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OSU President Cans Anthrax Vaccine Research On Primates

Wrath0fb0b writes "Oklahoma State University President Burns Hargis has abruptly canceled an NIH-funded study on an anthrax vaccine in primates. (The primates would have to be euthanized afterward.) There is suspicion that the decision was meant to appease large donor Madeleine Pickens, the wife of noted huntsman T. Boone Pickens, who had previously pressured the school over animal-rights issues. Scientists counter that the study was approved by the NIH peer-review process, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and subject to the Federal Animal Welfare Act (by virtue of using NIH money) and that the decision by the President has short-circuited months of planning and deliberation on the matter. Hargis has denied being influenced by Pickens and cited 'confidential factors' that he couldn't discuss, telling the faculty council that 'to go through every lurid detail is simply not prudent.' A post on Pickens' blog, on the other hand, obliquely takes credit for the 'great decision,' noting a faculty member's hunch that the 'generous benefactor to OSU and her ties to the Humane Society of the United States may have played a role in the termination of the project.' Meanwhile, the NIH expressed displeasure at the decision, stating, 'NIH fully expects institutions to honor these assurances and commitment to complete NIH supported projects as requested, approved and funded.' Some OSU scientists speculated that the fiasco would make it harder for them to receive NIH funding in the future."

43 of 230 comments (clear)

  1. hope he switches to PETA members by peter303 · · Score: 4, Insightful

    The animal rights peopel have slowed down animal research in the US.

    1. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by happy_place · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The real problem with testing on animals, and then putting them to death, is that monkeys are cute. Cute animals cannot be subjected to research for the sake of society or even to save the lives of anthrax ridden monkeys. Rats work because most people think of rats as filthy and repugnant creatures. We need an ugly animal that's further up the foodchain--more human. Like say tree-sloths, or grad students... either of which people and professors would have no ethical qualms on experimenting on... or euthanizing.

      --
      http://www.beanleafpress.com
    2. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by wizardforce · · Score: 4, Informative

      Or the animals PETA is euthanizing... Over 85% of the animals they take in are killed instead of adopted. So many animals were killed by PETA in fact, that they purchaced a 9,000$ freezer to temporarily store the animals that have been killed.

      --
      Sigs are too short to say anything truly profound so read the above post instead.
    3. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by Isaac-1 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Because the human child has a reasonable chance to outgrow this condition.

    4. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by Virak · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Some would argue that discriminating based on arbitrary metrics like "being alive" is wrong, and that a rock is as equally deserving of rights and freedom as any human.

      These people are quite reasonably regarded as being batshit insane.

    5. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by iamapizza · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Monkeys being cute has everything to do with it (OK, not everything, but plays a big role). Related to cuteness - why do you think "save the pandas" is such a popular thing? Next to the animals that are endangered and which are important to the eco-tree, pandas are practically useless. They're only popular because they're cute (another case in point is WWF's logo). It's aptly named survival of the cutest. Another reason monkeys factor in so much is because in terms of appearance, they're closer to us than the rats.

      --
      Always proofread carefully to see if you any words out.
    6. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by HangingChad · · Score: 2, Insightful

      ...the majority would be shocked and disgusted at the thought of experimenting on one, so why should we experiment on the monkeys?

      Having been part of animal experiments in the past, this isn't easy subject. I think sometimes the scientific community does get a little impatient with animal rights organizations because they're like Republicans in that anytime you try to find middle ground, they move the center line. It's hard to negotiate with ignorant, closed-mined, intractable people.

      Absent on the other side is recognition that the alternative is experimenting on humans. Cell culture experiments will only tell you about toxicity, not other systemic side effects. If a few monkeys lose their lives in the quest to save humans infected with anthrax, I'm okay with that. It's sad and shouldn't be done lightly, but there isn't really any alternative. It would be great if we lived in a world where we didn't have to use animals for food or experimentation, but it's just not the reality.

      --
      That's our life, the big wheel of shit. - The Fat Man, Blue Tango Salvage
    7. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by Hurricane78 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Protip: There are worse things than dead.

