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Harnessing High Altitude Wind Power

jakosc writes "The Economist has an interesting article about increasing the efficiency of wind-powered generators by turning them into flying wind farms. These tethered generators would harness high speed jet stream winds above 15,000 ft and in theory could give outputs of 40MW per generator (PDF). The developer's website has more details of some of the safety, technological, and economic issues."

23 of 132 comments (clear)

  1. Dupe. by frakir · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Not only is this a dupe (http://science.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/04/ 04/2142232) but there are much better ideas.
    Check http://www.magenn.com/ for example. And much less dangerous.

    1. Re:Dupe. by caseih · · Score: 2

      And you are an expert in this field? Don't be so quick to discount any one idea. Rest assured (dupe notwithstanding), the obvious negatives of this proposal have not been missed by people behind this idea. Frankly the generating idea of magenn.com is not even close to what Sky WindPower is exploring. In the short term, yes mangenn.com's tethered generators are much more practical, so I'd like to see people put them to use, as they are more efficient than a conventional turbine. But in the long term they won't even make a dent in energy production. The WindPower idea aims at an entire order of magnitude more energy production from one machine than the tethered generator, which is something that could be very useful. If the idea was to pan out, and the problems addressed (moving jetstreams, hazardous tether, electricity transmission, people being scared of it falling on them), then this could be revolutionary. While we laugh at these visionaries because we know better, many strange ideas just might work out.

      Myself, as a aviation enthusiast, I'm excited to see this prototype come to fruition. There are lots of hurdles to overcome (public ignorance being the biggest one), but I think the idea is sound. Whether it's practical is another story. I can assure the chicken littles out there that such a device would not accidentally plummet to the ground if it ran out of air. Even if was unable to spin electronically to maintain altitude during a calm phase, it would auto-rotate down quite gently (of course that's still a problem, though). And the aviation no-fly zone required around the thing could cause some issues. But one thing at a time.

    2. Re:Dupe. by florescent_beige · · Score: 5, Interesting

      I'm happen to be an expert in aircraft structures and based on what I said in the original thread, I really wonder if they know what they are talking about. The Economist article talks about aluminum tethers and from what I can tell such cables would be physically impossible. That is basic stuff to get wrong.

      Secondly, a winged platform with horizontal-axis turbines would make more sense. Their helicopter-ish layout uses a lot of rotor structure to present a little area to the airflow. You cannot tilt the platform to present more rotor area to the airflow because the lift vector has to be parallel to the anchor cables where they attach to the vehicle. Those cables which will be nearly vertical, that is basic catenary physics and there is nothing you can do about it unless you use other lift vehicles to hold the tether up (the way high-altitude kites work.)

      Thirdly, the jet stream meanders around. Are they thinking about moving the turbines to follow the jet stream? How would that work? Would they move their restricted airspace region to follow them? And what kind of ground station would be massive enough to bear the large forces this thing generates and be portable enough to drive on roads?

      Fourthly, it will have either be certified by the FAA or will have to fly over uninhabited areas. Flying things crash, they always crash, and a 10 kilometer cable whipping down on you from the sky is a nasty thought. Certification has killed more than a few projects that otherwise seemed like good ideas.

      I'm not saying it's all impossible. Just unlikely.

      --
      Equine Mammals Are Considerably Smaller
    3. Re:Dupe. by kimvette · · Score: 2, Informative

      I'm more concerned about this development further endangering general aviation, on top of the states trying to tax private pilots to death.

      --
      The Christian Right is Neither (Christian nor right). See: Matthew 23, Matthew 25, Ezekiel 16:48-50
    4. Re:Dupe. by Prune · · Score: 2, Informative

      Aluminum: 26.50 nm and 2.70 gcm3 Graphite: 9.8 - 41 m and 2.09-2.23 g/cm So at similar densities, graphite's an order of magnitude more resistant. A cable without metal conductor is not practical here. The aluminum component is a must.

      --
      "Politicians and diapers must be changed often, and for the same reason."
    5. Re:Dupe. by florescent_beige · · Score: 2, Informative

      The resistivity of graphite fibers varies quite a bit. For example the venerable Toray T300 fibers are listed around 2000 microohms-cm, while Union Carbide P100's are around 250. You have to be careful because bulk carbon is different. Aluminum is about 2.7 in those units. Graphite can be specially made to have lower resistivity but I'll use the 250 value for ROM calcs. Use a 16km cable length.

      So if we assume a 1 in^2 cable section (6 cm^2) and they can manage to get 15kV, the current for 40MW is 2667A. The total resistance of a 16km cable would be 250e-6/6*16000*100=67 ohms. The power loss would be 2667^2*67 = 491MW. So this ROM calc shows it obviously wouldn't work because you would need a ridiculously fat cable.

      The paper they wrote talks about an Vectran/aluminum conductor. Let's look at that quickly. To get 10% cable losses the cable resistance would have to be 4e6/2667^2 = .5 ohms. Using resistivity=2.7e-6 ohm-cm the cable section would have to be 2.7e-6*16000*100/.5=4.3 cm^2. The volume would be 16000*.00043=6.9m^3 and the mass 2700*6.9=18630kg (19 tonnes). So there you have 40 tonnes at least for the conductors, 60 if they use 3-phase transmission.

