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Appeals Court Rules On Internet Obscenity Standards

dark_requiem writes "The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled that online content can be judged by the standards of the strictest community that is able to access it. The court upheld the conviction of pornography producer Paul F. Little, aka Max Hardcore, for violating obscenity laws in Tampa, despite the fact that the 'obscene' material in question was produced and sold in California. From the article: 'The Atlanta-based court rejected arguments by Little's attorneys that applying a local community standard to the Internet violates the First Amendment because doing so means material can be judged according to the standards of the strictest communities. In other words, the materials might be legal where they were produced and almost everywhere else. But if they violate the standards of one community, they are illegal in that community and the producers may be convicted of a crime. ... Jurors in Little's trial were told to judge the materials on the basis of how "the average person of the community as a whole — the Middle District of Florida" — would view the material.'"

28 of 697 comments (clear)

  1. So Iran's standards then? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    So by that measure we should censor all pictures of women's faces as it violates the decency standards of Iran.

    1. Re:So Iran's standards then? by FTWinston · · Score: 5, Insightful

      I suspect that this ruling only considers communities within the USA. But presumably, if (e.g.) an amish community decided that the very concept of a website was obscene (rather than just objectionable or undesirable), it would be valid under this precedent for them to sue everyone who ever produced a website.

      You poor chaps over the pond really do seem to have the most bizarre legal decisions made for you, sometimes.

    2. Re:So Iran's standards then? by commodore64_love · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Well I defer to someone smart than me - "But the Chief Justice says, 'There must be an ultimate arbiter somewhere.' True, there must; but does that prove it is either party? The ultimate arbiter is the people of the Union, assembled by their deputies in convention, at the call of Congress or of two-thirds of the States. Let them decide to which they mean to give an authority claimed by two of their organs. And it has been the peculiar wisdom and felicity of our Constitution, to have provided this peaceable appeal, where that of other nations is at once to force." Thomas Jefferson to William Johnson, 1823.

      You could also apply common sense.

      Yes there's nudity and porn on the internet. So what? Nobody's forcing you to type playboy.com into your computer, so why is there a need for government to regulate these websites? *The government does not need to be involved.* The government should not be censoring the internet. At all. Let people censor themselves, by simply not going to sites they find objectionable.

      They only reason to censor the internet, is to exert morality upon other people, and I find that to be tyrannical. I don't want Georgia's primitive, backwards morality enforced upon me or any other non-Georgian citizen.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    3. Re:So Iran's standards then? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Can you please get the state right? The laws/police/prosecution are from Tampa, FLORIDA. The only way Georgia comes into this is that the case made it to Federal District court, and the 11th District happened to be in Atlanta. Georgia isn't doing squat to you -- rant about Florida.

    4. Re:So Iran's standards then? by jhoegl · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Hell, we should just get rid of the internet. Some communities think using technology past the 1600s is "obscene", why the 1600s? Fuck if I know...

    5. Re:So Iran's standards then? by commodore64_love · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Yes the nude photos crossed state borders, but it's not federal law that is being violated. It's Florida's obscenity law, and Californians are not subject to Florida law (no legislation without representation). The U.S. court should have thrown-out the case as invalid and nonjurisdictional.

      Otherwise, if Florida laws CAN cross borders and be enforced in other states, then what happens next? Florida bans alcohol (for example) and alcohol is automatically banned for all 50 states???

      No, no, no.

      If Florida bans alcohol, then that law applies only inside their border. Likewise if Florida bans obscenity/nudity, then that law Also applies only inside their border. Florida is welcome to block the importation of alcohol or obscenity, but NOT to exert their control over other States, or sue other states' citizens.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
    6. Re:So Iran's standards then? by SirGarlon · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Section 1. After a Bill has become Law, if one-half of the Member States declare the U.S. Law to be "unconstitutional" it shall be null and void. It shall be as if the Law never existed.

      That's already in the U.S. Constitution. It's called "passing a vote of the Senate." If one-half of the states, through their Senate representatives, object to a law for any reason, then it's as if the law never existed. Because it never did.

      The senators represent the interests of the states, plain and simple. If you feel your senator is not adequately representing the interests of your state, then that's your and your state's problem and you can solve it at the ballot box.

      --
      [Sir Garlon] is the marvellest knight that is now living, for he destroyeth many good knights, for he goeth invisible.
    7. Re:So Iran's standards then? by Sandbags · · Score: 5, Insightful

      That's actually not a bad scenario the judge missed. Many communities will have opposite views in regards to some content, or could even publish strict laws on site organization, content that must or must not be included, and these laws could easily be worked to make national sites illegal and local sites for local businesses legal. In another part of the country, laws could equally apply in reverse.

