How the U.S. Became Switchboard to the World
slugo sent in this Wired story which opens, "A lucky coincidence of economics is responsible for routing much of the world's internet and telephone traffic through switching points in the United States, where, under legislation introduced this week, the U.S. National Security Agency will be free to continue tapping it. ...International phone and internet traffic flows through the United States largely because of pricing models established more than 100 years ago... The United States, where the internet was invented, was also home to the first internet backbone. Combine that architectural advantage with the pricing disparity inherited from the phone networks, and the United States quickly became the center of cyberspace as the internet gained international penetration in the 1990s."
James Bamford has written (in Body of Secrets ) about the NSA can depend on the help of other countries, namely the UK, New Zealand, and Australia, to intercept communications for the U.S. What major Internet pipes run through those three countries (well, probably not much through NZ)?
As a Swedish citizen, I feel so lucky that all my communications will be monitored by a government I can not influence through voting!
c++;
I, for one, do not welcome the casnning of my email by the USA, a country of which I am not a part and have no influence over. A country which is proving itself ever les freedom loving and ever more dubious over human rights and the rule of law (as it applies to governments, police, courts and the military).
Meh, guess I'll keep using ssh wherever possible.
So how can I make sure that my packets are not routed through the USA ? I don't understand enough about networking, but would it involve setting up my own BGP / OSPF peering with logic to recognise if a peer is in the USA ?
I wonder what the NSA favorite PRON are. :D
And I bet all terrorists embedded hidden messages in them PRON movies
It somehow amuses me to think that the United States is spending resources in trying to figure out what I'm saying when I make an international call that has nothing to do with the US. The tapping software itself, AI to detect catch phrases, language experts to worry about translation, AND worrying about the legal issues involved in all of this. All this because my mother wants to know if I'm having dinner properly or not. By all means, tap away.
I don't want to read
In fact I just yesterday landed back in the UK after four weeks there.
My country (UK) is just as bad if not worse with surveilance, but one country having most of the traffic going through it isn't a good thing, IMHO, even if we're just talking about network resilience.
I hate to say it but I have to - if the current abuses (guantanamo bay etc) are not any worse than before then the US really needs to pipe down with this "freedom" rhetoric.
Probably I agree with you in principle - people now are no worse in intent than ever before, it's just easier to achieve what the security state wants to acheive now, and it's also easier to report on all the bad stuff going on.
Yes there was ARPANET in the US, but in the UK we had JANET; it was at Cern where the idea of a global network (the Internet) was born!
Next the Americans are going to say they invented jet engines and solid fuel rockets...
i wonder how much data can be encrypted using Steganography in that infamous Goatse image
CIA can look at a gapping hole all day then for all i care!
I'd be very doubtful of the information shown by that graph. It seems to suggest that there's more telephone traffic between London and Western Australia, and between the USA and eastern Australia than there is between the two bits of Australia. Even if you accept that unlikely fact, why is that people in Western Australia phone London and people in eastern Australia don't?
I suspect that the graph has been prepared from data which simply shows where calls passing through the USA and London have originated. Calls which don't pass through a few nominated hubs simply haven't been included, which is obviously going to lead to the distorted results shown.
I am from the UK and I used to use JANET, but I think the Americans do have far more claim to having invented the internet than anyone else. JANET was X25 based. ARPANET used TCP/IP. The WWW (HTTP and HTML) came out of CERN, but that is not the internet.
Laying fiber across a countryside, much less an ocean requires corporate dollars. Even Gates, Ellison, etc. would notice a substantial hit to their pocket book if they funded a trans-oceanic cable. And, that cable has to be maintained. That cost money.
The point is, your internet communications are always going to in control of someone with a lot more money and susceptible and even beholden to political influence. Get used to it.
Encrypt your data if necessary (99.5% of it is no where near that important) and you're done.
What kills me is that a quarter to a half of the people who are up in arms about this publish their daily lives and personal details on blogs which Google, MSN and Yahoo immediately suck up. Yet it if the NSA wants to know whats going on... they go ape-sh*t. Here's a clue people... I don't talk about my private life on the intertubes... never have... never will.
The NSA has a 200000Sq/ft FAB. No doubt equipped with gear that intel process geeks lust over. Except for glue, I doubt the NSA is going to run out of parts.
"The United States, where the internet was invented"
Yes... and The US of A also invented "Democrazy".
