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German Police May Not Break Into a Suspect's PC

hweimer writes to tell us that a ruling in Germany's Supreme Court has made it illegal for the police to secretly hack into a suspect's computer. While some hailed this as a victory for civil rights, Germany's Interior Minister Wolfgang Schauble is expected to push for changes in the legal framework to allow police hacking.

39 of 123 comments (clear)

  1. Oh, Germany... by Aaron+Isotton · · Score: 2, Funny

    ...country of freedom and civil rights ;-)

    1. Re:Oh, Germany... by mrjb · · Score: 4, Insightful

      And you live where, in the Land of the Free?

      --
      Visit http://ringbreak.dnd.utwente.nl/~mrjb/growingbettersoftware to download your free copy of the book
    2. Re:Oh, Germany... by Aaron+Isotton · · Score: 2, Funny

      No, in the land of chocolate, banks and watches.

    3. Re:Oh, Germany... by eviloverlordx · · Score: 2, Funny

      No, in the land of chocolate, banks and watches.

      Japan? :D

      --
      'Loose' is when your pants are three sizes too big. 'Lose' is when you misuse 'loose'.
    4. Re:Oh, Germany... by Qbertino · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Yes. More free than in the US I'd actually say. There are some things that suck big time about germany, don't get me wrong. Bureaucracy is one of the things that come to mind. That's really bad over here. The weather is constantly so-so, meaning often rainy but without the british poetry associated with it. Another thing that is really depressing compared to other countries is the loads of post-WW2 architecture that is ugly and dominates lots of the cities. This goes on the Nazies account as they pissed everyone on the entire planet off which in turn had to bomb germany into chunky kibbles. Hence: Many a crappy architecture in many parts of town hereabouts. Another thing that really bugs me is the germans and their car crazyness. No matter how many children die in traffic each year, highway speed limit is of limits to everyone and any politician who suggests it automatically does a political harakiri. Germany spend 4,7 billion man-hours in traffic jams each year, but it doesn't stop them from clogging the streets in town with cars whatsoever.

      On the upsides we still have above standard social wellfare - allthough that has gotten considerably worse with 'Hartz 4' it would be considered luxurious in the US and other countries. Contrary to popular opinion the germans can actually be very nice and well behaved folks and the general education leven is still pretty high which maintains a basic level of intelligence throughout the country. The 'show your teeth - keep smiling' attitude people know from the US is near to non-existant here and people in germany generally mean what they say. For most of the time anyway. A trait I've come to like. In social structures as in schools there is the ususal back-stabbing and such, but on a much more broader base of tolerance towards other opinions and ways of life. Even though poverty is increasing as we speak the level of wealth is still considerably high and life in germany can be very secure and pleasant. Germany in general respects and defends basic human rights - something like Guantanamo or Death Sentence would be unthinkable in todays germany - and deals relatively fair with it's citizens.

      --
      We suffer more in our imagination than in reality. - Seneca
    5. Re:Oh, Germany... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Oh well... according to the quality of life 2007 website the united states citizens are much less free than the citizens of many other countries:

      http://www.il-ireland.com/il/qofl07/

      the freedom index of U.S. is 92, while Germany is 100 (still U.S. is 5th in overall quality of life versus 11th of Germany). (if you sort on the freedom list .. U.S. appears worse than many third world countries).

    6. Re:Oh, Germany... by Maxo-Texas · · Score: 2, Funny

      Odd guess.

      I would have guessed Switzerland myself.

      --
      She was like chocolate when she drank... semi-sweet at first and then increasingly bitter.
    7. Re:Oh, Germany... by harmonica · · Score: 2, Interesting

      No matter how many children die in traffic each year, highway speed limit is of limits to everyone and any politician who suggests it automatically does a political harakiri.

      Those children usually don't die on the Autobahn, which is the only type of street without a general speed limit. However, these days there are so many exceptions on the Autobahn where speed is limited that it doesn't make much of a difference anymore. You could just as well make 130 km/h mandatory.

    8. Re:Oh, Germany... by Khabok · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Bureaucracy is one of the things that come to mind. That's really bad over here.

      US has that too, especially the school system. Our schools are required by law to contract everything to whoever puts in the lowest bid. The result is that nothing ever works, from the lawn sprinklers to the climate control. Our district in particular has something approaching ten thousand clients accessing the internet through 3.0 MBps. I kid you not.

