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Royal Society Releases Historic Science Papers

krou writes "To celebrate its 350th anniversary, the Royal Society has released a number of historic science papers and made them available online via its Trailblazing website. Among the papers are Benjamin Franklin's notes on his kite-flying experiment, a paper on black holes co-written by Professor Stephen Hawking, manuscripts from Sir Isaac Newton showing 'that white light is a mixture of other colours,' and a few other interesting details such as 'a gruesome account of a 17th century blood transfusion.'"

83 comments

  1. oblig by celle · · Score: 0

    "a gruesome account of a 17th century blood transfusion."

    Bring on the twilighters!!!

    1. Re:oblig by jhoegl · · Score: 1, Troll

      You mention that stupid and douche-teen series again, I keel U.

    2. Re:oblig by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      not twilighters... but 4chan scooped the Royal Society. safe graphics, but NSFW text.

  2. This might have saved... by thered2001 · · Score: 1

    ...Neal Stephenson a trip. Does the site contain any papers about the benefits of drinking mercury?

    --

    If your only tool is a hammer, every problem becomes a nail.

    1. Re:This might have saved... by bughunter · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Yeah, this is fascinating stuff, especially as I'm reading Quicksilver right now, in which are depicted "plausible recreations" of some early Society experiments in optics, chemistry, physics, and physiology, including a rather gruesome account of the live dissection of a dog.

      Stephenson also breathes some life and character into historical figures associated with the Royal Society, not the least of whom are Newton and Leibniz. Worth a read if you have any interest in the history of science.

      --
      I can see the fnords!
    2. Re:This might have saved... by ksemlerK · · Score: 5, Informative

      including a rather gruesome account of the live dissection of a dog.

      A live dissection is also known as a vivisection. It is derived from the Latin term meaning, to cut life: “Vivis” (life) and “Sectus” (to cut).

    3. Re:This might have saved... by Petrushka · · Score: 2, Informative

      A live dissection is also known as a vivisection. It is derived from the Latin term meaning, to cut life: “Vivis” (life) and “Sectus” (to cut).

      <pedant>
      vivus "alive" => vivi-
      seco "to cut" => sectio(n)-
      </pedant>

      (The words you give aren't exactly incorrect, they're just a weird choice of forms)

    4. Re:This might have saved... by aiht · · Score: 1

      Worth a read if you have any interest in the history of science.

      Seconded.
      Whenever I don't have any new books to read, I re-read bits of the Baroque Cycle - I'm reading The Confusion for something like the 5th time at the moment, and still loving every moment of it.

  3. Finally, Proof! by Tablizer · · Score: 1

    See, I told you my client, Galileo, isn't guilty!
       

  4. Links? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    You know what's cool about the web? Pages can contain hyperlinks to other pages! For example, if you write a post saying that Benjamin Franklin's notes on his kite-flying experiment are available on the web, you can use these fancy "hyperlinks" to help people find the articles!

    Of course, it appears that the articles were already on the web, and the trailblazer website is just a very, very cool index of existing information. But, I think it's required that every slashdot summary contain at least one easily verified and incorrect fact, so that readers will be more engaged with the website and read more advertising.

    1. Re:Links? by haderytn · · Score: 5, Insightful

      What advertising?

    2. Re:Links? by MagicM · · Score: 1

      (...) Make a fmall crofs, of two light ftrips of cedar (...)

      Awesome! I never knew old Benjamin had a lisp!

    3. Re:Links? by Nefarious+Wheel · · Score: 2, Informative

      (...) Make a fmall crofs, of two light ftrips of cedar (...)

      Awesome! I never knew old Benjamin had a lisp!

      Grrrrr (rips open reference with sharp-filed cursor)

      That's an early form of the letter "s", the "long S" from Carolingian Minuscule. You'll notice it has no crossbar, as does the letter "f". The "s" we know was often used at the end of words as a bit of shorthand, similar to the cursive un-crossed T.

      The quote should read "Make a small cross, of two light strips of cedar".

      Don't argue, you expected this post.

      --
      Do not mock my vision of impractical footwear
    4. Re:Links? by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      If you disable ads, then how do you keep up on the latest penis enlargement technology? Am I missing something?

    5. Re:Links? by MagicM · · Score: 1

      Yes, don't hate me, I knew what I was doing. But I thought I'd share the fun of reading Benjamin Franklin's words in Vizzini's voice.

    6. Re:Links? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Cool, maybe the Republican Tea Party protesters would be interested in re-enacting Ben's kite-flying experiment?

