How Vampire Bats Evolved To Live On Blood Alone
New research has discovered some of the genetic changes that allowed vampire bats to live on a diet of pure blood. One of the bats' most important evolutionary traits is the ability to manipulate an anticoagulant protein in their blood and saliva. In humans similar proteins protect against heart attack by breaking up blood clots and clearing vessels.
Really, this has been extensivly documented. Might I suggest starting with the graphic novel Batman: Year One
When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
Yea they wait until the animal is sleeping then bite. Also I don't know if it was in this article or the NY times one posted somewhere here that said the spit also has some sort of painkiller in it.