      Another thing that is really depressing compared to other countries is the loads of post-WW2 architecture that is ugly and dominates lots of the cities.

      Is that really at all significant, compared to the creepy cookie-cutter quality of the suburbs? In my hometown, we've got hundreds of homes, all in the same floor plan, all in beige stucco, all right next to each other.

      Another thing that really bugs me is the germans and their car crazyness.

      SUVs and fullsize pickups are rapidly creeping up on 50% of our driving population. I hate waiting at a traffic light with nothing to see out my front and rear windows but bumpers. I mean that literally. And I drive a BMW. German car craziness as a symbol is literally smashed into jagged shrapnel by these disgusting American behemoths.

      Sounds to me like you've got the same subset of problems, but a longer list of redeeming qualities.

    9. Re:Oh, Germany... by KDR_11k · · Score: 2, Informative

      Well I think we're worse than the US and the internatinal PISA-study showed this.

      I don't put much value into that study. Put a bunch of pupils in front of a test and tell them it doesn't get graded. About half of them (low estimate) won't even attempt to get it right and instead brag about the kind of nonsense they produced. I think I was involved in one of these tests back then and I certainly didn't place the source of the Danube in Turkey because I believed in it.

      --
      Justice is the sheep getting arrested while an impartial judge declares the vote void.
  2. Parser error by $RANDOMLUSER · · Score: 2, Interesting

    No legal framework for secret police hacking exists at this time, decided Germany's Federal Court of Justice Monday in Karlsruhe
    Is that:
    (secret police) hacking
    or
    secret (police hacking)
    --
    No folly is more costly than the folly of intolerant idealism. - Winston Churchill
    1. Re:Parser error by muffel · · Score: 4, Informative

      It's secret (police hacking). Just like "real world" searches, computers may not be searched secretly. So far.

      --

      bla
    2. Re:Parser error by StikyPad · · Score: 2, Funny

      Just like "real world" searches, computers may not be searched secretly.

      Yeah, thank God for those "This call may be monitored for law enforcement purposes," recordings.

  3. just change the name by User+956 · · Score: 4, Funny

    Germany's Supreme Court has made it illegal for the police to secretly hack into a suspect's computer ... Germany's Interior Minister Wolfgang Schauble is expected to push for changes in the legal framework to allow police hacking.

    Why change the legal framework? Just change the terminology. For example, while it may now be illegal to hack into a "suspect's" computer, they clearly never said anything about someone deemed to be an "enemy combatant". Problem solved. (/sarcasm)

    --
    The theory of relativity doesn't work right in Arkansas.
    1. Re:just change the name by cronotk · · Score: 3, Informative

      Yeah, that Schäuble really IS absolutely paranoid. He even called the Internet an "university for terrorists" and wants ANY data transfer to be logged.
      Maybe he shouldn't have read 1984...

      If THAT guy's actions aren't anti-constitutional, then I don't know WHOSE are!
      Even those jerks from the NPD (the "nazis") are more freedom-and-democracy-loving!


  4. Sounds fine to me by SlamMan · · Score: 2, Insightful

    This sounds right; it should be illegal unless/untill the police get a warrant.

    --
    Mod point free since 2001
    1. Re:Sounds fine to me by Sique · · Score: 4, Informative

      That's exactly the reasoning of the Supreme Court's decision. The chapter 102 of the Criminal Court Proceedings (102 StPO) was very clear that for any search the suspect or at least an eyewitness has to be present, and exactly that was the provision of secret spying missing.
      So the court likened this to wiretapping the phone or using secret microphones to listen to conversations in the suspect's home ("Großer Lauschangriff"), which both need a warrant.

      --
      .sig: Sique *sigh*
    2. Re:Sounds fine to me by Yokaze · · Score: 2, Informative

      > it should be illegal unless/untill the police get a warrant.

      Not quite correct. It is also illegal when the police gets a warrant (which they have currently done). The court judged, that hacking into a computer is not covered by the laws of wiretapping (which they are allowed to do secretly with a warrant), but that it is search and seizure. Contrary to wiretapping, search and seizure has to be done in the presence of witnesses of the community (e.g. neighbours). After the search, the suspect has to be delivered a notice about the warrant, a protocol about the search and the confiscated items.