      Vectran, Spectra, and Aramid fibers are all similar crystalline organic fibers. Ultimate tensile strength is usually around 3GPa, but you would probably use at most half that for a real world application. So to hold a 19000kb cable where F=19000*10=190000N, A=190000/1.5e9=1.27e-4m^2. Density is around 1500kg/m^3 so the Vectran mass/cable would be 1.27e-4*16000*1500=3048kg or 3 tonnes. So 6 or 9 tonnes total. Just to hold the cable weight.

      The aerodynamic loads are hard to figure. Let's do something really rough. In their paper they quote energy density at altitude of 20kW/m^2. Air density is at 10km is .4kg/m^3. Wind velocity would be (20000/.4)^.5=223m/s. Assume they do really well and get 50% of the energy out, the rotor projected area has to be 40000000/10000=4000m^2 or a square 63m on a side. Energy density goes with the square of V, so the delta V would be 223*(1-.707) = 65m/s. Using the momentum equation, the force per m^2 is F=rho*V*delta V=.4*223*65=5798N. The total force would be 5798*4000=23,192,000N. Thats 5 million pounds.

      This is the sort of time you wish you had someone to check your calcs, because that seems high. But if it is right, that would need a Vectran cable 1.27e-4*23000000/190000=.015m^2 area or about 7cm in diameter. Well, that looks maybe doable after all.

      But the thing is a monster.

      --
      Equine Mammals Are Considerably Smaller
  2. maybe not... by nanosquid · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Taking out 40MW of wind energy per wind farm from high altitude winds may not be such a good idea; that energy is doing something right now: mixing the atmosphere, generating heat, etc., and chances are that whatever it is doing is probably important for keeping the atmosphere the way we know and like it.

    1. Re:maybe not... by maxume · · Score: 3, Informative

      The wind is a side effect of the atmosphere mixing. If you calculate the total amount of energy from the sun, the current human consumption of ~12 terawatts is considerably less than 1%. It's probably big enough to pay attention to, but as long as you bring the farms online a few at a time, you aren't going to do any sort of long term damage.

      (sunlight reaches the earth at a rate of about 1300 W/m^2; model the earth as a big disk with a radius of ~6,000,000 meters; 1300*3.14*6000000^2 = 1.45*10^17 watts; 1 terawatt= 1*10^12 watts; 1.45*10^17 watts=145000 terawatts; 12 is 0.008% of 145000.)

      --
      Nerd rage is the funniest rage.
    2. Re:maybe not... by Oriumpor · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Because this argument was prevelant the last time this was posted. (read: dupe, dupe,dupe, editors wake up, it's another dupe.) I'll repost the rebuttal: the energy removed from the slipstream is estimated at 1/10th of 1 percent if the entire planet were to be powered by these devices.

      And to reiterate my rebuttal in the last dupe: The energy removed from the atmosphere when the planet's coal plants were disabled might far overshadow the energy harnessed and reused...

      Wind energy is prevelant, replenished by the sun, and available around the globe. If we can use even a small portion of the wind's energy I'm all for it.

    3. Re:maybe not... by FooAtWFU · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Compare and contrast the energy removed from the air by a 40MW wind farm and the thermal energy released into the environment by a 40MW coal plant (never mind the emissions just this instant, either). Which do you think has a greater impact on atmospheric conditions?

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      The World Wide Web is dying. Soon, we shall have only the Internet.
    4. Re:maybe not... by nanosquid · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Which do you think has a greater impact on atmospheric conditions?

      I have no idea. In fact nobody does. And that's my point.

    5. Re:maybe not... by InvalidError · · Score: 2, Informative

      I would be far more concerned with the sky falling.

      Cables can snap, structures and components can fail, flying wind turbines get in the way of air traffic, etc. To be reasonably safe, flying power farms would need to be at least 50km from inhabited areas (maybe more, depending on how slowly they and their components crash given any particular failure mode) and 100km away from all commercial air corridors to avoid interference with emergency landings since planes can certainly plow through a wind farm faster than the farm's operators can land its flying turbines.

      It seems simply too dangerous for deployment anywhere remotely close to populated areas. ... imagine terrorists blowing up the control stations, that could be pretty bad too.

  3. Cessna Swatters by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Funny

    Won't someone please think of the Cessnas??!!

  4. Re:rather old news.. by Deadstick · · Score: 3, Funny

    It still is...and it's at the forefront of dupes too.

    rj

  5. Global warming by javilon · · Score: 2, Funny

    If we extract lots of energy from the wind that would make the atmosphere cooler I guess. So this would work against global warming in two fronts.

    --


    When his defense asked, "Which computer has Jon Johansen trespassed upon?" the answer was: "His own."
  6. Interesting? by cliveholloway · · Score: 4, Insightful

    That's like saying we can raise sea levels by pissing in the sea. Just do the math ffs...

