
    In theory, there's no difference between theory and practice; in practice there is.
  18. This is basically a retread... by jpellino · · Score: 5, Informative

    ... of old objections with a slight new twist about peroxides.

    Back in the 70's the results of the "chicken soup" (gas exchange) experiment on board the Vikings were frustratingly inconclusive - the resulting single release of gas when combining martian soil with a mixture of likely nutrients could have been produced by several mechanisms: (1) a simple chemical reaction between the soil sample and the "soup", or (2) the death rattles of an organism poisoned by the "soup" or (3) the initial metabolic release of (an) organism(s) that ate itself to death like a goldfish on the nutrient "soup".

    --
    "Win treats sysadmins better than users. Mac treats users better than sysadmins. Linux treats everyone like sysadmins."
  19. Well, that explains it by djupedal · · Score: 4, Funny

    "..failed to recognize it and killed it by accident"

    I seem to recall Cheney using a similar excuse when he shotgunned a hunting partner in his ass...

    1. Re:Well, that explains it by haapi · · Score: 2, Funny

      Unless his partner was suffering from rectal-cranial inversion, the blast was to his face.

      --
      Well, apparently, you only have to fool the majority of people for a little while.
    2. Re:Well, that explains it by thedarknite · · Score: 2, Funny

      I could have sworn Cheney shot an 87 year old man in the face.

      --
      A game has objectives and is competitive, anything else is just play
  20. Dead Martians by the_mind_ · · Score: 3, Funny

    What did they expect when they named it "Viking"?

    --
    You feel sleepy. Close your eyes. The opinions stated above are yours. You cannot imagine why you ever felt otherwise.
    1. Re:Dead Martians by Tablizer · · Score: 2, Funny

      What did they expect when they named it "Viking"?

      Because Rape II, Pillager 4, and Plunder 7 all failed during landing.

  21. It's a win/win situation for Schulze-Makuch by MavEtJu · · Score: 4, Insightful

    From the article:

    Good reporting:

    The Viking space probes of 1976-77 were looking for the wrong kind of life, so they didn't recognize it, a geology professor at Washington State University said.

    Sensationatilism:

    Two NASA space probes that visited Mars 30 years ago may have found alien microbes on the Red Planet and inadvertently killed them, a scientist is theorizing.

    To show how full of crap it is:

    Schulze-Makuch acknowledges he can't prove that Martian microbes exist, but given the Martian environment and how evolution works, "it makes sense."

    So if there are microbes left, NASA was lucky, and if there are none, NASA has killed them all.
    And if there are microbes, Schulze-Makuch is happy because NASA didn't kill them all and his name is in history again, while if there are none, it would be exactly how Schulze-Makuch had predicted it!

    --
    bash$ :(){ :|:&};:
    1. Re:It's a win/win situation for Schulze-Makuch by Sneakernets · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Sorry.

      --
      "No freeman shall ever be debarred the use of arms." -- Thomas Jefferson
  22. Comedian pointed this out in the 1970's by starfire-1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    In the 1970's, comedian Don Novello (of Father Guido Sarducci fame) wrote a book called the "Lazlo Lettets" where he would write tongue in cheek letters to a wide variety of people and places like the President, Hotels, and of course NASA. His alter ego Lazlo Toth observered that if NASA were to scoop up martian soil and burn it to find life, that NASA would have more appropriately found life, but killed it so they wouldn't be able to actually prove that life still existed. I don't recall the content what NASA's response letter.

    I love it when comedians get these things right ahead of time.

    P.S. Another example at the Onion. http://www.theonion.com/content/node/33930 saw the new Fusion with six blades coming way back in Feb 2004!

  23. It's life Jim by TapeCutter · · Score: 5, Informative

    We have found many new and oddball extremophiles over the last few decades living right here on Earth in places that were once considered impossibly "hostile to life". This has resulted in a tree of life with many more branches than the animal, plant and fungi ones I was taught at high school.

    The three "essential ingredients" for life now seem to be carbon, water and energy but we haven't finished searching the planet yet, let alone our solar system and beyond.

    To summerize: "It's life Jim, but not as we know it".

    --
    And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
    1. Re:It's life Jim by TapeCutter · · Score: 3, Informative

      If you look at the three branches in the top RHS of the tree in figure 1, you will see three brances labeled, "plants", "animals" and "fungi". I and many others were taught in an early 70's high school that all life could be classified as belonging to one of those three branches, bacteria were explained as single celled members of one of the 3 branches, one example we were given was an ameboa [sic?] was like an animal because "it hunts other single cell critters and eats them" and they had a B&W movie to demonstrate it. I don't claim that it was correct but it's what I was taught at the time.