    7. Re:Links? by bronney · · Score: 1

      I don't have a penis you insensitive clod!

    8. Re:Links? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Misunderstood what it mean to be a unix fan, eh?

      Either that or...nah. Can't be. Not on slashdot.

  5. Re:Ceaseless quest... by Tablizer · · Score: 5, Funny

    For what? More funding based on dubious data?

    Yeah, that rotten Isaac Newton admitted in an email that he drew the apple larger than scale to make the diagram easier to read. Blasted hippy-haired liberal!
       

  6. Re:Ceaseless quest... by leoc · · Score: 4, Funny

    Haven't you heard? Newtonian physics has been discredited after someone hacked into his quill and pen set.

    --
    STFU about slashdot bias.
  7. 1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by NoYob · · Score: 5, Funny
    I was going through the timeline and at 1830 it shows a big white dot with a pop-up "Spanish Inquisition Ends".

    I never saw that coming.

    --
    It's NOT me! It's the meds! I'm on 1000mg of Fukitol.
    1. Re:1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by Tumbleweed · · Score: 1

      I was going through the timeline and at 1830 it shows a big white dot with a pop-up "Spanish Inquisition Ends".
      I never saw that coming.

      I think the beginning was the bigger suprise than the ending. Kind of like the opposite of an M. Night Shyamalan movie.

      What, they were assholes all along?!

    2. Re:1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by Stupid+McStupidson · · Score: 1

      ..sscccraattch...NOBODY expects the end of the Spanish Inquisition!

    3. Re:1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I was going through the timeline and at 1830 it shows a big white dot with a pop-up "Spanish Inquisition Ends".

      I never saw that coming.

      Of course you didn't see that coming.

      No one expects the Spanish Inquistion!

    4. Re:1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      woosh!

    5. Re:1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by LowlyWorm · · Score: 1
      --
      Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.
    6. Re:1834 End of Spanish Inquisition by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      That was when Chuck Norris came onto the scene

  8. I really like the Royal Society by interactive_civilian · · Score: 2, Interesting

    This is really cool stuff, and I find it very interesting to scroll the timeline on Trailblazing to get an idea of the historical context of these papers. I just wish there were more than 60 of them and covering more fields. Still, I'm looking forward to reading Watson and Crick's paper, Gould and Lewontin's paper, and perhaps even Maxwell's paper if I can handle it.

    I'm a really big fan of the Royal Society. They have so much high quality research available under Open Access, including any papers in Philosophical Transactions B (which I tend to get stuff from the most as my interests are more related to Biology) that are more than a year old. I'm looking forward to their 350th Anniversary Issue which comes out in 2 weeks under Open Access. It's looking to have some interesting articles. In fact, all of the things they are doing for their 350th anniversary are really cool. Check them out: http://royalsocietypublishing.org/site/authors/2010.xhtml

    --
    "Empathise with stupidity, and you're halfway to thinking like an idiot." - Iain M. Banks
    1. Re:I really like the Royal Society by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      Yea great guys. Too bad they have made aggressive legal threats of copyright enforcement against anyone else who distributes other similarly old papers. There are about 40,000 papers in the Philosophical transactions which are old enough to be unconditionally public domain— yet you can't obtain them, at least not without paying a couple bucks a pop to the royal society.

  9. F v. S ? by eepok · · Score: 3, Funny

    Great, now I have to find out why, in the Benjamin Franklin text, all but the last S's in any word look like lower-case Fs.

    1. Re:F v. S ? by Drinking+Bleach · · Score: 1

      Becaue it was all the rage, apparently.

    2. Re:F v. S ? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

      It's a long s.

    3. Re:F v. S ? by Tablizer · · Score: 1

      Long "s"? Did they all talk like Smeagol back then?
           

    4. Re:F v. S ? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I know, that's sucked up.

  10. Great by gaderael · · Score: 1

    "...a few other interesting details such as 'a gruesome account of a 17th century blood transfusion."

    Great, that's what the internet needs. More "Twilight" slashfic...

    --
    Anyone got a light for my sig?
  11. Some choice quotes from the most recent article by countertrolling · · Score: 2, Interesting

    "... our ignorance of the Earth system is overwhelming and intensified by the tendency to favour model simulations over experiments, observation and measurement."

    "We could find ourselves enslaved in a Kafka-like world from which there is no escape."

    Could?

    --
    For justice, we must go to Don Corleone
  12. How many reference deleted data? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

    And how many had the journals they were published in recategorized when they dared to question the received dogma of the day?

