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Crime Reduction Linked To Lead-Free Gasoline
Hugh Pickens writes "Even low levels of lead can cause brain damage, increasing the likelihood of behavioral and cognitive traits such as impulsivity, aggressiveness, and low IQ that are strongly linked with criminal behavior. The NYTimes has a story on how the phasing out of leaded gasoline starting with the Clean Air Act in 1973 may have led to a 56% drop in violent crime in the US in the 1990s. An economics professor at Amherst College, Jessica Wolpaw Reyes, discovered the connection and wrote a paper comparing the reduction of lead from gasoline between states (PDF) and the reduction of violent crime. She constructed a table linking crime rates in every state to childhood lead exposure in that state 20 or 30 years earlier. If lead poisoning is a factor in the development of criminal behavior, then countries that didn't switch to unleaded fuel until the 1980s, like Britain and Australia, should soon see a dip in crime as the last lead-damaged children outgrow their most violent years."
Maybe it's not lead free gas. Many other events took place in 1973. It could be any of these things (or none of them)would be equally responsible for a drop in violent crime:
January 3 - CBS sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George Steinbrenner.
January 14 - Elvis Presley does a concert in Hawaii for over a billion people live worldwide.
January 22 - Former United States President Lyndon B. Johnson dies in San Antonio, Texas.
January 22 - Roe v. Wade: The U.S. Supreme Court overturns state bans on abortion.
January 27 - U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War ends with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.
February 11 - Toronto: Construction on the CN Tower begins.
February 11 - Vietnam War: The first release of American prisoners of war from Vietnam takes place.
February 12 - Ohio becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in metric on signs. (See: Metric system in the United States).
February 13 - The United States Dollar was devalued by 10%.
February 16 - The Court of Appeal of England and Wales ruled that the Sunday Times could publish articles on Thalidomide and Distillers Company, despite ongoing legal actions by parents (the decision was overturned in July by the House of Lords).
February 21 - Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (Boeing 727) is shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft over the Sinai Desert, after the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. Only 5 (1 crew member and 4 passengers) of 113 survive.
February 22 - Sino-American relations: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to mainland China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.
February 26 - Edward Heath's British government publishes a Green Paper on prices and incomes policy.
February 27 - The American Indian Movement occupies Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
February 28 - Polling day in the Republic of Ireland general election.
March 1 - Dick Taverne, who had resigned from the Parliament of the United Kingdom on leaving the Labour Party, was re-elected as a 'Democratic Labour' candidate.
March 3 - Tottenham Hotspur win the Football League Cup final at Wembley, beating Norwich City 1-0 in the final.
March 7 - Comet Kohoutek is discovered.
March 8 - In the 'Border Poll', voters in Northern Ireland endorse remaining in the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists largely boycotted the referendum.
March 8 - Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs explode in Whitehall and the Old Bailey in England.
March 11 - Sir Richard Sharples, Governor of Bermuda, was assassinated in Government House.
March 17 - Queen Elizabeth II opens the modern London Bridge.
March 17 - Many of the few remaining United States soldiers begin to leave Vietnam. One reunion of a former POW reuniting with his family is immortalized in the Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of Joy.
March 17- Pink Floyd's Dark Side of the Moon, one of rock's landmark albums, is released.
March 20 - British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.
March 21 - Lofthouse Colliery disaster in Great Britain.
March 22 - United Kingdom government announces that the Channel Tunnel could be finished by 1980, costing £366m.
March 23 - Watergate scandal (United States): In a letter to Judge John Sirica, Watergate burglar James W. McCord Jr. admits that he and other defendants have been pressured to remain silent about the case. He names Attorney General John Mitchell as 'overall boss' of the operation.
March 29 - The last United States soldier leaves Vietnam.
March 31 - Paramount's Carowinds opens.
April 2 - The LexisNexis computerized legal research service begins.
April 3 - The first handheld cellular phone call made by Martin Cooper, who conceived the phone, in New York City.
April 4 - The World Trade Center officially opens in New York City with a ribbon-cutting ceremony.
Abortion Reduces Crime Moderate this "Offtopic" along with all the other abortion posts, but it has to be brought up in light of the posts referring to the discredited Freakanomics abortion theory. http://www.lifenews.com/nat2550.html by Paul Nowak LifeNews.com Staff Writer August 30, 2006 Chicago, IL (LifeNews.com) -- A new paper by two prominent economists will challenge a claim in the best-selling book Freakanomics that legalized abortion has reduced crime. John R. Lott Jr. and John Whitley, affiliated with the University of Chicago, have written a paper challenging the pro-abortion claims made by Freakanomics author Steven D. Levitt. Lott and Whitley expect their paper to be published in October in the journal Economic Inquiry, according to the Chicago Sun-Times. In his book, Levitt argues that the ready availability of abortion since its legalization in 1973 resulted in fewer unwanted children and therefore less crime in later generations. He cited arrest records to claim that abortion would account for a 1% reduction in crime each year over the next two decades. Lott and Whitley are challenging Levitt's assumptions, pointing out that Levitt did not consider all the factors affecting the crime rate, including the increase of children born out of wedlock since the Roe v. Wade decision. According to their research, ready access to abortion has made women more likely to engage in premarital sex, and as a result more children are being born to single women. They point out that 5 percent of white children were born out of wedlock from 1965 to 1969, compared to 16 percent in the 1980's. Black children born out of wedlock increased from 35 percent to 62 percent in the same period. These children of unwed mothers, statistically more at risk of becoming criminals, are responsible for the increase of murders by 700 cases in 1998 alone, according to Lott and Whitley. Such a dramatic increase carried a financial price tag of $3.3 billion in "victimization costs," according to their paper. Lott and Whitley are not the first to challenge Levitt's popular book. In November 2005, Christopher Foote, a senior economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and research assistant Christopher Goetz, told the Wall St. Journal the data Levitt used was faulty. Foote said there was a "missing formula" in Levitt's original research that allowed him to ignore certain factors that may have contributed to the lowering of crime rates during the 1980s and 1990s. Foote also argues that Levitt counted the total number of arrests made when he should have used per-capita figures. After Foote adjusted for both factors, the abortion effect simply disappeared, the Journal reported. "There are no statistical grounds for believing that the hypothetical youths who were aborted as fetuses would have been more likely to commit crimes had they reached maturity than the actual youths who developed from fetuses and carried to term," the Foote and Goetz say in their report.
I wonder if all those black helicopters run on leaded fuel.