It was all done by B. Franklin including the "tubes"
"Dear populace, we are monitoring electronic voice and data transmission in order to catch terrorists"
- Boo, hiss
- Fascists
- The panopticon wet dream is finally realised
- 1984 is inching ever closer - and suddenly the finishing line looks fairly close
- I wonder if my 'Freedom' will even be a word in my grandchildren's dictionary. I can see it listed as "the voluntary submission to the greater good of the state that we all undertake".
"Dear populace, we are monitoring electronic voice and data transmission in order to catch international tax dodgers"
- Yey!
- Finally
- I voted for this administration
As european most of my european, russian and asian traffic rarely goes over US lines, maybe through US companies but still routers placed in Europe.
But Mr. NSA, if you really wanna listen in, could you please remove the spam for me?
"Subject does not talk about his private life on the intertubes... never has... never will."
This will continue as long as large numbers of religious leaders and religious voters continue to run the country. You have to understand that about half this country believes that we are in a religious war to defeat an unholy enemy and that on both sides of this religiously motivated war will do whatever it takes to win. This applies just as much to the Islamic fanatics of the Wahabi in Saudi Arabia, as it does to the Christian fanatics that are prevalent in the US Military such as Peter Pace, and Congress, like Orrin Hatch.
Do understand something about Christianity though. Keep in mind, I am a Secular Aignostic. I don't believe in Christian doctrines.
In the Bible, God didn't come down and be selected by two thirds majority. In the Bible, The ten commandments aren't Ten generally considered good ideas, they are commandments. To this end, A cataclysmic impass has occurred.
Whether God exists is sorta irrellevent to the discussion sadly.
All these doctrines call for the ahnialation of all the others. Now how people implement the philosophies may vary, and some interpretations cherry pick and are benign enough to be tolerant. But the doctrines are not Tolerant. Tolerance would be seen as weakness in the tone these doctrines and allow them to be undermined. So the doctrines in their purest form call for the suppression of all freedoms and the extermination of competing ideas. Christian people can be very tolerant. but the actual religion itself is incapable of being tolerant. The same is true of Islam. The doctrines are written in a depressingly genocidal way.
Well, why is this important to whats going on now? Well. we now have U.S. Style Jeffersonian democracy vs. Christianity. For doctrines like Christianity in our case and Islam in theirs, Jeffersonian Demoracy and Christianity are incompatible. In the U.S. enough Americans chose Jesus over the Constitution. There were enough Americans who felt that following the dictates of their God was so important that they put people in power who believed as they did that religion was simply more important, and were willing to cast the constitution aside. The prevailing sentiment was there was "Too much Freedom, not enough God" Christian doctrine is such that things like Freedom of speech, privacy, etc cannot be tolerated because they undermine the religion. As long as the US loves God/Jesus more than Freedom, no one will have freedom, because in both the Bible and the Quran, no one has any freedom.
We get the privilige of living in a freer society only when times are peaceful, and the religious doctrines can be safely "ignored for convienence". Because part of being free means you are free Not to follow the religion's wishes. As such, Religions like Christianity and Islam, and liberal free society are fundamentally incompatible. We elected leaders who ascribe to this, so our freedoms, such as our private telephone conversations are going to be monitored to keep an eye on the population of 'good Christians'. It doesn't end there. Thats just the tip of the iceburg
Pricing of products, plans for entering markets in the US etc? You're not concerned that information might make it into the hands of your competitors?
Deleted
The United States, where the internet was invented by Al Gore.
There. Fixed it.
Write your own Choose Your Own Adventure. http://www.freegameengines.org/gamebook-engine/
I'm not an American citizen, but I really don't care about being tapped. I have nothing to hide, and if I ever get criticized or ever prosecuted for my ideas or ideals, then so be it. There are many like them, but these ones are mine.
That map is highly misleading, at least for Internet traffic - it shows usage, not topology.
It used to be, in the beginning, that most Internet traffic went through the US, as links were leased lines mostly to / from the US. Now, it mostly follows the fiber. (Most of the global undersea fiber, BTW, is owned by two Indian companies, Reliance and VSNL.) Most Japan / India traffic, for example, or Japan / Austrialia traffic, will never touch the US. Ditto Middle East / Japan or Middle East / India, or Europe / India or Europe / Middle East. Only for Europe / East Asia or Australia / Europe is there a good chance (not a certainty) that you will be routed through the US.
Of course, all of this is based on where the fiber goes, and your milage may definitely vary - ISPs don't always do the most sensible thing. As an example, 3 days after 9/11 a major ISP lost their connection between France and Germany, as it turned out that they were routing that traffic through a New York telco hotel, which went down when the generators ran out of diesel fuel. I was told that there was no institutional memory in the ISP that this was being done, and it made no sense from a fiber topology standpoint, but there it was.