  13. They left an important paper out... by syousef · · Score: 1

    2009: Physics/Mathematics: On the slashdotting of the Royal Society ;-)

    But seriously, this is fantastic to see! Amazing what's freely available if you have the time and inclination to learn (and the brains to filter out all the quakery!).

    --
    These posts express my own personal views, not those of my employer
    1. Re:They left an important paper out... by aiht · · Score: 1

      (and the brains to filter out all the quakery!).

      Oooh, those Quakers! *shakes fist*

      wait...
      ... I suspect you meant quackery, yes?

    2. Re:They left an important paper out... by syousef · · Score: 2, Informative

      I'm very use to typing Quakers (correct spelling). Forgive the muscle memory induced typo.

      --
      These posts express my own personal views, not those of my employer
    3. Re:They left an important paper out... by aiht · · Score: 1

      No worries ;)

  14. Awesome, but... by danhm · · Score: 1

    Why the hell weren't these publicly available to begin with? I see the article says "put online"; what does that mean? Were they available, just limited to microfilm or something like that? I hope they were freely available before.

    1. Re:Awesome, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Newton was an early adopter and posted most of his most influential papers directly to his blog, www.ItsThePrincipia.com However, few people could afford access to the internet in the early 18th century, and advertising rates weren't high enough to keep his servers online.

      This led to a period of almost 300 years when his papers were not available in any form. Until the recent discovery of a box of old backup tapes in an Oxford University utility closet, most of his work was considered lost forever.

    2. Re:Awesome, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Newton wrote his papers in Latin so the masses couldn't read them.

    3. Re:Awesome, but... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Newton wrote his papers in Latin so the masses couldn't read them.

      This is an urban legend. Newton actually wrote using the ISO Latin-1 Character Set, primarily due to limitations of popular blogging software available when he started posting in earnest during the summer of 1688.

  15. Re:Ceaseless quest... by sycodon · · Score: 0, Troll

    At least Benjamin Franklin has all his original data.

    --
    When Fascism comes to America, it will call itself Anti-Fascism, and tell you to give up your guns.
  16. I wonder if those papers... by LynnwoodRooster · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Discuss how consensus rules Science, and how to properly dispose of raw data?

    --
    Browsing at +1 - no ACs, I ignore their posts. So refreshing!
  17. When facts were respected by MosesJones · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The Royal Society really does typify the content led questioning society that the world used to be. By establishing a body (The Royal Society) with the express intention of enabling that form of dicussion it represented very much a broad view that facts were what moved society forward rather than opinions.

    How far we have fallen from 200 years ago into a world where opinion matters more than facts and where its routine for big companies in particular to hide data that doesn't match the outcome that they want.

    The current pieces around Climate Change are a great example as to how far we have fallen, people with zero background, training or experience in a field are claiming that their opinions are just as valid as someone who are studied a field for 20 years.

    We have people questioning doctors and demanding antibiotics
    We have people believing rubbish like homeopathy because their "opinion" is it works
    We have presidents believing that FAITH in something (WMDs) is more important that actual facts
    We have people questioning evolution because their FAITH says it isn't so

    Hopefully in 100 years our great-grand-children will look back on this as the biggest era of deliberate human stupidy. Its not often the past is actually better but the basis of the Royal Society and indeed the society which it represented 200 years ago is a much more rational and measured one than the FoxNews driven debates of today.

    I often think that Fox News would be firmly on the "gravity denier" side if it had been around at the time of Newton.

    --
    An Eye for an Eye will make the whole world blind - Gandhi
    1. Re:When facts were respected by Scrameustache · · Score: 1

      We have people believing rubbish like homeopathy because their "opinion" is it works

      The placebo effect is a real thing, and it works better if the placebo is expensive.

      We have presidents believing that FAITH in something (WMDs) is more important that actual facts

      He was flat out lying.

      --

      You can't take the sky from me...

    2. Re:When facts were respected by flyingfsck · · Score: 1

      It has never been any different. The vast majority of the unwashed masses are stupid and superstitious. It is still true. Sad, really.

      --
      Excuse me, but please get off my Pennisetum Clandestinum, eh!
    3. Re:When facts were respected by MosesJones · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The placebo effect is a real thing, and it works better if the placebo is expensive.

      It is indeed real but that doesn't make homeopathy real. I have no problems with the placebo effect or even people who deliberately sell a placebo wrapped in mumbo jumbo what I have is a problem with people selling a placebo who don't have the intellectual honesty to admit its just a placebo.

