Slashdot Mirror


Ice Age Beasts Blasted from Space

ianare writes "Eight tusks and a bison skull all show signs of having being blasted with iron-nickel fragments, typical meteorite material. Raised, burnt surface rings trace the point of entry of high-velocity projectiles; and the punctures are on only one side, consistent with a blast coming from a single direction. But the team was astonished to find the animal remains were about 35,000 years old, rather than from the known impact of 13,000 years ago."

49 of 202 comments (clear)

  1. Hey! I remember that episode by alshithead · · Score: 4, Funny

    Wasn't that when the Enterprise went back in time and Captain Kirk made a hand held cannon that used primitive gunpowder and meteor fragments to blast the bad alien beasties?

    --
    I reserve the right to think for myself. Others' opinions are optional. Puppy on lap = typos...not illiteracy.
    1. Re:Hey! I remember that episode by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Dude, you are mixing your episodes... Isn't that considered a serious faux pas around here? They did NOT go back in time for the episode where the captain had to go one on one against the Gorn Captain. That one was setup by an advanced race - the Metrons. There were time jumping episodes, but the one where he had to make gunpowder from raw sulphur, salt peter (or whatever - go ahead and correct me), etc. was definitely NOT a time jumping one.

      However, I do believe this "Gorn" episode was the one that "Galaxy Quest" targeted (precisely) when they had "crewman number 6" (Guy) ask Commander Tagert if he could construct a "rudimentary lathe".

      Damn. If you are going to invoke Trek - get it right!

  2. What About the Clovis? by pln2bz · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I'm hoping that this is going to shift the discussion of the last extinction event *away* from the Clovis people finally. This can only be a good thing really as the theory is kind of a relic by now. From what I understand, there weren't even a large number of sites that included evidence of mammoth remains with evidence of human activity together, and a good number of those were certainly opportunistic situations. Mammoths are not exactly easy creatures to take out and the extinction event was unusual in its selectivity.

    --
    "A man cannot begin to learn that which he thinks he already knows." --Epictetus, 1st Century A.D.
    1. Re:What About the Clovis? by explosivejared · · Score: 4, Insightful

      "For us the difficulty is that we see patterns but we don't understand what the underlying process is; so it becomes difficult to ascribe causation," he explained.

      Therein lies the problem of ever ascribing certainty to any one event causing mass extinctions or any other climatological or biological shift. Earth is built with so many complex systems that it will almost always be a large combination of factors that result in change.

      --
      I got a catholic block.
    2. Re:What About the Clovis? by pln2bz · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Therein lies the problem of ever ascribing certainty to any one event causing mass extinctions or any other climatological or biological shift. Earth is built with so many complex systems that it will almost always be a large combination of factors that result in change.

      I'm kind of an unwanted celebrity around these parts because I have my own particular beliefs about what happened. To be honest, few people actually take the time to even dig into the issues in great depth. But it's a great subject though because the evidence is very specific; it's plentiful; and it's in fact *highly* enigmatic. There's something really wrong with the way that we teach science these days because had I learned about the evidence when I was younger, it would have inspired me to focus more heavily on getting a science degree (as opposed to engineering). People don't realize it, but the story of the extinction of the mammoths (and everything else) is one of the most fascinating mysteries out there, and the implications are pretty large. It's related to some of the biggest questions about the universe that people can even ask. The problem though is that the majority of scientists tend to treat the issue as if is settled, and they appear to be settling on some rather unlikely scenarios (like diseases).

      Ginenthal in The Extinction of the Mammoths argues convincingly that the "mammoth steppe" did not exist. Mammoths did *not* live in a tundra environment. The extinction could not have occurred too long ago. 10,000 years is probably too long. 3,500 years ago might be a better estimate, because their tusks would not have been as preserved as well as they were if the tundra in which they are encased had melted, exposing the tusks to water. Many of the tusks were so pristine that they could be sold as ivory on the ivory market, and tusks will turn yellow and brown just like bone if exposed to water. But also, the mammoths could not have survived in a cold environment. Their shaggy manes would actually prevent them from walking through snow. There's really very little about their bodies that points to them being able to live in a cold environment. And the ecology of the tundra simply cannot support large mammals like that. The vegetation on the tundra would actually probably be toxic to them (as it is for other mammals) and we can tell from the contents of their stomachs and mouths that they were feeding on warm-weathered vegetation -- like from grasslands and forest-type areas. These details, combined, indicate pretty clearly that they existed in a warm climate, which most likely suddenly froze over.