Why, he said so himself!
There's no such thing as luck.
I, for one welcome our Yankee Tube Inventing Overlords
I know it's fun to hop on the "let's hate the USA" parade, but come on.
/really/ think that every other country in the world doesn't monitor the communications systems that route through /their/ country?
Does anyone
A work that expires before its copyright never enters the public domain and thus enjoys eternal copyright protection.
The first bit of the internet. Entirely in the US.
Point, Set, Match!
the Internet watches YOU... er, no... wait a minute
TCP/IP was indeed invented in the USA. That's quite a long way off from saying "the internet was invented in the USA". HTTP and HTML, for example, were invented in Europe, and when most people think of "the internet", that is what they mean. I guess the real determining factor is: where was penis-enlargement-pill spam invented? That makes up 96% of the net these days.
You're right! We should elect atheist leaders like Stalin and Mao, they were really into freedom.
I think you are confusing religion with nationalistic paranoia. They are not the same thing.
Support Right To Repair Legislation.
Those original pricing models were set by the government, to compensate for allowing AT&T to operate a monopoly in an essential industry. They were updated to be even more encouraging to attract foreign routing when the AT&T monopoly was broken up. Which breakup was also responsible for the fast, extensive and open growth of the Internet.
If AT&T had run its monopoly without government intervention to protect people and markets, the domestic infrastructure wouldn't have been so attractive.
Which makes the current recoup by AT&T of nearly all its monopoly such an obvious threat. And its secret collusion with its only competitor, Verizon, to wiretap us such an obviously perverted government role in assembling a cartel. And making selective prosecution of Qwest, because Qwest refused to collude with the cartel, one of the worst crimes (not involving torture or killing, at least as far as we know) that Bush has committed against us.
We got those privileges because we kept our telecom monopolies under control, and our government in the service of protecting the people. Now that Bush has reversed that system, egging on monopolies to use them against the people, our entire system is a nightmare.
Hear that, AT&T?
--
make install -not war
The internet existed for years before the web. And now, the web doesn't make up the biggest part of the internet (ask your provider what makes up the biggest part of their traffic).
The internet is about moving information. And I realize it disturbs you that the U.S. invented all the key technologies that you hold so near an dear. But I would just tell you to get over it.
Yes... and The US of A also invented "Democrazy".
Better watch it, or we'll start dropping democracy on your country. Get some! Rat-tat-tat-tat-tat-tat Get some! Rat-tat-tat-tat-tat-tat....
We'll bomb your country into the stone age, invade so we can bring you freedom, then listen in on your phone calls because you sneaky bastards might be harboring terrorists, weapons of mass destruction or Canadians.
That's our life, the big wheel of shit. - The Fat Man, Blue Tango Salvage
Coaxial cable? Germany and UK. Telecoms as a science was a U.S. "invention". Routing protocols define the birth of the internet. Invented in the U.S (BBN). Protocols... primarily invented in the U.S. Electricity? Electricity is a natural phenomenon. It was not invented. The properties were discovered...Ohm, Tesla, Ampere, Volta... I assume these names mean something to you?
Anyway... maybe it would make you happier to say "The important technologies of the previous century were all invented by English speaking people". Even people from non-English speaking countries seemed to get more intelligent and creative one they learned English.
The French hate that by the way, but to become a French researcher, you must learn English, because otherwise your work cannot be taken seriously.
Hope that helps.
So, to express your disgust, you posted this information to a US website hosted in the US. Wow.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHELON
the UK spied on the US citizens, (no laws broken) for the US, and vice-versa....
every day http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
"In a 32-bit world, you're a 2-bit user. You've got your own newsgroup, alt.total.loser." -Weird Al
I'm a fucktard....
It's been here for weeks, but I just figured out how to use the filter/ranking bar.
No we just saved your asses from the Nazis.
Hierarchy is inheritant in IP and DNS but alternate schemes are possible.
Hierarchy implies that there are key points to tap.
Meshes and other topologies are quite workable BUT if more than one path exists from "A" to "B" taping becomes more problematic and nation states tend to get upset.
Consider a water system. With grid layouts the water can take many paths from "A" to "B". The IP basis of the Internet as currently designed doesn't lend itself to such alternatives. In most cases only ONE PATH is permitted.
So, key on alternatives for DNS for a second and play some what-ifs.