      The placebo works, homeopathy doesn't.

      --
      An Eye for an Eye will make the whole world blind - Gandhi
    4. Re:When facts were respected by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Ahahahahahaha!

      My faith tells me your post only needs to be a little more obvious and a little longer to make the Onion.

    5. Re:When facts were respected by Scrameustache · · Score: 1

      The placebo effect is a real thing, and it works better if the placebo is expensive.

      It is indeed real but that doesn't make homeopathy real. I have no problems with the placebo effect or even people who deliberately sell a placebo wrapped in mumbo jumbo what I have is a problem with people selling a placebo who don't have the intellectual honesty to admit its just a placebo.

      The placebo works, homeopathy doesn't.

      But the placebo only works if you believe it's a real cure. If you say "this is a placebo", then it won't.

      I understand why you're pissed at them for conning the gullible, but I'm just saying, you have to understand that the clients who are convinced that it works are actually feeling better by taking the placebo, so don't be mad at them for feeling better and saying so.

      --

      You can't take the sky from me...

    6. Re:When facts were respected by some_guy_88 · · Score: 1

      ...you have to understand that the clients who are convinced that it works are actually feeling better by taking the placebo...

      But was it worth it?

      They got the benefit of pain releif but only at the cost of being a potential intelectual burden on society. If people like that mind their own business they can believe what they want but if they start using their uninformed opinions to make the world worse for the rest of us then I say it's better to educate rather than let them just believe.

    7. Re:When facts were respected by MosesJones · · Score: 1

      I'm not sure this is true. In the early Victorian period in particular the drive for rationalism and empirical information was everywhere. The heros of the age were scientists, explorers and engineers.

      In Newton's time there was more mumbo jumbo but do remember that they changed the laws of the country to allow him to take up his chair at Cambridge, this led (in part) to the explosion of non-comformist religions in the UK.

      Benjamin Franklin was a hero in the US in the early victorian era (IIRTTC) and is a great example of the difference between then and now.

      --
      An Eye for an Eye will make the whole world blind - Gandhi
    8. Re:When facts were respected by JBaustian · · Score: 1

      It was not uncommon in earlier days for "scientists" to publish the results that their political rulers wanted to hear. The only difference is that today the political rulers have billions of taxpayer dollars to hand out to "scientists" who can produce studies supporting the political correct party line.

      I'm surprised that more slash/dotters are not more skeptical of the politically popular line.

    9. Re:When facts were respected by panthroman · · Score: 4, Insightful

      ...how far we have fallen, people with zero background, training or experience in a field are claiming that their opinions are just as valid as someone who are studied a field for 20 years.

      Um... questioning authority is kinda the hallmark of science. I understand what you're saying - science is underappreciated - but empowering people to seek the truth for themselves is what science is!

      The 16th century's Glorious Revolution was society saying "How come we have to believe Galen? I'm gonna dissect some humans myself and see what's inside." We didn't need authority to be our conduit to truth: we could seek truth directly. (At the same time, people were rebelling against needing the Pope as a conduit to God, and voila, Protestantism.)

    10. Re:When facts were respected by chebucto · · Score: 1

      What I think the GP was getting and (and I agree with this) is that it is not uncommon for people to assert that their baseless opinion or feeling on is just as valid as a professional's fact- and reason- based conclusions.

      No one would suggest that people should be stopped from questioning authority or science, but they should question it based on reason and fact, not opinion and feeling. More generally, it seems like the right to hold one's own opinion has mutated into the right to have other people respect and listen to one's own opinion.

      Personally I think it might be good to start a general campaign of mockery towards the assertively ignorant. Like, whenever creationists argue that their ideas should be given equal time in the classroom, fart loudly. Repeat until they leave or come back with empirical evidence for their claims.

      --
      The English word fart is one of the oldest words in the English vocabulary.
    11. Re:When facts were respected by u38cg · · Score: 1

      There never was a golden age of rational enquiry. The thread started by Montaigne was always a thin one; there were no shortage of charlatans and fools two hundred years ago either.

      --
      [FUCK BETA]
    12. Re:When facts were respected by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      You're wearing rose-tinted glass for the past. You should read how Newton hid is calculus from the world so he could make money from it.

    13. Re:When facts were respected by sorak · · Score: 1

      I would add one thing to that. Learn about the situation, before you assert your superior understanding of it.