      How you attribute this catastrophic event, however, is the real question -- and this is where disagreement is completely legitimate and should in fact be encouraged. In fact, I think the best thing for the whole field of people who are studying this situation would be for them to abandon all of these highly speculative scenarios involving Clovis people and diseases and all of that, and completely switch over to creating some consensus that some sort of catastrophe occurred, and that it occurred relatively recently (around 3,500 years ago). The evidence for it seems to me quite strong, and has absolutely nothing to do with Creationism. If this new evidence points them into this overall direction, then it will be a *very* good thing because we need to start talking about what *kind* of catastrophes could have caused all of this mess.
      --
      "A man cannot begin to learn that which he thinks he already knows." --Epictetus, 1st Century A.D.
    3. Re:What About the Clovis? by CFTM · · Score: 2

      Interesting, this week I was watching the History Channel's TV show "Mega Disasters" and they were talking about comet impacts; some scientists are currently trying to determine if there was an actual catastrophic event that corresponded with "The Great Flood" which I believe is one of few myths that is almost completely universal among cultures (bear with me a little bit). According to the information provided by the TV Show (yeah yeah yeah, that's like using Wiki as a source I know :), they were arguing for a three mile comet to have impacted in the Indian Ocean about 4800 years ago. They were able to find a geologic structure that *COULD*, and I stress that word *COULD* because it yet to be proven, be an impact crater of enormous size (18 mile indent about 3000 meters under the ocean). According to the impact models, a comet of this size smacking in to our oceans would create three mile high waves that would wash over huge swathes of land and they were even able to find evidence of a massive tsunami hitting both Australia and Madagascar (and from that they triangulated a plausible location for the comet impact and it just so happened that there was a huge crater in there). Moreover, a huge amount of precipitation, ground particles and heat energy would be injected in to our atmosphere creating torrential down pours and some of the largest storms ever seen on earth.

      So the years don't totally match but maybe there's some relationship between these events...
      Just throwing an idea out there, IANAG

    4. Re:What About the Clovis? by pln2bz · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I won't go much into what I believe happened, as it's a bit stranger than what you mention here. But, I will say this: I would be very wary of blindly accepting this notion that craters can only be the result of either volcanoes or physical impacts. And the reason I say this is because of the Deep Impact Mission. Around 1995, we shot an impactor at around 23,000 mph (6.3 miles per second) at comet Tempel 1. What was expected to happen based upon the physical impact model was a single flash. But, what in fact happened were two consecutive flashes. Considering that this is one of the best experiments we have to date for what happens in collisions like this, we'd be very wise to carefully consider the root cause of these two distinct flashes.

      A man named Wallace Thornhill actually predicted that there would be two separate flashes based upon the notion that the comet was a charged body in space that possessed a different charge from the probe's impactor. As the two objects approached one another, they essentially charge-neutralized prior to imapact (like your finger charge-neutralizing with the doorknob before contact).

      Thornhill got many other aspects of the mission right too, but this is the one that interests us here. The entire astrophysical world considers Thornhill a heretic of sorts, and they *dismissed* his accurate prediction based upon disagreement with what his theory says. And I'll leave it up to you as to whether or not you want to look into that further. Instead, they claimed that the layer of dust on the comet induced a "post-impact" flash, but anybody can do the math. At 6.3 miles per second, the dust layer would have to be impossibly thick in order to distinguish the two separate flashes.

      But, the point is that that experiment demonstrated to us that we should carefully consider the idea that bodies in space are not electrically neutral. When you dig into the issue further, you come to realize that quasi-neutrality -- the idea that a given volume of space will contain equal numbers of positive and negative charge -- is in fact an assumption within astrophysics.

      Just a couple of days ago, the THEMIS mission (which is studying the aurora) observed a "magnetic rope" as wide as the Earth connecting the Sun and the Earth. The significance of this will completely escape most people because few people actually understand much of what happens within a plasma physics laboratory. But, plasmas can behave as either a fluid or an electrodynamic phenomenon, depending on their charge density. In the laboratory, *electrical* plasmas will tend to form filaments of charged particles. These filaments possess long-range attraction and short-range repulsion with other filaments. The end result is that they will become braided just like rope, and like any current we've ever observed, they will be surrounded by magnetic fields. Space is completely filled with matter in the plasma state, so it's a very serious question.