      E.g. being infected by some cruel disease, and then “treated” with a just as cruel experimental substance, to then have electrodes in your open brain, or similar sick shit. If that ever happens to me, I hope I’m not gotta get “saved” by some egocentric* dogmatic** tree-hugging “p.c.” asshole, to become a drooling cripple instead of being freed from it. Because as soon as I can move, I’m gonna bash his head in, for not killing me.

      ___
      * Egocentric, because those types don’t do it to help you. They do it, to compensate their self-hatred of being such an “evil human“ and guilt, that is a result of a fucked up childhood where they were treated just as cruely.
      ** Dogmatic, because they don’t care what the actual intent of their principle was, and just insist on it, even when the result is the opposite on the original intent.

      --
      Any sufficiently advanced intelligence is indistinguishable from stupidity.
    8. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by CrimsonAvenger · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Or the animals PETA is euthanizing... Over 85% of the animals they take in are killed instead of adopted.

      Keep in mind that PETA doesn't approve of the IDEA of pets. As far as they're concerned, they're doing good by preventing adoptions of animals. Killing them is just the easiest way of taking that preventative step.

      --

      "I do not agree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it"
    9. Re:hope he switches to PETA members by wizardforce · · Score: 3, Insightful

      They're against people having animals as pets but locking up thousands of animals in cages just to be euthanized is ok? PETA is an organization that depends on crazy PR stunts to raise funding; as long as killing thousands of animals is cheaper for them than the alternative they will continue to do so.

      --
      Sigs are too short to say anything truly profound so read the above post instead.
  2. Re:Vaccine funding useless by wizardforce · · Score: 3, Interesting

    If you are thinking that anthrax is a virus then you'd be wrong. It's a bacterium and it isn't "impossible" to develop a vaccine for it. Viruses like Influenza tend to mutate and adapt faster than bacteria generally do and there are vaccines for Influenza so...

    --
    Sigs are too short to say anything truly profound so read the above post instead.
  3. Re:Vaccine funding useless by Sir_Lewk · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Ah of course, all of those PhDs and researchers at Oklahoma State University have been wasting their time. They should have just asked robinstar1574 on slashdot if it was possible.

    Silly them.

    --
    "linux is just DOS with a UNIX like syntax" -- Galactic Dominator (944134)
  4. Re:"peer-reviewed" by clang_jangle · · Score: 2, Funny

    I insist on only genuine, all-natural, organic, peer-reviewed research! Preferably it should also synergize multiple externalities whilst being fully recyclable and good for the environment.

    --
    Caveat Utilitor
  5. Not OSU by forand · · Score: 3, Informative

    While I am sure that Oklahoma State University refers to itself as 'OSU' if you go to osu.edu you will get The Ohio State University.

    1. Re:Not OSU by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      No, it's because some time ago, when they felt like they weren't getting enough funding, some politician changed the name to "The Ohio State University" to emphasize that the university was the flagship.

      That's right, the "The" that the OSU people are so fond of was born of political grandstanding and obnoxious pretentiousness. Which is exactly how it's still looked at to this very day...

    2. Re:Not OSU by nedlohs · · Score: 2

      Since the first world of the summary it Oklahama it isn't ambiguous. Sure someone might think the wrong place from the headline, but the headline also can't be ten pages long...

  6. Lol, denied being influenced by Pickens by jayhawk88 · · Score: 4, Informative

    Look, you might as well be honest about it. T Boone owns your university at this point, everyone knows it. You may as well just rename it for him and get it over with.

    1. Re:Lol, denied being influenced by Pickens by idontgno · · Score: 3, Funny

      At which point you add "Memorial" to everything. Problem solved.

      --
      Welcome to the Panopticon. Used to be a prison, now it's your home.
  7. What? Oh. by Quiet_Desperation · · Score: 2, Funny

    Will he be marketing this canned anthrax to the general public? Does Homeland Securitah know about this?

  8. Re:Vaccine funding useless by mcgrew · · Score: 5, Informative

    Anthrax is a becteria that lives in soil. It's usually not life-threatening unless inhaled. In fact, you may have had it -- it's usualy from falling down and skinning an elbow in the dirt, and will leave a black mark that heals slowly, but will heal. The anthrax that's dangerous is "weaponized" anthrax that's engineered to hang in the air, and if inhaled is indeed deadly.

