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Political Affiliation Can Be Differentiated By Appearance

quaith writes "It's not the way they dress, but the appearance of their face. A study published in PLoS One by Nicholas O. Rule and Nalini Ambady of Tufts University used closely cropped greyscale photos of people's faces, standardized for size. Undergrads were asked to categorize each person as either a Democrat or Republican. In the first study, students were able to differentiate Republican from Democrat senate candidates. In the second, students were able to differentiate the political affiliation of other college students. Accuracy in both studies was about 60% — not perfect, but way better than chance."

52 of 262 comments (clear)

  1. Factors Are Likeability, Trustworthiness and Age by eldavojohn · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Factor 1 (46% of variance explained) consisted of high loadings on likeability (.94) and trustworthiness (.97) and low loadings on dominance (.11) and facial maturity (.14). Factor 2 (42% of variance explained) consisted of high loadings on dominance (.92) and facial maturity

    My grandmother used to tell me something along the lines of what is often misattributed to Churchill:

    If you're not a liberal when you're 25, you have no heart. If you're not a conservative by the time you're 35, you have no brain.

    And I would also like to point out for the college students that society (especially high school) often pigeonholes people and defines who they are on how they look. The individual sometimes has no choice and sometimes just accepts it and goes with it in order to belong. If you look older when you're young and people might instinctively treat you like a cold Republican. Always looked young and innocent? Then a warm Democrat.

    Would be an explanation that agrees with the correlation the research drew to define the deviation from random guessing but nothing conclusive.

    --
    My work here is dung.
  2. Geez, pick the black guy. by tjstork · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What a dumb study. Of course you can pick a party affiliation by appearance. First off, if you always say a black guy is a Democrat, you'd be right 90% of the time, based on voting records. That would give you 60% overall correct, even if everything else was 50,50, assuming a sample set that roughly mirrors the population.

    --
    This is my sig.
    1. Re:Geez, pick the black guy. by DragonWriter · · Score: 4, Informative

      What a dumb study. Of course you can pick a party affiliation by appearance. First off, if you always say a black guy is a Democrat, you'd be right 90% of the time, based on voting records. That would give you 60% overall correct, even if everything else was 50,50, assuming a sample set that roughly mirrors the population.

      Of course, if you RTFA, the photos of other students were all Caucasian.
      So if you always said a "black guy" was a Democrat, it wouldn't have any effect on the results at all.

    2. Re:Geez, pick the black guy. by phantomfive · · Score: 4, Interesting

      You didn't read the study. If you did, you would have seen that they actually tried to figure out what people were using to differentiate.

      Apparently it's this: people with more powerful looking faces are more likely to be Republican (and are more likely to be chosen as Republican, regardless of their true affiliation), and people with warmer more friendly faces are picked to be Democratic

      You should read the paper. They actually linked to the full study this time, so it's a worthy read; if you've never actually read a scientific study before, you'll realize how different real science is compared to how the press is when it reports on science.

      --
      Qxe4
    3. Re:Geez, pick the black guy. by bsDaemon · · Score: 3, Informative

      Somehow I think you and I have a different understanding of the term "Irish Republican"

  3. when I work the polls I like to try and guess by Shakrai · · Score: 3, Funny

    When I work the polls each year I try to pass the time by guessing the party affiliations of my voters.

    "Hmm, large SUV and business suit. Republican."
    "Large breasted college age chick. Democrat."
    "Subaru Outback and peacenik bumper stickers. Green Party."
    "Pick-up truck and AR-15. Libertarian."

    It's amazing how bored you get working a 15 hour day when you only get 40 voters.... ;)

    --
    I want peace on earth and goodwill toward man.
    We are the United States Government! We don't do that sort of thing.
    1. Re:when I work the polls I like to try and guess by 0racle · · Score: 4, Funny
      "Large breasted college age chick. Democrat."

      Political affiliation is totally what I'd be thinking about here too.

      --
      "I use a Mac because I'm just better than you are."
    2. Re:when I work the polls I like to try and guess by hey! · · Score: 4, Funny

      But don't join the Democratic party thinking you're going to score. Those Dem babes only date Republican jerks.

      It's a Democrat thing, and if you aren't in the party you wouldn't understand. We just can't resist a guy who will cynically screw with us then break our hearts.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    3. Re:when I work the polls I like to try and guess by sorak · · Score: 3, Insightful

      "Large breasted college age chick. Democrat."