      My personal take? sale or shipping of a physical product across a state line, or providing a service in general should not be subject to local laws at all, only national and interstate commerce regulations. However, a locality could pass a law making it illegal for it;s local residents to ACCESS such material, or to request services. The only think that might be possible is for a locality to prevent the shipping of a product to it;s residents, or taking payment from addresses based in the local area. However, should such a system be applied to interstate commerce, the company effected should have the right to seek fees from the local community related to altering their process for tracking such potential purchases and denying them, such not to run afoul of the law. Any local law that does not provide a service to such companies should not be enforcible in interstate commerce.

      The only case I can see is where a physical product itself is illegal to posses in a state (not local, a whole state). For example, NJ forbids radar detectors. Most states forbid cigarettes crossing state lines. These products should be on the manufacturer to document to their resellers which states they are and are not legal for sale in, and the resellers then and only then could be held liable (if the manufacturer never clarified, then sue the manufacturer). For access to content on line that may be "objectionable", and for where a fee is paid for access, the site may be asked to request "are you located in one of the following municipalities:?" and if so refuse your membership (or get this data from the credit card used for payment). However, since there's no manufacturer, just a publisher, it should be up to the State or local entity to provide sufficient notice to the publisher to implement such a system if they are not based in the local state, and to cover the costs of that implementation if it is not a state law.

      --
      There is no contest in life for which the unprepared have the advantage.
    8. Re:So Iran's standards then? by plague3106 · · Score: 5, Insightful

      the problem with your theory is that you're dictating what people can and can't watch IN THE PRIVACY OF THEIR OWN HOME.

      This whole community standard nonsense to allow cenorship is wrong. My neighbors should have absolutely NO say on the content of books, movies, music, or video games I play in my own home.

      Honestly.. why is censorship ok if its your neighbors deciding what to censor?

      As far as your products crossing state lines goes.. that's a specious argument as well, since states are NOT allowed to favor commerce in their own state over another state. Its also Unconstitutional, just like censorship.

    9. Re:So Iran's standards then? by mcgrew · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The Apple community and Linux community thinks Microsoft is an obscenenity. Redmond thinks Apple and Linux are obscenities. The video game community considers Jack Thompson to be an obscenity. The PETA community thinks eating meat is obscene.

      The Baptists consider dance to be obscene.

      I think the court's ruling is obscene.

    10. Re:So Iran's standards then? by Bakkster · · Score: 4, Insightful

      It probably never ocurred to them that what they were doing was illegal in Florida, but it's quite simple to set up the website so that it doesn't accept orders with a shipping address in that state. Having read TFA, we know that we're not talking about downloaded digital photos/videos, we're talking about physical media that was ordered and shipped through the mail. :)

      The question is, should it be a website's burden to know every local law? Where do you draw the line?

      Perhaps it is reasonable to expect websites keep track of state laws that pertain to their business. That's still 49 additional states to keep track of, though, plus DC, the Virgin Islands, and other US territories. Not really an easy task, especially for smaller businesses.

      In this case, though, it's not even a state law, it's a local (Tampa) law. Should every company who seeks to sell online be expected to know the laws of every county in the nation? Every city? Every township or municipality? What if they give an address in an adjacent town (which the USPO will adjust to deliver correctly) with different laws? Can you even give an estimate of the ammount of time it would take to research that many local laws and be certain your shipment will not violate some local statute?

      I don't see how a small business can be reasonably expected to comply with all laws simultaneously, only that they act in good faith that the person ordering the material is legally allowed to do so by their local laws.

      --
      Write your representatives! Repeal the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics!
    11. Re:So Iran's standards then? by Maxo-Texas · · Score: 5, Insightful

      While I understand why child porn is illegal (exploitation of children, probable rape of children,etc.) it boggles me that an picture of a cartoon child naked is porn.

      It also seems incorrect that an artistic picture of a fictional, non-existent child is illegal (since there was no exploitation, rape, etc.).

      And you have all those gray lines where the subject looks 13 but is 18 or is 15 and looks 18.

      --
      She was like chocolate when she drank... semi-sweet at first and then increasingly bitter.
    12. Re:So Iran's standards then? by Mr.+Slippery · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It is not legal to watch child porn in the privacy of your own home.

      What I'm going to say is not a popular view, and let me be clear that people who hurt children, and those who aid or support such harm, need to be removed from polite society. And let me be clear that personally, I find the very idea that someone would enjoy watching images that depicted such harm, to be disgusting and revolting.