    A Vaccine would make infected sores less painful, and could possibly make weaponized anthrax less deadly.

  9. Now they'll have to use students instead. by John+Hasler · · Score: 2, Funny

    Too bad. It would be better to use something closer to humans.

    --
    Warning: this article may contain humor, sarcasm, parody, and perhaps even irony. Read at your own risk.
  10. Simple solution by nedlohs · · Score: 5, Insightful

    NIH should put OSU on a blacklist and not fund anything involving them until OSU provides a valid (as judged by NIH) explanation for why they wasted the time (and money) of NIH.

    OSU is of course free to not do so and rely on non-NIH funding. Or there might be a perfectly valid reason that they don't want to disclose publicly that they can provide to NIH.

    1. Re:Simple solution by pz · · Score: 4, Informative

      NIH should put OSU on a blacklist and not fund anything involving them until OSU provides a valid (as judged by NIH) explanation for why they wasted the time (and money) of NIH.

      OSU is of course free to not do so and rely on non-NIH funding. Or there might be a perfectly valid reason that they don't want to disclose publicly that they can provide to NIH.

      It's actually a little worse than this. I have currently, and have had NIH funding in the past as well. They take things seriously. When you are awarded a grant, either you, the individual resaercher, or the university where you work, sign a contract stipulating that the work will be done as described. (Exactly who signs these contracts varies from grant to grant.) Sometimes there are serious penalty clauses. Naturally, each institution negotiates its own contracts, and I am not privvy to the ones that OSU has with the NIH, but if my home institution is a good indicator, OSU is screwed here. Pickens better have promised a heap of money in compensation.

      Also, the heads of universities are, generally, not idiots. At least the ones I've met have been actual leaders, rather than just figureheads, and understand the potential fallout from a major decision like this: faculty revolt, potential lawsuits from post-docs and graduate students whose projects have been cancelled, blacklisting by the NIH (and possibly the Department of Defence who also fund anthrax research), loss of stature for the department, potential lawsuit from the NIH for breach of contract, etc. There must have been a very compelling reason (like a pledge of lots and lots of money; a standard NIH contract represents about $1.5 million, and if there were say 10 faculty members who now have NIH grants that have been placed at risk, the donation needs to be in the tens-to-hundreds of millions of dollars range). Their entire bioterrorism program has been put at risk.

      I'm going to express an unfounded speculation: on the face of it, with all of the potential downsides, seems like it's a mistake, and a better solution could have been found (like curing the animals of anthrax once the study was over and then retiring them to an animal conservation range).

      --

      Put my fist through my alarm clock with its ding-dong death inside my ear. - The Blackjacks.
  11. Bullshit by PakProtector · · Score: 5, Interesting

    I worked at a Humane Society once. Animal Testing is not Animal Cruelty.

    I wish that everyone who thinks we shouldn't do animal testing would volunteer to be have said tests run on themselves. Maybe then they would understand that Human Life is more valuable than Animal Life.

    Just as it is better that ten guilty men go free than one innocent man suffer, so it is better that ten animals die in the name of science than one human being die because a vaccine was not properly tested, or, worse still, never brought to market because of a lack of testing.

    --

    Edward@Tomato - /home/Edward/ man woman
    man: no entry for woman in the manual.
    "Qua!?"

    1. Re:Bullshit by PakProtector · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I've watched a lot of animals die. A lot. In misery. I've held them in my arms. I've found them half-dead, with their intestines hanging out on the sides of roads. I've seen them left at the front door of a Humane Society in boxes on nights when it gets below freezing. I don't like watching animals suffer.

      I hate watching people suffer even more.

      The problem with the world is that people seem to care more about cute little animals than they do about living, breathing, thinking human beings.

      Animal Cruelty is doing horrible things to animals because you enjoy it or you just don't care. Animal Cruelty is shooting a kitten with a twelve gauge. Animal Cruelty is keeping a dog in your back yard tied up to a tree, rarely feeding it, keeping it on such short line it has to sleep in its own filth. Animal Cruelty is torturing small animals for your own amusement.

      Animal Testing is conducting experiments on animals that, while they may, and probably will, kill the animal, will save human lives, in part due to the fact that you don't have to do the same test on a human being.