      --
      "Between strong and weak, between rich and poor [...], it is freedom which oppresses and the law which sets free"
    3. Re:Sounds fine to me by lelitsch · · Score: 2, Informative

      Actually, the decision goes further than this: the court decided that a judge cannot issue a search warrant that would allow hacking into a suspects computer. They basically say that since it is a clandestine police operation, it has to follow the much stricter wiretapping rules. According to the German Constitutional Court, this limits wiretapping to crimes that are punishable by at least 5 years of jail. In other words, the police will have a much harder time getting approval for hacking into a suspects computer, than getting a search warrant that lets them go and impound the computer.

  5. German Law by HappySqurriel · · Score: 4, Informative

    I have no understanding of German Law but (in most countries) wouldn't hacking into secretly someone's computer be the same as an illegal search?

    I could be wrong, but as I see it tracking someone's activity online is similar to watching someone in a public space which is (somewhat) reasonable; and it could (hypothetically) be argued that any data being sent via the internet was like yelling across the field. Someone's computer (on the other hand) is private property and they have the right to believe that it is a private space (much like your house).

  6. Amazing: no twisted analogies by Beryllium+Sphere(tm) · · Score: 4, Informative

    The court looked at various precedents and noticed that what the police were doing was *not* really like any of them, and so needed separate legal authorization and separate thinking-through.

    Germany has stricter privacy laws, more passionately enforced, than the UK/US, but this decision is completely compatible with UK/US law that says the scope of a search has to be explicitly defined and minimal. Spyware on a computer fits neither criterion.

    1. Re:Amazing: no twisted analogies by vertinox · · Score: 2, Informative

      Germany has stricter privacy laws, more passionately enforced, than the UK/US, but this decision is completely compatible with UK/US law that says the scope of a search has to be explicitly defined and minimal. Spyware on a computer fits neither criterion.

      For as much shit we give the Germans with the "Zee papers please!" skits they are really on the ball when it comes to personal freedoms over there. From my understanding they recently struck down a law that bans smoking in restaurants and clubs as unconstitutional whereas states in the US and the UK government are banning such practices.

      I guess a nation has to go through something really big so that they really respect individual's rights over the collectives.

      --
      "I am the king of the Romans, and am superior to rules of grammar!"
      -Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368-1437)
    2. Re:Amazing: no twisted analogies by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

      Well this one for example:
      http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/166.html

      But there are more. I say freedom of speech is better protected in the US than in Germany. But Germany has better privacy rights.

  7. Another issue with this... by bennomatic · · Score: 4, Insightful
    ...is that there could be a form of entrapment if hacking into a personal system became legal for police to do, especially as it becomes a slippery slope, where blocking such searches is tantamount to a crime in and of itself. A technicnally savvy (but innocent) person could note the attack, take steps to block it, and then appear--in the eyes of law enforcement officials who "know" of his guilt--to be trying to avoid justice. One could imagine how this might be used as justification for a warrant to search, seize and confiscate the physical property, and perhaps dig into other private areas of the innocent party's life.

    --
    The CB App. What's your 20?
    1. Re:Another issue with this... by Daemonstar · · Score: 2, Informative

      is that there could be a form of entrapment if hacking into a personal system became legal for police to do, especially as it becomes a slippery slope, where blocking such searches is tantamount to a crime in and of itself.
      Entrapment: that word doesn't mean what you think it means. I realize this is different from state-to-state and from country-to-country, but here it is from the Texas Penal Code:

      8.06. ENTRAPMENT. (a) It is a defense to prosecution that the actor engaged in the conduct charged because he was induced to do so by a law enforcement agent using persuasion or other means likely to cause persons to commit the offense. Conduct merely affording a person an opportunity to commit an offense does not constitute entrapment.

      (b) In this section "law enforcement agent" includes personnel of the state and local law enforcement agencies as well as of the United States and any person acting in accordance with instructions from such agents.

      Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 883, ch. 399, 1, eff. Jan. 1, 1974. Amended by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 900, 1.01, eff. Sept. 1, 1994.
      Entrapment (in this state) requires that the criminal action was induced by a law enforcement officer. When the individual has a choice to commit a crime (or not), there is no entrapment (i.e.: speed trap). Btw, entrapment is not a crime, but a defense to prosecution in a court of law.