      So small breasted college aged chicks are republicans? That explains why they're so angry...

    4. Re:when I work the polls I like to try and guess by sorak · · Score: 3, Funny

      But don't join the Democratic party thinking you're going to score. Those Dem babes only date Republican jerks.

      It's a Democrat thing, and if you aren't in the party you wouldn't understand. We just can't resist a guy who will cynically screw with us then break our hearts.

      Yeah...That's the sad thing about being a white liberal man. You're only attractive to other white liberal men.

  4. You can tell by their car by jgtg32a · · Score: 3, Funny

    Lets play a game someone's driving a clunker and they have 80 bumper stickers on it, which way to they lean?

    1. Re:You can tell by their car by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Usually easy to tell the in the field; but actually pretty hard from just your description.

      There is the hippy version, which will be some sort of beat-up Volkswagen loaded with "Coexist" stickers and vegan knicknacks and faded campaign paraphernalia either for a local green party candidate or for Nader; back when he was cool. Also likely is the presence of an "evolve" fish, a sticker supporting some candidate for local school board, and the phrase "my karma ran over your dogma".

      Then there is the crazy jesus freak version, which will be some sort of beat-up American car plastered with "choose life" and "abortion stops a beating heart" stickers, along with at least one jesus fish(just a basic outline, or an outline with a cross inside if it is a moderate crazy jesus freak, a jesus fish with "truth" inside devouring a legged darwin fish if it is a militant crazy jesus freak). If the driver is male, there will probably be a "Gun control means 3 rounds to center mass" or similar sticker along with proclamations of loyalty to Limbaugh and at least one republican candidate(or a Constitution Party candidate, if the car belongs to a truly 100% USDA Prime wacko). If female, the stickers are more likely emphasize maudlin expressions of hyperemotional christian piety rather than politics.

      In rare cases, you may encounter the Heavy Metal clunker, whose political leanings can be quite hard to discern. A rusting, but resplendently airbrushed, van adorned with stickers from bands that take skulls, spikes, umlauts, and succubus bikini chicks with battleaxes extremely seriously. You'll need a pretty solid knowledge of Metal to figure out the politics of the driver. Depending on the bands listed, you could be looking at a more or less apathetic individual who just likes that sort of music, or anything from an anarchist to a white power fascist. A clunker with 80 bumper stickers is a very good indicator that the driver leans hard; but you actually need to read one or two to see which way.

  5. Way better than chance? by Amorymeltzer · · Score: 2

    60% versus 50%? How is that WAY better?

    --
    I live in constant fear of the Coming of the Red Spiders.
    1. Re:Way better than chance? by GradiusCVK · · Score: 5, Informative

      Statistical significance can't be pinned down to a number like .8% in the general case - statistical significance is hugely dependent upon the sample size. However, the parent poster is correct in that the article was referring to statistical significance, not necessarily to a huge correlation. Generally speaking, a study like this makes an assumption that there is no connection between appearance and political affiliation (i.e. the average accuracy of these guesses should be something like 50% - could be higher or lower depending on how the study was executed - if there were 3 possible parties to choose from instead of two for example, or if it was well known that 90% of the participants all belonged to a given party). They then execute an experiment which provides evidence for or against that hypothesis. Whatever they were expecting (let's say it was 50% correct answers if it was totally random), they found 60% correct answers - and because of the number of people participating in the study, they determined that the chances that they would find 60% correct answers if the guesses really were random (i.e. there was no hint from appearance) would have been astronomically small. In this way, 60% correct can give incredibly convincing evidence that appearance is linked to political affiliation, even if that link is relatively subdued (after all, 60% is not that much more than 50%).

    2. Re:Way better than chance? by radtea · · Score: 4, Informative

      60% versus 50%? How is that WAY better?

      With a large enough sample size a result like this can be highly statistically significant, but still useless as a predictor.

      For example, if I have 2000 marbles, half white and half black, and pull them out randomly and ask you to predict what colour each one is, if you guessed correctly 60% of the time (you got 600 white marbles correct and 600 black marbles correct) you'd be bumping up against three sigma (over 99%) odds of your results NOT being due to chance, but some incredible marble-colour-guessing gene that evolution or possibly archeobacteria had slipped you. Up the number to 20,000 marbles with 60% accuracy and you'd be a proven phenomenon, even though you utility as a marble-colour picker would be pretty much useless unless it also happened to work on a roulette wheel.