      --

      Edward@Tomato - /home/Edward/ man woman
      man: no entry for woman in the manual.
      "Qua!?"

    2. Re:Bullshit by nycguy · · Score: 3, Insightful

      First off, your archaic use of capitalization is interesting.

      Animal testing is certainly cruel to the animals involved. Whether that cruelty to animals is justified by the savings in cruelty to humans is a matter of debate.

      The argument can also be made, though, that some human beings' lives are more valuable than others. Certainly every society practices this, no matter what beliefs they profess, as some members of every society (e.g., chieftans, priesthood, nobility, aristocrats, "party members") receive a disproportionate allocation of that society's resources. So, we could just go down that route. Already done that, of course.

      A better argument against animal testing would be that a society that practices cruelty to animals is one step closer to practicing cruelty to its fellow humans. A society that respects animal life, on the other hand, is more likely to respect human life.

      Finally, your oft-stated argument that "better that ten guilty men go free than one innocent man suffer" is specious. The ten guilty men will almost certainly victimize other innocents, which is why we incarcerate them in the first place. An argument of "better that a guilty man go free than an innocent man suffer" would carry more water.

    3. Re:Bullshit by misexistentialist · · Score: 3, Insightful

      The problem with the world is that people seem to care more about cute little animals than they do about living, breathing, thinking human beings.

      Animals are living, breathing, and thinking too. Certainly there are arguments for animal testing, but supposing some sort of human sanctity hardly wins the debate, nor is it a contradiction for humans to be on the side of non-humans. And while being cute and little does not imply that animals should be protected, it also does not imply that they should be stomped on.

    4. Re:Bullshit by mugurel · · Score: 2, Insightful

      The problem with the world is that people seem to care more about cute little animals than they do about living, breathing, thinking human beings.

      I don't think that many people really prioritize (cute little) animals over human beings. The people you refer to probably want to counterbalance the lack of respect for animal life in our society (i agree that some people are overly zealous in that).

      Animal Testing is conducting experiments on animals that, while they may, and probably will, kill the animal, will save human lives, in part due to the fact that you don't have to do the same test on a human being.

      I'm not so sure that animal testing invariably saves human lives. Have there been any studies on that?

  12. Re:huntsman T. Boone Pickens? by mrisaacs · · Score: 3, Informative

    Try this url -

    http://www.tboonepickensfoundation.org/pdf/PCQU%20Pickens%20FINAL.pdf

    There are others as well.

    --
    ...carrier dead.....
  13. Big problem on various levels by idiot900 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    What a stupid move.

    NIH study sections will now perceive Oklahoma State as an institution that isn't prepared to do research that they have been awarded a grant to do. There are plenty of other institutions willing keep their promises; why take a chance on this one?

    They'll also have a harder time attracting good faculty who can win grants. Why would a good scientist go to an institution that will arbitrarily stop her research? And why would good scientists who get offers from other institutions choose to stay? That will impact their bottom line.

    Not to mention competent biology students will want to go someplace where politics doesn't interfere in their education.

    1. Re:Big problem on various levels by Sprouticus · · Score: 2, Insightful

      the fault in your statement is that you assume that people in OK want science in their state to begin with...

      http://scienceblogs.com/tfk/2009/03/oklahoma_hates_richard_dawkins.php

  14. Re:huntsman T. Boone Pickens? by bsDaemon · · Score: 2, Funny

    It doesn't even mention his hunting in his Wikipedia article, which at the very least casts doubt onto his huntsmanship being "noted," as the summary suggests. As far as I can tell, he's hardly a Ted Nugent.

  15. It's apparently not what you think it is by El+Gigante+de+Justic · · Score: 4, Informative

    There already is a vaccine for at least some strains of anthrax, first developed by Pasteur in 1881, which is why it's rare in domestic animals in modern times. Soldiers being deployed to areas where bioweapons attacks are possible are also vaccinated against it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax#First_vaccination

    It sounds like in this particular case they were trying to develop a vaccine that would be especially for use in humans (hence primary research subjects), and they were probably targeting some of the particularly virulent strains that were developed in bioweapons programs from World War II through Vietnam.