      However: there is no "child porn" exception to the First Amendment. The fact that an image was produced by harming another human being (for example, a lot of the stuff at rotten.com) does not mean that the state has legitimate power to criminalize the mere possession of such images. And "child porn" laws go far beyond that, criminalizing made-up, wholely fictitious images. These laws are based on the notion that these images will cause bad thoughts which will lead directly to bad actions: they are nothing more than "thoughtcrime" laws.

      --
      Tom Swiss | the infamous tms | my blog
      You cannot wash away blood with blood
    13. Re:So Iran's standards then? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It's the modern-day witch hunt. The truest example of the slippery slope in action.

      First we made exploitation of actual kids illegal, and that was a *very* good thing. But then we banned pictures of it for sale. Also probably a good thing, stop peddlers. But then we banned sharing the pictures without money involved. Perhaps a good thing, it could be damaging to the victim to have those pictures out there forever. But then we banned cartoon drawings. And now they are just getting crazy. You can already see the next step in Australia, where there isn't even an artistic exemption (so Renaissance art, cherubs, etc are considered CP there); and now they just banned any real porn where the actress has a size A cup, or looks under 25. Yes, even if they are a legal adult, they don't want someone thinking they might possibly be underage. Next up, they'll probably want to push that age back to 40 or so. And who would want to watch that?

      The end result and ulterior motive of the groups pushing these laws isn't banning CP, it's banning all porn, period. They're just taking a small, incremental approach to their end goal.

    14. Re:So Iran's standards then? by commodore64_love · · Score: 4, Insightful

      >>>1) If you opened up such a package [with child porn or obscene material], immediately notify the police. Then drive the package to the nearest police office and leave it there.
      >>>

      Many citizens who receive porn or drugs in the mail, when they do the honest thing and tell the police, end up arrested for possession. You. Cannot. Trust. Police. Or the government in general. Better to destroy the evidence and pretend you never received anything.

      "You have the right to remain silent....." - USE IT. You also have the right to refuse searches. No warrant; no search. No warrant; no search.

      --
      "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it." - historian Evelyn Beatrice Hall
  2. No problem by rastoboy29 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    We just need to file a lawsuit in Fascistville, Texas to have the whole internet taken down for obscenity.

    Trust me, I'm a Texan--we've got plenty of towns that would do.

    1. Re:No problem by thue · · Score: 5, Insightful

      You have no imagination!

      How about filing a lawsuit in some strict muslim community, where depictations of human beings and music is considered obscene?

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_music#Permissibility_of_music
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art ("the depiction of the human form is idolatry and thereby a sin against Allah, forbidden in the Qur'an")

      The court said "the strictest community". Nobody said it had to be a community based on the Christian worldview.

  3. Without a doubt by JorDan+Clock · · Score: 4, Insightful

    This has to be, without a doubt, the worst decision I have ever heard a court involving the internet. It shows a blatant disregard for how internet works.

  4. Horseshit by Kierthos · · Score: 5, Insightful

    The Appeals Court dropped the ball on this one. If a crime was committed in that backwoods locale, it should be the person who viewed the porn who is charged, because they're the ones who took the active step of bringing it 'into' the jurisdiction. Yeah, it's some pretty foul porn, by most standards, but it was the police who ordered the damn things and downloaded them, not some otherwise innocent person. Frankly, it's a mockery of the law to charge him with crimes in that jurisdiction.

    --
    Mr. Hu is not a ninja.
    1. Re:Horseshit by Ihmhi · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Obscenity laws like this shouldn't even exist in this day and age.

      Seriously, obscenity? How about we go down to the soda shop and get some malts? Then we can go rough up the dorky kid and pitch woo to the cheerleaders. Check out those sexy ankles!

    2. Re:Horseshit by Opportunist · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Finally someone who adresses the matter.

      It's not that these laws are used against someone who is not affected by them (should not be), it's that these laws exist in the first place. There are a few laws concerning sexual activities that make sense (like laws against rape), but for the only reason that they also fit the bill for a different crime: Harming someone else's body against his will. That's basically why rape is (and should be) illegal, not because it's "obscene" or "indecent". It's because it hurts someone who does not like that.

      What is "obscenity"? And why is it not allowed? I could see how it should be illegal to shove it in my face and make me watch it (but not because it's about sex but because it's about something close to torture or coercion, just like it should not be allowed to force me to look at pictures of blown up bodies or force me to watch a medical operation, or force me to do anything against my will). But the existance? And having people look at it? How could you sensibly explain that this should be illegal?