Example - multi-hierarchy with no DNS
Say you need an unique address but don't want to get your name from some server or have a registry (something that implies some sort of hierarchical structure).
What is needed: Some number that can locate your device.
That number should contain a key for your provider (so you can hit the proper network) or some sort of wireless channel
and something for location within the provider space AND
do all this without a DNS type service and be unique
One interesting way to generate this on chip would go something like this:
GPS, to get a world surface coordinate
altimeter to get an altitude (you might be in an apt. complex or the device be part of a stereo stack)
a random number (in-case more than one device is within the GPS/alt/carrier resolution)
a carrier number to represent the carrier (sbc etc..)
Then some alg. to put all these numbers together into a nice IP like ID.
When the device it turned on it might or might not register with its carrier.
If the device is mobile and the carrier is wireless the information would help the carrier in maintaining paging tables for the device... as the device number changed with movement.
Either way you end up with a geographic divide and conquer to access the device and short cuts are possible between nets.
In addition it opens the way up for geographical meshes and solids instead of binary tree hierarchies.
Tapping would be much much tougher.
Multipath would be a speed multiplier too.
I'm sorry, but this is purest FUD.
Speaking for Christianity, Jesus of Nazareth was asked what the primary teaching of his religion was. And he said, first, love God; second, love your neighbour. Everyone who has spent any time in a church has heard this and knows this. Anyone preaching hate and destruction is self-consciously lying if they claim to be a Christian. And this view is not a matter of, as you say, cherry-picking; it is purely a question of putting Jesus' explanation of his teaching ahead of some of the material from the background reading sections of the bible, or the self-educated views of Fred Q. Warmonger at the Full Gospel Church of Death down the street.
You speak of the Ten Commandments, one of the core components of the religion of Jesus' upbringing. Here we go: (1) you may yourself have no other gods; (2) you may make no idols; (3) no swearing; (4) respect the sabbath; (5) honour your parents; (6) do not murder; (7) do not steal; (8) do not slander; (9) do not covet property; (10) do not covet persons. Now, I can see a way to read (1) and (2) as opposing nationalism; I can see a way of reading (6) and (7) as opposing war; I can see a way of reading (9) and (10) as opposing imperialism. But where do they 'call for annihilation,' as you claim?
Finally, to touch on Islam (but here I admit my knowledge is very thin), Jews and Christians are explicitly acknowledged as 'people of the book,' and provided with certain guarantees. Yes, some of the more xenophobic passages of the Qur'an call for the subjugation of Jews and Christians, but annihilation? Certainly not. God alone is to be the judge of his various followers.
From a historical perspective, too, you are being disingenuous at best. Some of the best past examples of 'liberal free society' have existed in Christian and Moslem matrices. Indeed, the cultural values of freedom and tolerance that you hold most dear were probably birthed in these very milieux.
The fact of the matter is that evil men may fly any flag. Atheist regimes have done as much harm as religious ones, and are equally likely to be xenophobic. Often this happens in the same style: the manifestos, the founding documents of the movement, and the beliefs of the originators call for freedom and respect for all; the demagogues who later arise turn their backs on these principles and speak only for selfishness, blood and fire.
Let's take your own example, of Jeffersonianism. Looking at the USA today, should the blame for the wrongs of the past century, or indeed of the present decade, be laid at Jefferson's door - for all that the US is the world's premier Jeffersonian state? Is Mr. Bush a better spokesman for Jefferson than Jefferson himself was?
I put it to you: no.
This is about power, pure and simple. Lots of people want power across most belief systems, including atheists and agnostics, as well as Christians, Muslims, Jews, pagans, etc. History shows this. It also shows that not everyone who calls themselves any of these things really is- especially in the power games.
He just took the initiative in getting the peace prize for it. See how that's entirely different?
Invent your own damn Internet!
For the last N years, production was down in Burma's Golden Triangle, but it's apparently gone back up substantially this year, so there's a bit of competition, but most of the world's heroin production is still in Afghanistan.
Bill Stewart
New Fast-Compression-only CPR http://preview.tinyurl.com/dy575ks
Ah JANET. The memory is fading a bit now. The gentle touch to make you bloom gone like a song on the breeze. ... Batch downloading to the MF then spending hours using rz or somesuch at 19 kbaud to transfer it to your own floppy.
Connecting via a terminal emulator and hitting break a few times to get to PAD, onward connections via some trusting soles open account
In reality, much better now but not the same sense of excitement.
Pricing of products, plans for entering markets in the US etc? You're not concerned that information might make it into the hands of your competitors?
...