  16. just like alot of modern arguments by Sprouticus · · Score: 2, Interesting

    animal rights boils down to a simple statement. Is a (non-human) animals life worth less than a humans. If you say yes, then animal testing is a no brainer. If you say no, then its not. Of course you have sub-issues like behaving in a humane manner, but that is really not the root of the issue.

    This same simplicity can also be put to things like abortion, guns, and even healthcare***. The problem in our country is that we dont actually try to answer the question at the root of the issue, we nip at the corners, trying to get what we want from laws without making folks actually think or choose. We end up with crappy laws with all kinds of exceptions. Its a very bad way to manage a country IMHO.

    *** Note: Im saying the question is simple, the answer may not be.

  17. Re:IT's really not. by aardvarkjoe · · Score: 4, Insightful

    So you're ok with putting innocent men in jail, just in case?

    From a perfectly rational perspective, allowing, for instance, ten violent criminals to go free probably does more overall harm to society than imprisoning one innocent man. That doesn't mean that it's OK, but it's better than the alternative. You can argue what the threshold should be. Maybe you really think that it would be better to release every imprisoned person in the world, because there are bound to be innocent people among them, but I don't think you'd get much support for that idea.

    --

    How can we continue to believe in a just universe and freedom to eat crackers if we have no ale?
  18. Rename OSU for Pickens? by igaborf · · Score: 4, Funny

    Sure, and they can call the Agricultural College "Boone's Farm."

    1. Re:Rename OSU for Pickens? by WillDraven · · Score: 2, Funny

      I'll drink to that!

      --
      This is my sig. There are many like it but this one is mine.
  19. Re:IT's really not. by Qzukk · · Score: 3, Insightful

    There is a probability that it will make mistakes and punish the innocent, and there is a social cost for that, and there is a cost to setting guilty men free.

    The cost of letting a guilty man go free is always less than the cost of punishing the innocent, since unless the crime was completely fabricated, a guilty man went free so that the innocent man could be punished.

    --
    If I have been able to see further than others, it is because I bought a pair of binoculars.
  20. a rat != a pig != a dog != A boy by crmarvin42 · · Score: 5, Insightful
    Because, despite the propaganda you hear to the contrary, a rat != a pig != a dog != A boy. There are important and meaningful differences between each one of those four mammals that makes them unique from each other.

    For one thing, only the boy has any chance of understanding such a philosophically complex concept as "Morality". It is an entirely human construct required for civilization to work. That is it entirely subjective and does not possess a single fixed universal rule appears to escape most people becuase so many of the more popular definitions of what is "Moral" are similar. That is becuase, as a result of cultural evolution, selective pressure on societies favor those that define morality to include concepts such as Don't murder, Don't steal, Don't lie, etc.

    The moral value of non-human animals is currently being redefined. I'm of the opinion that raising the moral value of animals is based on misplaced belief that without such value, their suffering is guaranteed and a tendancy for humans to anthropomorphise their pets and extend that compassion to other animals. I work with research and production animals. I frequently think of the behaviors I see in terms of human behavior and human emotional responses even though I know that they are wrong. The motivation and perception of a pig is incredibly different from that of a human, even a child at a similar level of intellectual development. The perfect person to readup on to learn about how fundamentally damaging the "anthropomorphic" view is to our understanding of animals is Temple Grandin.

    As to your original snarky remark:

    why not experiment on the mentally ill, or children born with severe learning disabilities

    A. We do if we are trying to learn about the specific conditions that those individuals represent. You learn about Autism by working with autistic children.

    B. More in line with what you probably intended to get a response to, Humans of any kind make horrible research subjects. The diversity within human groups, even within specific ethnic groups, is orders of magnitude greater than that between 2 strains of rats. That is why much of our biomedical and nutritional research is piloted in animals and only replicated in humans if it seems like the research is going somewhere.

    I realize that you were probably hoping to get into a flame war with someone over your emotional decision to consider the quality of life for a child and a rat to be equivalent, but you won't get one from me. You can make that argument, I just don't buy it.

    That you've used such an obvious and flawed comparison leads me to believe that you probably haven't had an original thought on the topic in your life. You're probably just parroting arguments you've seen others use. Saying so may make me look like a Troll, but it needs to be said. This is an issue that most people argue based on an emotional decision to accept a given viewpoint regardless of what any science may have to say on the matter. The vast majority of those posting have probably never spent more than a half an hour actually reasoning out their position.