      What you may not realize is that there is a very long historical context for discussing the electrical nature of space plasmas. It's essentially a taboo subject within astrophysics, and the conversations become *extremely* heated. I take ridicule for discussing it here on these forums on a daily basis. But if you are observing striking morphological similarities between electrical plasmas within a plasma laboratory and space plasmas, then does it make sense to assume that it is a coincidence? To be honest, that's not very scientific. What's really happening is that observations like this magnetic rope are very potentially paradigm-shattering observations that cast doubt upon the assumption of quasi-neutrality. And this is a *very* big deal because quasi-neutrality is required to model space plasmas as fluids. If space plasmas as in fact electrodynamic phenomenon (like they behave in the lab), then you are basically changing the dominant force in the universe from gravity to electricity. It's just too shocking for astrophysicists and many people to accept

      --
      "A man cannot begin to learn that which he thinks he already knows." --Epictetus, 1st Century A.D.
    5. Re:What About the Clovis? by nuuvario · · Score: 2, Interesting

      There's just so many problems with this... Listen, I don't profess to be an expert in mammoth or mastadon physiology, but I've spent a lot of time in the paleocliamte realm, and at certain universities considered experts in mammoth and mastadon paleontology. And you're right that there's a HUGE scientific 'mystery' surrounding the extinction of the mammoths (really, all the ice-age land mammals), and whether or not it was due to humans or climate. The thing is, most scientists who pay attention do NOT treat the issue as settled. Most (a generalization, sure) scientists would attribute the extinction to some sort of combination of anthropogenic stressors and climate-induced changes in food webs and related physiologic stress. 3,500 years ago as the extinction date? Only for relict populations on isolated islands -- maybe. Very little about their bodies enabling them to survive in cold environments? Just not true. Their whole set-up, their whole physiology, is a testament to evolution and the adaptation of the mammoth to a cold-weather environment. Mammoth and mastadon ears are TINY. Their feet are like snowshoes. Their hair keeps them warm (prevent them from walking in the snow???). Their tusks provide an excellent tool to scrape snow away and off of plants. As for the tundra -- maybe you're getting hung up on the tundra idea. Let's presume that much of the mammoth's environment wasn't so much tundra as it was grassland. You ever been to Nebraska in the winter? Plenty for a mammoth to eat. Not even that much snow. And it's COLD. Oh god, the cold. And the wind... Anyway, my point is this (that Ginenthal nonwithstanding): yes, big scientific unknown. Not settled by any means. LIkely humans and climate (see australia for a good example of human-induced extinctions). Your evidence for mammoth geographic and climatic preferences is highly suspect, if not downright erroneous.

  3. so *that's* where buffalo nickles came from by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

    Ok, I got nothing.

  4. Re:Cool by gardyloo · · Score: 4, Informative

    Except that the article states that there was healing around some of the holes, indicating the animal was alive for at least a while after getting "dusted".

  5. 1,000,000,000 to 1 by mastershake_phd · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Small meteors hit the earth all the time, its a long shot but maybe this animal was just in the wrong place place at the wrong time.

    1. Re:1,000,000,000 to 1 by morgan_greywolf · · Score: 4, Funny

      Hey! I just got hit by a small meteor, you insensitive clod! Ouch!

    2. Re:1,000,000,000 to 1 by da_foz · · Score: 3, Funny

      That would be pretty impressive...considering so far they have seven tusks and a skull that show the impact marks. If it was one animal that would be one hell of a large skull. Maybe something like this but even bigger: http://www.geekroar.com/film/archives/rotk_war_elephants.jpg

    3. Re:1,000,000,000 to 1 by Prof.Phreak · · Score: 4, Funny

      Or from scientist's perspective, it was in the right place at the right time.

      --

      "If anything can go wrong, it will." - Murphy

    4. Re:1,000,000,000 to 1 by ackthpt · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Small meteors hit the earth all the time, its a long shot but maybe this animal was just in the wrong place place at the wrong time.

      Small meteors usually don't make it to the ground with enough velocity to knock over a blade of grass.

      --

      A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
  6. That was no comet by Tyrsenus · · Score: 5, Funny

    The simplest explanation tends to be the best. Tyrannosaurs in F-14's.

    1. Re:That was no comet by maiki · · Score: 2, Informative

      +1 for Calvin and Hobbes reference. eh? I have no mod points left? well.... it was the thought that counts

    2. Re:That was no comet by B3ryllium · · Score: 4, Funny

      Ah yes, the good old "Occam's Space Laser" theory.

  7. Re:uhhmm by Enoxice · · Score: 3, Funny

    Sounds like someone didn't do too well on the SATs.