      The law should serve one, and only one, purpose: To make our coexistance possible and "fair". A law against me stealing from you makes sense. Else you'd have to watch your belongings every waking hour. A law against killing someone makes sense too. Hell, everyone wants to live and I wouldn't want to watch my back every time I go out on the street without my gang of friends who protect me (and mug everyone around in the process). That's what the law should be about: To make sure your life, belongings and if you want to your "mental" health is upheld. If you willingly relinquish any such protection, the law has no right to keep you from it. I can't see why there should be a law that protects me against my will. A law that protects me against seeing "indecent" porn is like a law that protects me from giving away my gem collection to someone or allowing someone to kick me in the nuts. I wouldn't do either of the three, probably, but I can't see why it should be illegal to do any of them.

      --
      We used to have a Bill of Rights. Now, with the rights gone, all we have left is the bill.
  5. "The Community" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Yay. Time for this to be ruled by the scotus. They've been pretty clear on "community standards" and it's about time the internet was defined as "a community." SCOTUS did not say obscenity is defined by the most prudish members of the community. You can't simply pick the 13 most uptight pricks in town for your jury. It's time for people to be given full responsibility for the speech that is tolerated in their own homes and not the freedom to rule everyone else's homes based on the redneck perversions of that backward few.

  6. Entrapment?? by kevingolding2001 · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Little is from California but was tried in Tampa after investigators here ordered his videos through the mail and downloaded them over the Internet.

    Emphasis mine.
    So basically these investigators took something that was legal at it's source and imported it into an area where it was illegal, and then blamed the supplier.

    If they had of not actively done this, then no crime would have been committed.
    (Of course IANAL etc).

  7. Entirely unreasonable by mepperpint · · Score: 5, Insightful

    This ruling is entirely unreasonable for two reasons:

    (1) This effectively extends the jurisdiction of an community law to the entire country

    (2) This requires that someone know and understand all the laws of every community

    I don't know whether the ruling is wrong with regard to the law or whether the law is horribly broken, but rulings like this are entirely unreasonable. It goes against the principles of the US to allow a small group of people to inflict their personal views and opinions on the entire country. I really hope that this precedent is changed, either by a successful appeal to the supreme court or better laws.

  8. Does this apply to ALL "obscene" speech? by Rone · · Score: 5, Insightful

    I have to wonder if the 11th would have been so quick to insist that the strictest local community standards apply in every case if non-pornographic material was involved. Hypothetical case in point:

        1) Some particularly radical bastion of liberalism / progressivism (Berkeley, perhaps, or another community with similar values) passes a city ordinance declaring particularly inflammatory anti-abortion speech as "obscene", "inciting to riot", etc.

        2) Arrest warrants are immediately issued throughout the south-eastern US for various high profile clergymen (e.g. Pat Robertson), and other pro-life firebrands as various pieces of inflammatory pro-life literature (e.g. videotapes) are purchased and received by members of the local police.

        3) Said individuals are arrested, extradited to California, tried, convicted, sentenced, and begin their prison sentences.

        4) During this time, they appeal their sentences through the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals.

    If the members of the 11th Court suddenly "switched team jerseys" and were sitting on the bench of the 9th Circuit court, would they uphold these convictions?

    Using the reasoning they applied against Mr. Little (the defendant), they would. However, if you believe that these same judges would actually choose to follow this reasoning, I have a nice bridge to sell you.

    Normally, I would expect that the Supreme Court would (eventually) backhand the 11th for such an egregious violation of the 1st Amendment, but given the recent much-broader-than-necessary ruling on campaign finance reform, I suspect that they'll find a way not to.

  9. Re:Hey US court! (Or anyone else acting like that. by Dunbal · · Score: 5, Insightful

    What makes you think, you got any power at all to rule over the Internet?

          Well the fact that Max Hardcore is behind bars should be your first clue.

            I don't agree with the court ruling, but they certainly have the power - and are (ab)using it.

    --
    Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
  10. Re:The result is by Dunbal · · Score: 5, Insightful

    That pictures of women who are not covered top to toe are considered porn.

          You had better not be making any drawings (Canada, Australia) of uncovered women, too. And make sure (Australia) that their breasts are very large. Or you are a "sex offender". How about we go and cover up all those naked people in paintings and chisel the genitals from sculptures, while we're at it?

          I myself find myself offended by a particular Dutch painter called Rembrandt. What a pervert. All the nudes he ever painted should be destroyed, and his "collectors" and any of his surviving kin thrown in jail.

    --
    Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
  11. No more Budweiser Super Bowl Ads? by dirtydog · · Score: 4, Insightful

    So does this make it illegal for alcoholic beverage ads to be broadcast in dry counties?