      This is something that it can be hard for people outside the machine learning community to understand: an enormously significant result, statistically, can still make for a practically useless classifier.

      --
      Blasphemy is a human right. Blasphemophobia kills.
    3. Re:Way better than chance? by Amorymeltzer · · Score: 2, Informative

      Indeed. Or my take on it: there's a difference between statistically significant and actually significant.

      --
      I live in constant fear of the Coming of the Red Spiders.
    4. Re:Way better than chance? by Hatta · · Score: 2, Informative

      The latter is a subset of the former.

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      Give me Classic Slashdot or give me death!
  6. Two things Liberals HATE!!!! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    There are two things Liberals hate!!!!!
    1) Red-necks, and
    2) Stereotyping

  7. One suite, two suite... by pak9rabid · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Politicians are all the same, regardless of their affiliated party.

  8. FACES OF YOUR CANDIDATES by Philip+K+Dickhead · · Score: 4, Funny
    --
    "Speaking the Truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act." -- George Orwell
    1. Re:FACES OF YOUR CANDIDATES by Wyatt+Earp · · Score: 2, Interesting

      They used Temple records to find the Jews, and names, the stereotyping by feature was just something to stir up the Volk.

  9. Re:Better than chance? by jeffmeden · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Are you kidding? This isn't ten coin flips with a 4:6 result... this was 118, and ALL the results point to an increase in probability of a successful guess. If it were up to chance, none of those samples would point in the right direction, however they all *do*.

  10. Re:Obvious by Philip+K+Dickhead · · Score: 2, Funny

    Obvious? What party do these folks belong to?

    http://tinyurl.com/partymember

    Can I join?

    --
    "Speaking the Truth in times of universal deceit is a revolutionary act." -- George Orwell
  11. Re:Factors Are Likeability, Trustworthiness and Ag by hey! · · Score: 4, Funny

    The Churchill quote only demonstrates how clever rhetoric does not an argument make.

    I am often amazed at how powerful a beautiful but specious assertion can be. Sometimes it is a compelling analogy that has no actual bearing on the topic at hand. Other times (as in this Churchill case) it is a clever dichotomy that begs the question. This particular quote is a wonderful example of begging the question. It is no more possible to support conservatism with it than it is possible to literally pull yourself up by your bootstraps.

    That was an analogy, wasn't it? I hope you didn't find it too beguiling.

    --
    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  12. Hey wait by Dunbal · · Score: 3, Funny

    And I have invented a method for telling if someone is a criminal by taking various measurements of their head! I think I will call this "phrenology".

    --
    Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
  13. Re:Better than chance? by hey! · · Score: 5, Funny

    Sure, the Republican candidate is usually the one with a blue suit jacket with American Flag pin, white shirt and tie. Often they have the jacket slung over their shoulder and their sleeves rolled up.

    The Democratic candidate, of course, is the one with a blue suit jacket with American Flag pin, white shirt and tie. Look for them carrying their jacket slung over their shoulder with their sleeves rolled up.

    Then there's hair. Republicans either have naturally good hair, or they overcompensate so much that their hair looks like a mutated doughboy helmet. They never have beards. The Democrats on the other hand either have obviously elaborate and expensive haircuts, although many of them just have naturally good hair. Key point: they're always clean shaven.

    Now as to actual policies -- don't get me started on that.

    --
    Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
  14. Re:Factors Are Likeability, Trustworthiness and Ag by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 3, Insightful

    If you're not a liberal when you're 25, you have no heart. If you're not a conservative by the time you're 35, you have no brain.

    Oh the sweet irony of that quote with the current popularity of Fox "News" :-)

    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
  15. Re:Obvious by AB3A · · Score: 3, Interesting

    The old saw: "If you're not a liberal when you're young, you have no heart; if you're not a conservative when you're older, you have no brain." (Variants have been attributed to Winston Churchill, though there is no indication that he ever said this)

    Age may not be such a bad indicator after all.

    --
    Nearly fifty percent of all graduates come from the bottom half of the class!
  16. Re:Obvious by AuMatar · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Please note that Churchill was English. Liberal and conservative are totally different over there. Liberal means anti-government intervention, conservative means the opposite. For example Margaret Thatcher called Ronald Reagan "the greatest liberal of our time". So yeah, that makes sense- if you're naive you think that markets and good faith will make everything work out ok. When you get older and wise enough to know better, you want society to step in and fix shit.