      I first realised the tree was bigger in the early 90's, a documentry explained the lifecycle of slime mold complete with timelapse sequences showing off it's plant, animal and fungal features, but still, that was only four branches in my layman's version of the tree. A few years later I read a book about how "Alvin" the submersible had expanded the tree with the weird and wonderfull critters that live around deep sea vents and gave a picture similar to figure 1. I've also heard of other branches that extract energy from uranium 2km below ground and still others that live on the cooling rods of nuclear reactors.

      Maybe none of this is news to you, but it was to me when I heard it so I thought I would pass it on. Speaking of passing things on, here is an animation you might enjoy. It's from a group of Havard microboligists showing the workings of a single cell, the animation is set to music so it's up to you if you want to reasearch what is happening. I thought I knew a little bit about cells assembling protiens and such until I saw that video on the news and was awe struck by the sheer complexity of natures nano-machines that have somehow got together and decided to build a pile of temporarily cooperative atoms capable of contemplating it's own navel, (ie: "me").

      --
      And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
  24. Re:The Ant Effect by R3d+M3rcury · · Score: 2, Funny

    Small consolation for the millions of affected microbes. Won't somebody think of the microbes?!
  25. Wait... by TheSpoom · · Score: 2, Funny

    Why was the NASA probe playing yodeling music?

    --
    It's better to vote for what you want and not get it than to vote for what you don't want and get it.
    - E. Debs
  26. WMD by Malfourmed · · Score: 5, Funny

    Weapons of Mars Destruction?

  27. Re:That's what you get... by Tablizer · · Score: 2, Insightful

    That's what you get for sending a robot to do a man's job. Let's quit futzing around with probes, and put a properly equipped science team on the planet.

    Got a half trillion bucks laying around? Or did you blow it on a dumb war again?

    Seriously, if the goal is to detect life, probes are still far cheaper. A sample return mission can relatively easily be carried out by remote control probably at about 1/5 to 1/10 the cost of a manned mission per rock.

  28. 30-year-old news by moosesocks · · Score: 5, Informative

    Debate over the validity of the biological experiments on the Viking probes has been going on since the probes landed.

    You see.... several of the biological experiments on Viking turned up positive. However, this result contradicted other components of the same experiment, which indicated that there were no organic molecules in the soil, among other factors, making the possibility of life existing in those soil samples remotely minute.

    It was largely agreed upon that the experiments were inconclusive and poorly designed all the way back in the 80s. The fact that this guy is making this argument about an experiment that yielded a false-positive is somewhat absurd. The bits of the experiment that turned up negative would have hypothetically yielded the same result on a living organism as a dead one.

    The ill-fated Beagle 2 probe was supposed to repeat/confirm several of the Viking experiments.

    Of course, that's not to say that we shouldn't be reproducing these experiments to figure out what went wrong, and what produced the false positive, as I'm sure there's plenty of interesting science to be explored there as well. I wouldn't completely rule out the possibility of life on mars either -- as mentioned earlier, the experiments were inconclusive.

    --
    -- If you try to fail and succeed, which have you done? - Uli's moose
    1. Re:30-year-old news by gremlinuk · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Of course, it is entirely possible (to take a Devil's Advocate position), that the negative results were the 'false' ones, and the positive results the correct ones. To borrow from an archaeologist: 'A lack of evidence isn't evidence of a lack.'

  29. Re: killing off the natives before we colonize by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    > This whole thing is really like "War Of The Worlds" in reverse, isn't it? We do to others exactly what we fear and claim they're trying to do to us.

    Oh, now come on! It's not like we intentionally sent giant tripods to another world and started vaporizing the indigenous... ...oh, wait. Never mind!

  30. Re:NASA Beware!..... by Tablizer · · Score: 2, Funny

    may be on the hook for untold millions in reparations if we begin colonizing Mars in the future.

    On the bright side, 12,463 microbes confessed to being Al Queda members just before their death.

  31. Re: killing off the natives before we colonize by SnapShot · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I just hope we have a resistance to the Martian microbes. Remember how that movie ended?

    --
    Waltz, nymph, for quick jigs vex Bud.