    14. Re:When facts were respected by chihowa · · Score: 1

      In the early Victorian period in particular the drive for rationalism and empirical information was everywhere. The heros of the age were scientists, explorers and engineers.

      Don't be so sure of this. Your view of those times is based on the writings of the intelligentsia, who may have held the scientists as heroes. The unwashed masses were just as ignorant and superstitious as before (and now).

      --
      If you want a vision of the future, imagine a youtube comments section scrolling - forever.
    15. Re:When facts were respected by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What the hell do you think the Royal Society did?

      They were a bunch of geeks who _hated_ the then-current intellectual establishment and were lucky enough to know some people who had the right influence with King Chuck.

      The founding members of the Royal Society had zero background or training, and they debunked entire fields that had been studied for centuries. Their prior experience before their group became the Royal Society consisted of doing experiments in private for the fun of it; they outright scorned intellectual establishments such as Oxford and Cambridge until they took them over. The scholastics (read: sophists) and the alchemists (read: mystics) had an iron grip on the intellectual community back then, and the Royal Society, a group of young upstarts who came out of nowhere, tore their opinions to shreds.

      And science is far better off thanks to a group of geeks coming out of nowhere and ripping the intellectual community's sacred cows to pieces.

    16. Re:When facts were respected by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Though I suppose I should qualify this a bit:

      - The scholastics controlled the public intellectial community, and the alchemists controlled the secret intellectual community. I'm not trying to assert that there was an alliance between them at Oxford and Cambridge.

      - Unfortunately, a few members of the Royal Society were also alchemists (including, most prominently, Newton). However, they were a different kind of alchemist: they actively challenged the beliefs of those who came before them, rather than just regurgitating the same tripe the established alchemists regurgitated. The alchemists in the Royal Society attempted to turn alchemy into a science, and the end result of that became chemistry. For example, Robert Boyle identified as an alchemist, but he's now regarded as the father of chemistry, as he was one of the first alchemists to actually apply the scientific method to his studies.

    17. Re:When facts were respected by greenjelly · · Score: 1

      The placebo effect works when there is no real ailment. The placebo effect cannot cure cancer, but it may cure restless leg syndrome.

  18. Re:Ceaseless quest... by lgw · · Score: 0, Flamebait

    At least Benjamin Franklin has all his original data.

    That, to me, is the infuriating art of this whole climate-gate thing.

    Falsifying results when the real data didn't match your hypothesis? Bad, but it happens. Science moves on.

    Lining up "peers" for fraudulent peer review? Worse, but conspiracies never last.

    But deleting the genuine data, data that I paid for with my tax dollars? There should be criminal charges.

    --
    Socialism: a lie told by totalitarians and believed by fools.
  19. OT: sig reply by NotQuiteReal · · Score: 1

    If your only tool is a hammer, every problem becomes a nail.

    If your only tool is a screwdriver, the answer to every problem is "screw it". Apologies to Maslow.

    FWIW, original is "To the man who only has a hammer in the toolkit, every problem looks like a nail." A. Maslow

    --
    This issue is a bit more complicated than you think.
  20. Re:Ceaseless quest... by NotQuiteReal · · Score: 1

    But deleting the genuine data

    There's an app for that.

    --
    This issue is a bit more complicated than you think.
  21. Re:Ceaseless quest... by TapeCutter · · Score: 1

    Pfft Newton: A 15th century theologian who claimed that Jesus was sent to Earth to "operate the levers of gravity", stuck pins in his eyes to figure out the "nature of light", wrote close to million words on the numerology of 666, and snorted mercury fumes on the weekends.

    --
    And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
  22. Some choice papers by nneonneo · · Score: 2, Informative

    I've looked over this archive (before Slashdot posted it), and I found several articles which were very interesting to me.

    Leeuwenhoek's description of the "little animals" he saw with his early microscope (1677) -- this one is quite long and many entries are repetitive, but it is a detailed account of Leeuwenhoek's regular experiments and observations with microscopic life forms.

    Surviving in a room heated to 260 degrees Fahrenheit (1775) -- this paper strikes me as absolutely incredulous in its claims; I did not know that people could survive such heat (I have not yet found any modern information supporting or disproving this claim, so information about this from a modern science perspective would be nice!).

    I have a large backlog of papers which I would like to read, but which I cannot right now due to time constraints. I certainly would like to read more of these if I had the time to do so.

    Bravo to the Royal Society for making these publicly accessible and easily explored. I now have an urge to read some of the early Philosophical Transaction papers not highlighted in Trailblazing.