    --
    Anyone else think the comments just weren't rendering right before they turned off ABP and saw ads?
  8. Re:Cool by RuBLed · · Score: 5, Funny

    Zombiesaurs...

    (Hey why isn't there a movie about dinosaur zombies yet?)

  9. Isn't it obvious? by raddan · · Score: 3, Funny

    The mammoth and bison remains all display small (about 2-3mm in size) perforations.

    Raised, burnt surface rings trace the point of entry of high-velocity projectiles; and the punctures are on only one side, consistent with a blast coming from a single direction.

    The ratios of different types of atoms in the fragments meant it was most unlikely they had originated on Earth, the team told the AGU meeting. A meteorite would not be my first thought. That would be alien hunters.
    1. Re:Isn't it obvious? by John+Hasler · · Score: 3, Funny

      > A meteorite would not be my first thought. That would be alien hunters.

      Inept alien hunters, hunting mammoths with birdshot. Now if they just look around the site maybe they will find a trampled alien...

      --
      Warning: this article may contain humor, sarcasm, parody, and perhaps even irony. Read at your own risk.
  10. Xenu is my homeboy by scubamage · · Score: 3, Funny

    These actually aren't earth animals, they're the skeletons from Xenu's spacecraft! Tom Cruise was right all along!

  11. Re:don't give creationists ammo by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Sorry, part of being a true scientist is not afraid to say you were wrong. By clinging to falsities to advance an agenda, you're no better than any creationist.

  12. Re:don't give creationists ammo by explosivejared · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Yeah, science should totally just abandon making hypotheses about anything controversial, because it might be grounds for anti-science groups to speak out against!

    I don't mean to be obnoxious, but that is about as anti-scientific as it gets. Manipulating facts and theories to play politics is pretty much the antithesis of science. Please don't ever suggest something like that again.

    --
    I got a catholic block.
  13. Re:don't give creationists ammo by PrimalChrome · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Don't you find your desire for censorship/alteration of findings to be a bit ironic?

  14. Re:uhhmm by Kohath · · Score: 3, Funny

    Nice try James. We know it's you.

  15. Second Obvious Conclusion... by aasmodeus · · Score: 4, Funny

    God sneezed. Intelligent Sneezing, no less!

  16. Blast points? by QuantumFlux · · Score: 5, Funny

    Too accurate for Sandpeople. Only Imperial Stormtroopers are so precise.

  17. Ahh! by Cleon · · Score: 3, Funny

    So that's how the Ice Age movies finally end!

    --
    Gifts for Geeks - Stuff that really matters!
  18. Re:Neat Story, Shitty Summary by selfdiscipline · · Score: 2, Funny

    I dunno, the summary seems cooler than the story to me. I was expecting an article about aliens mounting a war against mammoths, and was quite disappointed.

    --


    -------
    Incite and flee.
  19. Not understanding... by __aagmrb7289 · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Why were the scientists surprised? Do they think that no meteorites fell to the Earth at any other time? That seems weird.

  20. Drive-by shooting by EmbeddedJanitor · · Score: 2, Funny

    This is old news... We've known for how-long now that mammoths had shotguns!

    --
    Engineering is the art of compromise.
    1. Re:Drive-by shooting by Hal_Porter · · Score: 3, Funny

      Yeah, it's in my Republican Edition bible. God gave them firearms just after he created them.

      --
      echo -e 'global _start\n _start:\n mov eax, 2\n int 80h\n jmp _start' > a.asm; nasm a.asm -f elf; ld a.o -o a;
  21. Was on TV by jshriverWVU · · Score: 4, Informative

    This is funny, I was just watching a documentary a couple hours ago on the History Channel that discussed this very thing. Though they were concentrating more on Mammoths. One guy used a shotgun for of small specs and shot if at an old arrow head to see if that much power could embed pieces of metal into it, which it didn't. So he concluded the arrowhead he had found with small metal specs had to be caused by a cosmic impact (turned out they were micro-meterites). Also another gentleman was using a highpower magnet over 2 tones of mammoth tusks looking for similiar metal pieces. Was a good show.

  22. how does it advance the cause of reason by circletimessquare · · Score: 2, Interesting

    to protect those who act against reason?

    creationism is not science. it never was. and it never will be. giving them or denying them info does not give them more or less data to suddenly turn into reasonable people. it is merely denying ammunition for a propaganda machine that is not nor ever was interested in the truth

    --
    intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it
    1. Re:how does it advance the cause of reason by QuoteMstr · · Score: 2, Insightful

      What are you are missing here is that creationists cannot be "right" in any scientific sense because it's not science. And what useful way of knowing about the world is there other than science?