This is a point that is also lost on the management of most US corporations, so far. Remember that before the 2000 election, George W promised to be "America's CEO". Putting aside the historical implications of such a phrase and taking him at his word, this meant that his idea was to run the US government like a private corporation. One of the facts of life about any corporation is that it's in business for profit, and it will attempt to make a profit from anything that it can, as long as it doesn't result in the officers in prison. This clearly includes selling any information (such as your purchase history) that it may be able to capture, since information about customers is a valuable commercial quantity.
Any manager should understand that, when the US government gets its hands on a recording of any phone conversation, the intent is be to "monetize" this. If your conversation can be sold to one of your competitors, George W's policy is that it should be sold. That's the right and proper thing for a profitable corporation to do.
It may be only a matter of time before management slowly wakes up to the implications of this. Intercepting phone calls is not just a national security issue; it is a corporate profitability issue. If you don't want your conversations sold to interested competitors, you should be seriously looking at using only encrypting phone equipment. And unencrypted conversation is fair game as a profitable "product" to the current US administration.
It's not obvious that whichever Democrat wins the 2008 election will have a policy that's any different. And by then, such capture and sales will be institutionalized, automated, and out of view to the president, so the next president will be able to casually delegate the whole topic.
I wonder which companies make phones that do end-to-end encryption? They could be good candidates for stock purchases
Those who do study history are doomed to stand helplessly by while everyone else repeats it.
Are you voting for Ron Paul?
Libertas in infinitum
What kind of nonsense is this? I live in the EU and if I ping ANY site in Europe, the ping reports a 30 ms delay, not 150 ms (as would be the case if the packets went via the US).
"You just said you didn't"
Yeah, but I said I don't care about YOU, not what YOU DID.
The distinction is difficult for idiots to grasp, which explains why you're having such a tough time.
"I'm just making the suggestion..."
I'm making the suggestion that you learn to read before you go out of your way to draw attention to what you think is an inconsistency, but what is in fact totally consistent and only draws attention to your lack of intellectual capability.
I only go to buffets for the unlimited soft serve.
It is not totally consistent. The statement "I don't care about You" is totally inconsistant with the demonstrable fact that you care enough about (him) to post a reply such that he hears your opinion. If you truly *didn't* care about him, and were just posting a reply to air your own views *without* the intention of educating him as to what they were, then you wouldn't have used the words "your" and "you" in your original post.
Yes in most cases the router is not smart enough to avoid bad routes, and due to cost reasons most routers don't try to look for more than one route, but it could be done, and easily so.
It's the same reason why there's only one big water pipe coming into your house instead of a dozen small pipes.
"It is not totally consistent"
Of course it is, and your argument why it isn't demonstrates quite clearly why you're too stupid to have your opinion be considered.
"The statement "I don't care about You" is totally inconsistant with the demonstrable fact that you care enough about (him) to post a reply such that he hears your opinion"
HEY MORON. IF HIS ACTION WAS POSSIBLE FROM A NONAMERICAN, AND I REACTED THE SAME, THEN IT WOULD BE THE ACTION NOT THE INDIVIDUAL I CARED ABOUT.
It's what he did. I realize you're an imbecile, but get someone smarter than you to explain it. I'll wait.
Repeating things that you've been shown are wrong doesn't make you right, and coming up with convoluted ways to say "nuh uh" just makes you look even more ridiculous.
I only go to buffets for the unlimited soft serve.
Hi.
IF HIS ACTION WAS POSSIBLE FROM A NONAMERICAN, AND I REACTED THE SAME, THEN IT WOULD BE THE ACTION NOT THE INDIVIDUAL I CARED ABOUT.You appear to be confusing two separate points. I am not arguing that you *do not* care about the action. I am questioning the claim that you have no care for the individual who caused it. This should be obvious. Maybe the monitor is shaking so much from your pounding of the keyboard that it is difficult for you to read the words accurately?
your argument why it isn't demonstrates quite clearly why you're too stupid to have your opinion be considered.Are we going round in circles?
"I am questioning the claim that you have no care for the individual who caused it."
And I've explained why your "questioning" that is moronic.
As I said, if you need someone smarter, go get them, maybe they'll be able to prevent you from posting something idiotic again.
But I doubt it.
"Are we going round in circles?"
Not really, you're an imbecile. That has been my point for a while now, and you've been supporting it with every post.
I only go to buffets for the unlimited soft serve.
Going back to parent post...haven't you, by any chance, demostrated quite a bit of arrogance?...
One that hath name thou can not otter