    1. Re:Some choice papers by u38cg · · Score: 1

      Try this and this - the second one cites temperatures of 262F.

      --
      [FUCK BETA]
  23. Tryals Proposed when Transfusing Blood by skastrik · · Score: 1
    The notes on blood transfusion (year 1666) are basically a set of "tryals proposed", questions about whether traits will be inherited when transfusing blood between dogs of different temper, size and colour.

    As such they do make a very interesting and non-gruesome read. We have come a long way.

    I also found the article itself to be remarkably readable in every aspect (language, spelling and fonts). I did not expect that at all, but then again I am not in the habit of reading 17th century English.

  24. Great example of jquery in action? by jamest_adelaide · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    I thought the site was Flash, but it appears to be all javasacript and HTML, using jquery.

  25. Re:Ceaseless quest... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    What about the fraud that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Iraquis, committed using YOUR tax dollars?

    Tumbleweeds. Time to move on. Yay look at those cool cockpit camera viseos of afghanis being incinerated. They had it coming cos they deserved it, etc, etc

  26. Re:Ceaseless quest... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You must be the moron that modded down the Parent and GP posts.

    What's the matter? You feeling backed into a corner because your prophets of doom turned out to be charlatans?

    There are better ways to deal with you betrayal than to lash out at others. Perhaps you should seek counseling.

  27. 350 Years by physburn · · Score: 1
    Its really just amazing how quickly we've come in those 350 Years, when the Royal Society was founded we had no theory of gravity, electricity, heat, air magnetism or engines. The most complex machines, we're clocks and windmills. It make you think how far and how quickly man kind has come.

    ---

    History of Science Feed @ Feed Distiller

  28. What are those forms? by jonaskoelker · · Score: 1

    (The words you give aren't exactly incorrect, they're just a weird choice of forms)

    For the benefit of those of us who haven't studied latin but are interested in languages, what are the forms you've given? What are the forms OP has given? If those answers don't make it readily apparent, why are OP's choices weird?

    1. Re:What are those forms? by DMUTPeregrine · · Score: 1

      Latin adjectives are given in the nominative singular case with the endings for masculine and nonmasculine forms, unless such forms are the same, in which case genitive singular case is used. Vivus -a -um is a 1st/2nd declension (not sure, they're the same) adjective. Thus ksemlerK's use would be either dative or ablative. (giving life, having life or from life, roughly) Verbs have their present active infinitive (or passive, for deponent verbs) and any other endings needed to insure correct spelling indicated. Seco, secare, secui, sectum, to cut.This is therefore 1st conjugation. I'd guess ksemlerK used passive perfect indicative (though context would be needed, it sure isn't "to cut".) Effectively, "it has been cut". It's been a bit since I took Latin, FYI. Info should be correct, since I checked it.

      --
      Not a sentence!
  29. Re:Ceaseless quest... by MattBecker82 · · Score: 1

    Pfft Newton: A 15th century theologian who claimed that Jesus was sent to Earth to "operate the levers of gravity", stuck pins in his eyes to figure out the "nature of light", wrote close to million words on the numerology of 666, and snorted mercury fumes on the weekends.

    Utter rubbish. Newton lived in the 17th & 18th Centuries.

  30. On Questioning Authority by jonaskoelker · · Score: 1

    Um... questioning authority is kinda the hallmark of science.

    I understand what you're saying, but...

    Well, challenging authority with evidence is the hallmark of science. In the past, the authority (i.e. power) was typically part of a religious institution. These days (this is how I interpret your parent post) people use opinion to challenge the authority of the scientific process (as distinct from the authority of individual scientists).

    I think well-practised science has authority (over factual matters). Religion does not. But well-practised science challenges itself with evidence.

    I think we can agree on something :)

  31. Re:Ceaseless quest... by TapeCutter · · Score: 1

    "Utter rubbish. Newton lived in the 17th & 18th Centuries"

    I was talking about Frank Newton.... ;)

    --
    And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
  32. not much more than a sauna by linoleo · · Score: 1

    I did not know that people could survive such heat

    Bah. A decent sauna is around 200 degrees Fahrenheit, and is good for you. I've spend plenty of quarter-hours at this temperature. US sauna are all dialed pitifully low for insurance reasons.

    260F is just enough hotter than 200F that it wouldn't be pleasant anymore, but certainly not lethal in the short term. Drink enough fluids to replace the sweat and you'll be fine.

    --
    Be faithful to your obsessions. Identify them and be faithful to them, let them guide you like a sleepwalker. JG Ballard