      And frankly, even if creationism were the "truth", that wouldn't matter. Science doesn't purport to deal in "truth." Science exists to come up with reasonable, useful explanations for real-world phenomena. Creationism is unreasonable because it makes too many assumptions, and it's useless because it makes no predictions.

      What do you want us to do? Shall we throw up our hands, say "god did it", and shut down our universities?

  23. Re:Charles Fort and others wrote about this by TimSSG · · Score: 2

    Maybe it was like this Sci-Fi authors Ryk E. Spoor and Eric Flint wrote in the book Boundary. Link to the first 1/4 of the book. http://www.webscription.net/chapters/1416509321/1416509321.htm?blurb Great book I liked it; I am still waiting to see if aliens wipe out the dinosaurs. Hope book two is out in the near future. Tim S

  24. That's impossible. by TomatoMan · · Score: 3, Funny

    The earth is only 6,000 years old.

    Anybody who studied science in Kansas knows that.

    --
    -- http://frobnosticate.com
  25. Re:Cool by pnewhook · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Also, fossilized remains probably wouldn't have the maleability of bone to give you impact shockwaves without causing either shattering or other obvious signs of the impact occuring after fossilization.

    They're only 35000 years old - they are not fossils! They are simply old remains and are still bones, not rock.

    --
    Tesla was a genius. Edison however was a overrated hack who liked to torture puppies.
  26. Re:Cool by Viceroy+Potatohead · · Score: 2, Funny

    Finally, we have it!!!!!

    2. ???^WZombiesaurs

  27. 13,000 year even not proven by badinsults · · Score: 5, Interesting

    I remember a few months back, when the paper on the apparent Younger Dryas meteor event came out. Me and my buddy (I am a geophysicist who studies ice sheet history during the period, and he is a Quaternary geologist) picked it apart pretty well. The lines of evidence they used to correlate the event were not the same for each site. For instance, at some sites they used irridium, others charcoal, and still others Helium-3. The biggest problem with their correlation is that they were using the age of drumlins found in Ontario to date others over 2000 km away. There is no widespread evidence that all of North America burned due a meteorite impact 13,000 years ago. I mean have a look at the distribution of sites. If there truely was an impact that caused widespread destruction across North America, why has there been no published evidence in the central United States. Here in southwestern British Columbia, there is no evidence of any unusual sedimentation during the late Pleistocene. If there was an impact or explosion event that was so intense that it caused the extinction of early people in the Americas, would it not have had measurable material blown globally? I don't recall hearing about any such anomalies in the Greenland or Antarctic cores. It is a crackpot theory at best. One shouldn't discount that one of the main proponents of this hypothesis had only a couple of years ago suggested that a supernova caused the Younger Dryas (an idea that was quickly laughed at).

    1. Re:13,000 year even not proven by 12357bd · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Plato, talking about Atlantis, refers a major blast on that time frame (9000 years before his epoch), but related to a major event in the Atlantic Ocean, maybe the remains found in America were not the main or sole impact.

      There's also a lot of 'deluge' legends on tribes at both sides of Atlantic Ocean that locates the blast/explosion/destrucion on the middle on the actual Atlantic Ocean (sud-american tradition located at the east cost refers to a major destruction an corresponding or escape episode from the east, and african/europan traditions located at the west coastal rim talks about the same kind of episodes but from the west.

      Of course oral traditions are ambigous, and unreliable, but in this case ('deluge' mith), many of them share a curios aspect: They explicitely state the need to pass to further generations the testimonial of the existance and experience of such a major disastrous event that will be not be considered possible to exist for future generations.

      --
      What's in a sig?
  28. Did only the recent specimens heal? by fotoguzzi · · Score: 2, Interesting

    The article is a bit of a mess. They scientists wonder if an event 13,000 years ago hit both the tusks of living animals and tusks that had been lying on the surface for 20,000 years. What the article does not address is whether only the 13,000-year-old samples had healed around the particle strikes.

    --
    Their they're doing there hair.
  29. Re:How long to make a fossil? by pushing-robot · · Score: 2, Interesting

    People have been able to artificially petrify/permineralize/fossilize things in far less time than that; under the right conditions, especially porous materials (wood, for example) can be "petrified" in a matter of months, weeks, or days. Hard materials take longer than softer ones, but you could definitely have your own working fossils in a relatively short time assuming you provide ideal conditions for permineralization.