    --
    I still have more fans than freaks. WTF is wrong with you people?
  17. Re:If Obama is not a local or state socialist by jbezorg · · Score: 2, Informative

    Next time, click both links before you post.

    --
    I've lost all my marbles except one & It's fun to test angular & centripetal acceleration in my skull
  18. Guess my affiliation by Bob-taro · · Score: 4, Funny

    I'm not going to state my party affiliation. I'll just say that when I saw that this pointless study was funded by OUR TAX DOLLARS via an NSF grant, I thought, "God help us!"

    --
    Prov 9:8 Do not rebuke mockers or they will hate you; rebuke the wise and they will love you.
    1. Re:Guess my affiliation by corbettw · · Score: 4, Insightful

      You bemoan a waste of the public treasury, so you could be either Republican or Libertarian. But you called out to your imaginary friend, so that narrows it: you're Republican.

      --
      God invented whiskey so the Irish would not rule the world.
  19. Re:Obvious by Profane+MuthaFucka · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Nobody voted for McCain. They voted for Palin. And yes, they were urbanally challenged.

    --
    Fascism trolls keeping me up every night. When I starts a preachin', he HITS ME WITH HIS REICH!
  20. Re:Obvious by JonStewartMill · · Score: 2, Funny

    So if you want to stay young, stay liberal? Works for me.

  21. I'd love to have a conservative to vote for by pydev · · Score: 2, Insightful

    If you're not a liberal when you're 25, you have no heart. If you're not a conservative by the time you're 35, you have no brain.

    Give me a real conservative to vote for, someone who stays out of both my pocket book and my bedroom, someone who restores free markets, someone who slashes corporate subsidies, and someone who restores the principle of personal responsibility in areas such as drugs and medical care and I will vote for him.

    Sadly, the closest to a conservative in US politics are Democrats; while far from perfect conservatives, they do better in terms of liberties and fiscal responsibility. Republicans, on the other hand, restrict liberties, want a nanny state, are fiscally irresponsible, and waste even more money than the Democrats on their corporate buddies; Republicans, sadly, are even less conservative than Democrats.

  22. Re:Obvious by osu-neko · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Liberal and conservative are totally different over there. Liberal means anti-government intervention, conservative means the opposite.

    This more or less tracks with America. Democrats want to tax me more, Republicans want to take control of my body and tell me who I can and can't marry. I support Democrats because I oppose intrusive government.

    --
    "Convictions are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies."
  23. Re:Mental Pictures Of Libertarians by toadlife · · Score: 2, Insightful

    No, sorry that is a liberal.

    Liberals and Libertarians do share many annoying traits, but you should not confuse them. An easy way to tell them apart is to access the level of empathy they can feel.

    --
    I don't always use unix-like operating systems; but when I do, I prefer FreeBSD.
  24. Re:If Obama is not a local or state socialist by pnewhook · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Critics of President Obama have called his goals socialist

    Those critics are idiots since they dont know what socialist means.

    --
    Tesla was a genius. Edison however was a overrated hack who liked to torture puppies.
  25. Re:Mental Pictures Of Libertarians by Shakrai · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Agreed. Liberals pretend they care about the poor while walking past beggars on the street without even making eye contact and consider themselves compassionate when they later complain that someone in a higher tax bracket should take care of him

    That's a really insightful observation. A friend of mine is a die hard big city politically correct liberal. Amazingly enough she can't stand to make eye contact with the homeless and is afraid to venture out of her predominately white neighborhood if it means she has to cross into the dark part of town.

    The last one was actually the subject of an amusing exchange between of the two of us. Earlier in the day I had noticed an African-American individual walking across the middle of a busy street against the light and nowhere near a crosswalk. I made a comment along the lines of "There goes a negative stereotype" and she jumped on me for being a "racist". Later in the evening when we were driving home I got cut off by someone and honked at them. No big deal, just my natural reaction when confronted with stupidity on the roadway. Of course she flips out and starts worrying that we are going to get shot because (and I quote) "We are white in the wrong part of town!"

    So I asked her, who is the racist? The person who makes an off color joke or the person who is afraid to venture into the parts of town that don't conform with their own skin color? Needless to say, she didn't much care for that observation......