      The police are allowed to do a whole lot of things that are not allowed by ordinary citizens (i.e.: arrest for misdemeanor crimes, use lethal force to prevent convicts escaping from a penal institution, provide protection for the local courthouse, etc.). If there is a warrant by a court of jurisdiction, then, yes, blocking the "police sniff" would probably be illegal; however, if Citizen Joe knows nothing about this warrant and is simply securing his network, then any offense brought against Citizen Joe about blocking the search warrant will be challenged in the courts.
      --
      I don't reply to Anonymous posts; if you have something to say to me, identify yourself or I won't reply.
  8. Has nothing to do with Privacy by ObiWanStevobi · · Score: 5, Funny

    If you aren't doing anything wrong, you have nothing to worry about. When will you privacy lunatics grasp that simple point? For once, could we stop and think of all the children this would save? You don't hate children, do you???

  9. Now why would someone want to do that? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Putting aside the privacy concerns that I'm sure will be expressed by fellow Slashdotters, I truly don't see the point of the police hacking into a suspects' PC, at least from a forensic perspective. Sure, they might be able to find 'interesting' evidence by doing so, but at the same time, they risk compromising their whole investigation. If they successfully exploited a vulnerability to gain access to the suspects' PC, then what guarantees them (and eventually the judge) that someone else didn't do the same before them and that whatever illegal content/activity was found on the computer was not put their/committed by another hacker?

    It seems that they are providing the suspect with plausible deniability for any illegal activity that took place. If I were the police trying to prosecute someone for some digital crime, I would be praying from the bottom of my heart that the computer used to commit the crime was secured according to best practices and free of any malware.

    1. Re:Now why would someone want to do that? by Maxo-Texas · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Exactly.

      I could easily load your car (or your computer) with enough kiddy porn in about 30 seconds to have you put away for the rest of your life. A trivial search would load your cache- a few right click/saves and you are toast.

      Yet folks are being convicted regularly on this kind of evidence these days because of a fundamental ignorance of the way computers work that would be obvious for unlocked cars.

      --
      She was like chocolate when she drank... semi-sweet at first and then increasingly bitter.
  10. Speaking of changing the name... by Chmcginn · · Score: 2, Insightful
    You misspelled "Muslims"... come on, it's the first half of the 21st century, not the first half of the 20th. Get your scapegoats straight!

    (Don't worry, by 2050ish it'll be genetically tailored kids, or people with prosthetic something or others. The wheel, it keeps on turning.)

    --
    Have you been touched by his noodly appendage?
  11. I'm going by stummies · · Score: 4, Funny

    Vincent: It breaks down like this: it's legal to buy it, it's legal to own it, and, if you're the proprietor of a software store, it's legal to sell it. It's legal to carry it, but that doesn't really matter 'cause - get a load of this - if you get stopped by the cops in Germany, it's illegal for them to hack your computer. I mean, that's a right the cops in Germany don't have.

    Jules: I'm going, that's all there is too it, I'm farking going.

    Vincent: Yeah baby, you'd digg it the most.

  12. Re:Oh come on now!!! by cosmocain · · Score: 2, Insightful

    how come? as soon as the word "german" appears... ...some folks can't help themselves but mentioning "hitler". reminds me of some dogs, a bell and an old russian man.

  13. Autobahn != playground by Moraelin · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I'll mostly aggree about the other points, but I'm not sure what the point about children dying and the highways is. We're not talking in the cities, we're not even talking fast roads as such, we're talking major highways surrounded by at least fences and usually walls (against noise) too in the urban areas. To actually get onto a highway, a kid would have to walk quite a bit from wherever their home is, and climb over / crawl under a fence. I'm not even aware of that ever happening. Even if I might have missed a case somewhere along the road, it's hardly reason to plan traffic around such an unlikely scenario.

    Also, if we're talking car-crazy, I'd like to say that at least Germany is designed to at least _allow_ one to not have a car, pretty much anywhere they may live. Compare it to USA suburban areas where in most cases you can't even walk even if you wanted to. Not only there are sidewalks everywhere, there's also good public transportation everywhere, and most places have supermarkets every 1 km or less. (As opposed to concentrating everything in some mall outside the town that's not even practical or in some cases possible to reach without a car.) So if you want to walk or take a bus instead, at least you _can_. I actually have (well paid) co-workers who come by bus, and at least one refuses to have a car and supposedly burned his driver's license as a protest against something or another.