    I don't pretend to have an answer that will address the concerns of all. However, I can state with a high degree of certainty that those monkey's that were going to be used for the Anthrax study were subjected to far less fear and pain in their life than most humans. I've worked with primates (in a behavior lab) and the regulations for working with and caring for them put the laws governing the rearing of human children to shame.

    Much of the modern Animal Rights movement is based on a book by Peter Singer. IIRC, there is a line in there in which he indicates that the use of animals for agricultural or research purposes is acceptable as long as their use for that purpose ends up being a net positive for the individuals involved. However, that point seems to be ignored by many who claim to desire animal rights, but have not bothered to do t

    --
    Bureaucracy expands to meet the needs of the expanding bureaucracy.-Oscar Wilde
    1. Re:a rat != a pig != a dog != A boy by CoughDropAddict · · Score: 2

      I frequently think of the behaviors I see in terms of human behavior and human emotional responses even though I know that they are wrong. The motivation and perception of a pig is incredibly different from that of a human, even a child at a similar level of intellectual development. The perfect person to readup on to learn about how fundamentally damaging the "anthropomorphic" view is to our understanding of animals is Temple Grandin.

      From what I have read, Temple Grandin does not support your arguments. From her essay Animals Are Not Things: A View on Animal Welfare Based on Neurological Complexity:

      Science has shown that animals such as mammals and birds feel pain in a manner similar to humans. Insects, viruses and microbes are not able to feel pain or suffer. More research is needed to determine the extent that fishes and amphibians feel pain. Present research shows that they do experience fear. Fear is very aversive and animals should be shielded form situations that cause great fear. Fear will cause a great rise in stress hormones.
      [...]
      When the structure of the brain and nervous system is studied, there is no black and white line between people and higher mammals such as chimps, dogs or cows.
      [...]
      As nervous system and brain complexity increases the welfare needs of the animal increase and become more complex, but all animals that have sufficient nervous systems complexity to suffer from either pain or fear need basic welfare protections. Animals with complex brains also have greater social needs and a need for greater environmental enrichment.
      [...]
      It is obvious to me that intelligent animals such as elephants experience emotions that are more complex than simple pain or fear. They will need different legal protections than animals with simpler nervous systems. The degree of protection, and environmental and social enrichment an animal will require will be dependent on the level of complexity of its nervous system.

      Her opinions do not support your assertion that "the motivation and perception of a pig is incredibly different from that of a human," or that animals do not resemble human behavior or emotional responses.

  21. Re:IT's really not. by Qzukk · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Picking "not guilty" for the guy who committed the crime in no way implies that there'll be a second trial involving some other poor schmuck.

    Picking "guilty" for some other poor schmuck directly indicates that there will be no second trial involving the guy who committed the crime.

    --
    If I have been able to see further than others, it is because I bought a pair of binoculars.
  22. The alternative must have been worse by Mr.+Protocol · · Score: 2, Insightful

    As one observer noted, most university presidents are not idiots. Any that were in there were Darwinned out during the 1960s and not replaced (my own was replaced at that time by a labor negotiator). Hence, we can assume the alternative was worse.

    There's a likely scenario: Clarabelle Pickens drops her support. It's a huge chunk of change. The legislature, strapped, does not replace it. The NIH grants can't come close to covering it, not to mention the fact they're not growing anyway. Result: everything gets cut, including the athletic budget. At this point, for the first time, the alumni get PO'ed and cut their contributions, and all life on earth as we know it comes to an end.

    At that point, losing NIH looks like the best of a bad lot, so the tap-dancing begins.

  23. Re:An animal-rights activist who hunts? by ak3ldama · · Score: 2, Informative

    the wife of noted huntsman T. Boone Pickens, who had previously pressured the school over animal-rights issues.

    If you are going to quote, you could at least include the parts of the sentence that give context and flow... like the part right before your "snip."

    Also, just because I hunt, it doesn't mean my mom does. Nor do I give the deer I shoot a vaccine of anthrax to test out before I shoot them.

    --
    "but money is the God of Algiers & Mahomet their prophet." - Rich. O'Bryen June 8th 1786