    --
    I want peace on earth and goodwill toward man.
    We are the United States Government! We don't do that sort of thing.
  26. Re:Mental Pictures Of Libertarians by toadlife · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Aren't stereotypes fun?

    --
    I don't always use unix-like operating systems; but when I do, I prefer FreeBSD.
  27. Re:Mental Pictures Of Libertarians by Shakrai · · Score: 2, Interesting

    I think they are. I'm more than willing to make them at the expense of my own people. Heaven knows that most of us WASPs only got through college and landed good jobs because of Dad's golf buddies ;) Heck, some of the best stereotypes are the white trash ones.....

    I honestly don't think repeating a few off color jokes and/or stereotypes make one into a racist. But then I never was a big fan of political correctness.

    --
    I want peace on earth and goodwill toward man.
    We are the United States Government! We don't do that sort of thing.
  28. Re:Obvious by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I don't know where you read it either, but if I were you I'd find it and throw it away. I know many people who were very conservative when they were younger, but got progressively more liberal during the Bush era. People tend to change based up their experiences, and wisdom tends to come with age. The way you are telling it conservatives are wise and liberals are foolish. We recently had 8 years of solid proof that this simply isn't a valid conclusion. (which is not to say it is the other way around either; I hereby declare no political affiliation or preference for the purpose of this post)

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  29. Fun with stereotypes by toadlife · · Score: 4, Interesting

    My Dad is a classic big city East Coast liberal. In the 1960's he participated in civil rights marches, and in the 1980's I heard him constantly bitching about Reagan's economic policies. For the last forty years, he has given tons to homeless people on the street, with one caveat. Instead of throwing them a buck or two, he offers to buy them whatever they want at a nearby fast food joint. Many don't accept (for obvious reasons), but they do, he goes in with them, buys them whatever they want and eats with them.

    He's also been self-employed for his entire life.

    --
    I don't always use unix-like operating systems; but when I do, I prefer FreeBSD.
  30. Re:Mental Pictures Of Libertarians by toadlife · · Score: 2, Funny

    Someone once said (on a forum - AFAIK, it's not a famous quote) something to the effect of, "Almost all stereotypes are wrong, and hilariously accurate."

    --
    I don't always use unix-like operating systems; but when I do, I prefer FreeBSD.
  31. RTFA by martin-boundary · · Score: 2, Informative
    A single "accuracy" number is useless. Always report for TWO misclassification rates: the rate of False Positives (=incorrectly identified as 1st class) and the rate of False Negatives (=incorrectly identified as 2nd class).

    A cursory look at TFA indicates that both types of misclassification rates in this study are found to be in the range 40%-50% (approximately in each study). That is piss-poor. For comparison, a typical Bayesian spam filter has both misclassification rates in the 1% range, and people still complain about that.

    The correct conclusion should really be that looking only at peoples' faces is a really bad way to gauge political affiliation. Slow news day, eh?

  32. Two types of conservative by TapeCutter · · Score: 3, Interesting

    There's two types of conservative, fiscal and social. Fiscal conservatives want to control the budget through less spending or more tax. Social conservatives want to control your body and bedroom.

    Fiscal liberals say things like "deficits don't matter" (Rummy), social liberals say things like "I have a dream".

    Out of the possible combinations my personal preference is fiscally conservative and socially liberal. Yeah, that usually means more taxes but nobody ever claimed civilization was cheap.

    --
    And did you exchange a walk on part in the war for a lead role in a cage? - Pink Floyd.
    1. Re:Two types of conservative by sumdumass · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Well, actually, he has a point. It would be more conservative to reduce spending to control living within your means then to take from other productive citizens to achieve the same goals. Granted this wouldn't always be possible but it's not very fiscally conservative if your recklessly spending your income either.

      Balancing your budget by limiting spending would be more conservative if it's possible. It won't always be possible but the US government does a lot of spending outside it's constitutional allowed/allotted areas which could could be cut in order to avoid raising taxes.

  33. Interesting... by jemenake · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I suspected this kind of thing when I started noticing those election-day photos of the rally headquarters for the various candidates. "All of the chicks in the Republican audience are always smokin' hot babes", I'd think to myself.

    And then it dawned on me. If there is a correlation between appearance and political leanings, how would any causal relationship work? I think the causation of politics determining appearance is the easier one to spot. Most conservatives I know seem to place more of an emphasis on appearance, while the liberals I know place more of an emphasis on ideas; feeling that ideas will stand or fall on their own merit, regardless of the appearance of the messenger. So, liberals don't see as much need for dressing up before trying to pitch their ideas.