    Also the suburbia craze hasn't hit here half as hard as in the USA, where the American dream seems to be that if you're white and even vaguely countable as middle class, you have to move somewhere away from other people in some place reachable only by car. I suppose that not having much of an inner-city crime problem also helps with that. Most of my co-workers (again, well-paid and including some managers) actually like living in a populated place, on account of being more a more social thing. Which again tends to create somewhat less reason for a car exodus daily. Not that there isn't one, but it could be worse, you know?

    Traffic congestions are a problem in some places, but then that's a problem in most of the western world. Cars in the 40's were still a luxury, so noone assumed we'd end up having _this_ many when they planned the cities. Short of demolishing half the city again and rebuilding it with wider roads, there's not that horribly much one can do. People aren't going to just give up their cars in Germany, but then again they aren't going to give up their cars in the USA either. And I was just reading a few days ago about Turkey having a traffic problem too, and a proposal to forbid more than one car per family in Istanbul. The Turks weren't happy about that idea, either. So that problem pretty much isn't a Germany-only problem by any kind of reckoning.

    --
    A polar bear is a cartesian bear after a coordinate transform.
  14. When there's a knocking at your ports at 3am... by adnonsense · · Score: 2, Interesting

    ...it won't be tall thin men in long leather coats and wide-brimmed floppy hats.

    Seriously the politicos were, and still are, advocating what is being called a "federal trojan", i.e. secret, police-controlled spyware. Just how they plan to create such a mythical multi-platform wunder-creature is a mystery to everyone here, or they are assuming all criminals and other potential searchees are using easily-targetted Windows versions attached directly to the net and store all their data in easily-searched formats and locations.

  15. obvious points by whathappenedtomonday · · Score: 3, Interesting
    - if the government can legally hack my computer to obtaint evidence, said evidence might have been put on my computer by some (other?) hacker, too. I'm no longer responsible for what is stored here, since any of the contents of my HDD might have been planted^z put there by some 3rd party.

    - I'm supposed to help cutting administrative costs, so I should use "E-Government" possibilities (websites, software, forms etc). Tax declarations can in large parts only be made online using some (Windows only) govt software. How could I possibly trust any software / website / form provided by the government if "online searches" were to be legal? How can I visit a public government website without fear of being 0wn3d?

    - as German ministers announce - Schäuble, in this case - that whatever is ruled illegal by the courts will "promptly" be put into appropriate new legislation, how am I supposed to trust this government any longer? In their oath of office, German ministers vow "to avert damage from the German people" - I don't see that. I dont't fear terrorists at all, I fear our representatives! List goes on and on, but I'm tired and kinda drunk...

    --
    I hope I didn't brain my damage.
  16. If the woman were hotter.... by MMInterface · · Score: 2, Funny

    I would move to Germany. Please fallow this example Japan. Say no to police brutality against computer privacy.

  17. My take on Germany... by Saint+Fnordius · · Score: 4, Informative

    I'm an American, but I've been living here in Germany ever since I left the US Army in 1990. Some points I agree with, some seem to be more of a myth, however.

    Bureaucracy in Germany is like much of the EU: there are regulations for almost anything. This does, however, have a silver lining as that means less legal battles. The courts aren't as bogged down since there are less "grey areas", so legal insurance is a lot cheaper. Some companies are returning to Germany because of the high cost of legal battles elsewhere.

    Architecture is improving in Germany, as the butt-ugly buildings get torn down to make way for more modern structures. I would say that most larger cities now have spent a great deal to make their centres attractive pedestrian zones.

    Car craziness in Germany is different than in the USA, but not any worse. The SUV remains an exotic animal, and fuel efficiency is playing a larger role. Move into the cities like Munich, and a car becomes a liability due to the lack of parking and the net of public transportation. That said, the sons of my neighbour spend incredible amounts of time washing and cleaning their cars, caring for them more than for their girlfriends. The elder one actually presses his GF into vacuuming the upholstery with him!

    Social Welfare in Germany is still better than elsewhere, but it's also seen as a burden. Germans are born worrywarts, and the low birth rate means that the ratio of retirees to wage-earners is like a Sword of Damocles. The reforms currently being enacted are painful, mainly because for the first time social benefits are being cut, not expanded.