    --
    -- Trinity in high heels carrying a whip: The donimatrix - there is no spoonerism
  7. Re:And what about the environmental impact? by vertinox · · Score: 2, Interesting

    California has already seen local environmental changes around large surface wind farms.

    Care to site sources? From my understanding most new wind farms don't seem to make much difference as far as environmental impact because of the slow moving blades.

    As in... No noise. No dead birds. Etc etc.

    If you have the older systems, I think you may face more environmental issues.

    And if you are talking about energy being removed from the system causing global cooling... Well... We can build a few more cattle farms to offset the heat lost with head gain, but seriously there is so little impact when you consider all the other things we do to the environment.

    Personally, I like to advocate solar and wind over nuclear not because nuclear is more efficient, but because these type of non-nuclear resources can be put into the hands of the individual rather than government regulated industries.

    Unless Uncle Sam is going to let me build a reactor in my back yard any time soon... I'm stuck with either wind or solar for my own usage.

    --
    "I am the king of the Romans, and am superior to rules of grammar!"
    -Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1368-1437)
  8. Re:now i've seen it all by zippthorne · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The problem is that the people who find them unattractive or noisy (noisy?? I live near one, i've never heard it. The highway on the other hand...) are the same people who want to get rid of coal (because of the soot), oil (because of the carbon), Hydroelectric (because of the fishes), nuclear (because of the bomb), solar-dynamic (because of the 7-years bad luck), and probably have some kind of cockamamie objection to geothermal, too.

    These are the same people that move in near airports (because of the low-prices) and then complain about the noise and occasional fuel dump. THAT'S WHY THE PRICES WERE LOW. The airport's been there for 80 years, so you had to know what you were getting yourself into.

    I'm a GW skeptic, but I'm all about buying efficient devices and trying alternative energy, especially if a non-governmental organization has found a way actually make something profitable. I get disheartened and disillusioned with "environmentalism" when the very people clamoring for alternative energy are the ones shooting down the projects.

    We should have some kind of survey, and have people check off the kinds of power they don't want near them, and if they check off too many items, they're not allowed to talk.

    --
    Can you be Even More Awesome?!
  9. It is simple by zoomshorts · · Score: 2, Funny

    No matter what you make wind powered stuff from, it will take MORE energy and resources to ever pay back the initial investment in time, materials and ecological drain !!! Same with solar et al. Do the analysis. Figure it out.

    You cannot even afford to produce pencils.

  10. Moving target by mangu · · Score: 3, Insightful
    the current human consumption of ~12 terawatts is considerably less than 1%


    If the discussion were about substituting current consumption only, I would agree wholeheartedly. But first, we are talking about a growing number of people, and second, most of these people would like a better standard of living, which means a higher energy consumption.


    If the rest of the world had the same standard of living as the upper middle class of the USA, the world would consume at least ten times more energy than it does today. Any discussion about alternate energy sources must consider that we need a supply that's much bigger than the current level.


    And let's not get lost in that "reducing usage" argument. A considerable fraction of mankind today has such subhuman energy consumption level that's impossible to reduce it further, no matter how efficient you get. Yes, by all means, let the rich Americans share subcompacts instead of each driving an SUV, but there's very little that the peasant that walks from his hut to his field which he digs with a hoe and a shovel can do to reduce energy use. And these are the majority of the people in the world, we must both increase energy production *and* use it more efficiently at the same time.

  11. This has potential... by rohar · · Score: 2, Funny
    ...to become an intermittent source of renewable power. They are probably doing the project harm with the "Potentially Our Cheapest Energy Source. We Don't Need Oil!" and "Key to Energy Independence and Arresting Global Warming" claims their website, but they do have something that could at least become a supplementary energy source. It's hard to tell if the PITA factor of managing these over a wind turbine on a fixed tower is worth the much higher output.

    This could make a great historical demonstration of Ben Franklin's lightning/kite experiment when lightning "improves" the efficiency of the system by finding the shortest path to ground by dropping 500MW for 1 sec down a 40MW cable. (Don't touch the key hanging on the end). The instant heating to 28,000C might also cause a few issues. Lightning can be formed in man circumstances, so watching out for cumulo nimbus clouds and pulling down the system isn't a sure bet.

    The only thing I could find on lightning in their information was in the pdf:

    "Generator and tether performance depend on a good lightning storm detection system. Surge protection schemes and hardening of the control systems are also under examination."

    I am a proponent of Open, Renewable and Baseload Reliable systems.

  12. It's all fun until mad scientists run amok... by NotQuiteReal · · Score: 4, Funny
    From the article: Dr Ockels's team is building a 100kW prototype...

    Is anyone else concerned that there will be a "Doc Ock" working with a high energy device?

    Of course, the anchor tether will have to be stronger than spider's silk, so there should be someone on hand to keep Doc Ock in check!

    --
    This issue is a bit more complicated than you think.
  13. Re:People with mod points will believe anything. by alienmole · · Score: 2, Funny

    I'm happen to be an expert in grammatical structures. Why would you doubted me?