    Of course, the real world doesn't tend to provide "ideal conditions", but I do know that certain fossilized bones have been dated at between 10 and 50 Ka - like the Hofmeyr skull or the Cuddie Springs finds.

    --
    How can I believe you when you tell me what I don't want to hear?
  30. No, no, no. by Fantastic+Lad · · Score: 2, Insightful
    Fossil dating based on half-life measurement has some fascinating problems.

    If you love knowledge and truth, then you must honor it. Not exploring or publishing certain ideas out of spite is no less anti-science and anti-reason than any creationist notion. --The only difference is that creationists champion ignorance out of foolishness. You are suggesting we do it out of fear and anger. I'm not sure which is worse.


    -FL

  31. Re:Cool by xPsi · · Score: 2, Funny

    (Hey why isn't there a movie about dinosaur zombies yet?) They did. It was called Woodstock
    --
    i\hbar\dot{\psi}=\hat{H}\psi
  32. Re:Cool by HateBreeder · · Score: 2, Funny

    A movie? I don't know about that.

    But I'm sure there's porn for it.

    --
    Sigs are for the weak.
  33. It's classic crackpottery by Chris+Burke · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Ooookay, then. How do you explain the 10,000 year old frozen baby mammoth carcass found in Siberia a few years ago, then? Also, how did they cross the land bridge into the Americas without being able to tolerate cold during the Ice Ages?

    Maybe the plasma arcs that supposedly explain meteor craters better than kinetic impact are somehow responsible...

    This is classic crackpottery.

    The Crackpot wants to claim that they are really a Revolutionary, that they have investigated the weak edges of science and found a fundamental problem, that the conventional wisdom is wrong, and that they hold the solution. A solution that up-ends the existing theories. They will claim that the reason they and they alone were able to discover this solution is because the Science Establishment is too set in their ways, too dogmatic, and simply refuses to question or investigate those areas where the science is weak and various mysteries inadequately explained. They will claim that the only reason that they are given the label "Crackpot" is because the Science Establishment is afraid of their ideas. The Science Establishment hates Revolutionaries, you see, and will not accept the scientific evidence the Revolutionary brings to bear no matter what.

    Of course this is nonsense. Real Revolutions happen and up-end the "Establishment", they're just uncommon. Because in most cases, the existing science is by and large good and well established and supported by mountains of evidence. Einstein was a Revolutionary and General Relativity was a Revolution. His theory completely changed how we view the nature of the universe, and one of our most basic assumptions -- that Time itself is constant across all frames of reference. Quantum Mechanics was a huge Revolution in Science, again reversing some of our most basic assumptions about the universe. Yet these Revolutions are now the Scientific Establishment, by the simple virtue of the experimental evidence these Revolutions brought to bear, and now these theories are also supported by mountains of evidence, equally difficult to up-end.

    So what then is the difference between the Crackpot and the Revolutionary? Well a major difference is that the true Revolutionary explains the new, explains the experimental data that the old theory cannot, but just as importantly also explains the experimental data that the old theory explained. Relativity didn't prove that Newtonian physics was wrong, it simply showed it to be an approximation for common conditions. It didn't suddenly come out and say "No, actually you can approximate gravitational attraction using the cube root of the distance between masses!" because anyone can drop an object and track its position and see that, in fact, Newton's Laws are correct within the precision of any available measuring device. Quantum Mechanics didn't prove that simpler models of atoms were completely flawed and false -- because all that chemistry you did in high school works just fine using those simpler models. QM only explains what the simpler model cannot.

    The Crackpot's theory, on the other hand, cannot explain the existing evidence. The Crackpot, desperate to prove that they are Revolutionaries, then must try to deny the existing evidence, and deny the large successes of the existing theory at explaining the existing evidence.

    This is the case with the Electric Universe shlock our "unwelcome celebrity" champions -- it actually tries to replace Newtonian (and relativistic) mechanics with electricity and plasma. Not just show that some of the difficult to explain parts of the universe (dark energy etc) are better explained with electricity, but that extremely easy and well explained parts of the universe (like meteor impacts, planetary motion) are also explained. It's this attempt to shoe-horn their theory into places it doesn't belong, to up-end science that needs no up-ending, that reveals the Crackpot.

    Of course that's the point where most people stop reading. The Crackpot th

    --

    The enemies of Democracy are