    Education in Germany has one huge, huge problem, and that is the way it divides pupils at age 10-12. Starting then, children are stuck into one of the three secondary schools: the Gymnasium for future academics, the Realschule for vocational careers, and the Hauptschule for the rest. As a result, those kids that have the misfortune to only attend a Hauptschule will later have an uphill battle to get a decent job, and it's incredibly difficult to switch paths. The Hauptschule has become the school for "losers".

    Human Rights, though, is one area where modern Germans are especially proud. Despite what the occasional beer hall pundit might say, only a tiny minority is really for the death penalty. Germans instead see themselves as better than the "barbarian" American justice system mainly because they don't have a death penalty. Human rights activists have more clout and respect in Germany than in any other country I have lived in.

    Privacy was after the Nazi regime a sore point with Germans. That's why this case was so important, as it represented the digital equivalent of a secret search warrant. Germans are also leery of video surveillance, and those measure already installed in train stations and other public places have to follow strict rules. Herr Schäuble's populist clamour for new laws is not even supported by the police, as the current laws still allow for snooping in the internet, just not on the suspect's hard drive without his knowledge.

    1. Re:My take on Germany... by Ihlosi · · Score: 2, Interesting
      Bureaucracy in Germany is like much of the EU: there are regulations for almost anything. This does, however, have a silver lining as that means less legal battles. The courts aren't as bogged down since there are less "grey areas", so legal insurance is a lot cheaper. Some companies are returning to Germany because of the high cost of legal battles elsewhere.



      It also keeps the authorities busy enough that they don't have too much time for making your life really miserable. They have to do all the paperwork, too. :)



      Education in Germany has one huge, huge problem, and that is the way it divides pupils at age 10-12. Starting then, children are stuck into one of the three secondary schools: the Gymnasium for future academics, the Realschule for vocational careers, and the Hauptschule for the rest. As a result, those kids that have the misfortune to only attend a Hauptschule will later have an uphill battle to get a decent job, and it's incredibly difficult to switch paths. The Hauptschule has become the school for "losers".



      Well, yeah. It is difficult and requires quite a bit of effort, determination, and hard work. It is far from impossible, however.


      Having started out in the Hauptschule doesn't keep you from, say, becoming chancellor later in your life.


    2. Re:My take on Germany... by KDR_11k · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I think the educational divison does make sense, not all children are equally fast learners so you either slow down the fast learners or leave the slow learners behind. Obviously it's a bad idea to leave them behind because they won't ever be able to catch up so you have to go with the speed the slowest ones can deal with. Sorting them by their learning speeds beforehand makes the span of speeds in a class smaller and leaves the fast learners less bored. While it's hard to change the branch of education you're in it's not like you get randomly sorted into these branches and most people in a lower branch aren't actually fit for being in a higher one. Often parents ignore the recommendations for a branch because they believe their kid is smarter than the examiners think but as a result the kid has to drop into a lower branch after he can't deal with the demands of a higher branch.

      Changing branches only makes sense if you were misevaluated (happens sometimes with very fast learners because they get bored by the standardized speed in elementary school), someone who got properly evaluated shouldn't change branches because, well, he's just not fit for it.

      --
      Justice is the sheep getting arrested while an impartial judge declares the vote void.
    3. Re:My take on Germany... by Saint+Fnordius · · Score: 2, Informative

      As a parent, I have to disagree on the strongest terms. The current system is broken not only because it often makes mistakes in the evaluation, but also because children learn in spurts. "Slow" learners can often have a huge spurt when that "aha!" moment comes. But you know what? The greatest sin of the current system is that it enforces a stagnation in social class: who your parents are plays a huge role in what school you're allowed to attend. The teachers will secretly set quotas out of fear that the "better" schools will get swamped, or (in our case) because they don't want their school shut down when the Hauptschule gets shut down/consolidated due to too few students.

      I have seen this as a parent; thankfully my daughter beat the report from her elementary teacher that she was "a little dumb" and is now a top student in her Gymnasium class. I have also seen it from the teacher's POV, as my wife is a teacher in a Realschule, and is often upset by the attitudes of her tenured colleagues.

      Sorry, drifting way off topic, I know, but this is an issue I care deeply about.