    Now, the causation from appearance to politics is a little more subtle. My suspicion is that the people who are "less beautiful" are the ones who spend more of their time on the outside of popularity. They're they people who never made the ballot for prom queen, didn't get asked to the school dance, didn't have as many romantic opportunities. They got more of a taste of what it's like to be a "have not" or to be outside of the majority. This experience, I believe, can cause them to have the increased empathy and tendency to "look out for others" that seems to characterize liberal thought.

    On the other hand, the people are very attractive or physically gifted had an easier time of things. Athletic success came easier to the "natural born athletes", and the pretty or charismatic people had an easier time getting others to back their ideas or plans. Things just went a little easier for them. Because we can only experience the world through our own eyes, I can see how the "beautiful people" could believe that (as it was for them) one only needs to apply themselves to a goal and it'll work out. This could give rise to the "anybody willing to work hard will find success" mindset that we tend to see in conservatives.

  34. Re:If Obama is not a local or state socialist by ahabswhale · · Score: 2, Funny

    Apparently you don't know what fascist or communist means. Really, you should get your education from somewhere other than Fox News.

    --
    Are agnostics skeptical of unicorns too?
  35. Re:If Obama is not a local or state socialist by cayenne8 · · Score: 2, Insightful
    "Apparently you don't know what fascist or communist means. Really, you should get your education from somewhere other than Fox News."

    Actually, I try to watch a broad spectrum of all the news outlets...from the two extremes (Fox vs MSNBC) to everything in between.

    I dunno...let's see, under the Obama administration, the federal govt has pretty much taken ownership of multiple banks, and private businesses, and is looking to instill even more laws telling said businesses what they can and can't do..and what they can and cannot pay.

    That certainly doesn't sound much like Capitalism to me...

    --
    Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
  36. Re:Factors Are Likeability, Trustworthiness and Ag by Philip_the_physicist · · Score: 2, Informative

    The quote refers to the old Liberal party, not the Lib Dems. The Liberals were the traditionally party of business interests (and so favoured the Commons) and the urban/suburban middle class. They supported free trade, and had the support of several protestant churches.

    For comparison, the Conservatives were the party of old money (and so favoured the Lords), the rural middle and upper class, the aristocracy, and those associated with them. They were protectionist, imperialist, and were closer to the High Church. Labour were the party of the industrial working class, and were generally socialist

  37. Re:If Obama is not a local or state socialist by ahabswhale · · Score: 2, Informative

    1) Banks are taken over by the government every year since the inception of the FDIC. The FDIC promptly sells them off (to some other bank). The ownership by the FDIC is for an extremely short period of time and the sale is usually worked out before they even take control of the failing bank.

    2) What are all these other private businesses he's taking over?

    3) Capitalism is merely ownership of private property (look it up if you don't believe me). Nothing more. Free markets and everything else is shit that's added on to the concept. You may be thinking of " laissez-faire" capitalism but that's not required to be a "capitalist" nation. In any event, there have never ever been truly free markets. It's not possible to have in the real world, only on paper. I can explain why but think it through and I'm sure you can figure it out.

    4) The government telling businesses what they can and can't do has occurred since the inception of the country. It has always been and always will be and has occurred in every country that has existed in all of human history. This will never change. The only difference is to the degree that it occurs. Now, you may think that him telling companies like Goldman Sachs that they are in for new regulations is inappropriate but I don't. They fucked over the country and they are being rewarded for doing it. In other words, they are asking for it.

    All the regulations that exist on the books exist for one of two reasons: 1) A lobbying group successfully managed buy enough senators/congressmen to get their way, or 2) a business or particular industry fucked over enough people that congress had to do something about it to keep their jobs.

    Finally, neither party gives a flying shit about capitalism, they only care about getting re-elected. The Republicans talk a good game but did you think it was a free market, capitalist idea for Bush to require Medicare by law to NOT negotiate and to pay for drugs at the maximum price while simultaneously massively increasing national debt? Bush also had no problem with oil subsidies. Parties are playing a game and that game is to keep you so confused, you don't know which way is up and they are good at it. In the end, they are in it for themselves. And trust me, they need each other. Neither party could survive a year without the other to blame for everything.

    --
    Are agnostics skeptical of unicorns too?