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Exotic "Electroweak" Star Predicted

astroengine writes "A new type (or phase) of star has been characterized by Case Western Reserve University scientists in a paper submitted to Physical Review Letters. The 'electroweak' star is a stellar corpse too massive to be a quark star, yet too light to collapse into a black hole. It crushes and burns the quarks inside, generating an outward radiation pressure that acts against gravity. Interestingly, the interior is predicted to be a 'Big Bang factory,' forcing the electromagnetic and weak forces to collapse as one (hence 'electroweak') — a condition that hasn't been seen elsewhere in our universe since moments after the Big Bang." The article notes that the first calculations on electroweak stars pegged them as an intermediate stage on the way to a black-hole collapse, lasting at most a second. The new calculations suggest that electroweak stars could persist for millions of years.

68 comments

  1. Wooo! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I like exotic stars, fucking HOT!!!

  2. Precision of calculations by loufoque · · Score: 0

    The article notes that the first calculations on electroweak stars pegged them as an intermediate stage on the way to a black-hole collapse, lasting at most a second. The new calculations suggest that electroweak stars could persist for millions of years.

    As always with physics, you have a pretty huge margin of error...

    1. Re:Precision of calculations by Eternauta3k · · Score: 2, Insightful

      As always with cosmology, you have a pretty huge margin of error

      Fixed that for you.
      Seriously, that's just a few orders of magnitude off. Seen the error bars on intergalactic distances?

      --
      Yeah. Would you choose a neurosurgeon who pokes around people's brains in his spare time? I wouldn't.
    2. Re:Precision of calculations by Yvan256 · · Score: 2, Funny

      It's all just Excel masturbation.

      On a Pentium.

    3. Re:Precision of calculations by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 4, Funny

      As always with physics, you have a pretty huge margin of error...

      And I've been wondering all the time why they use the logarithmic scale. It makes the errors look smaller!

      --
      Ezekiel 23:20
    4. Re:Precision of calculations by oldhack · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Yep, could persist for million years, give or take a billion or two.

      --
      Fuck systemd. Fuck Redhat. Fuck Soylent, too. Wait, scratch the last one.
    5. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Andromeda galaxy distance: 2.54 +/- 0.06 Mly (in order words, off by 0.01 orders of magnitude). Your point? And you fixed what? Star longevity calculation is not cosmology.

    6. Re:Precision of calculations by f2x · · Score: 1

      I was just thinking the same thing... given the nature of stars, the word persist would indicate something a bit more substantial than "millions of years".

      --
      Blessed with all the brains that God gave a duck's ass, and twice the charisma.
    7. Re:Precision of calculations by newcastlejon · · Score: 1

      Plus, as Krauss quipped, everything is a straight line on a log-log plot!

      --
      If God forks the Universe every time you roll a die, he'd better have a damned good memory.
    8. Re:Precision of calculations by voodoosteve · · Score: 1

      Astronomy in general has a large amount of error simply because all the measurements come from observations rather than laboratory controlled experiments.

    9. Re:Precision of calculations by Colin+Douglas+Howell · · Score: 4, Insightful

      This isn't physics. It's math and programming, with someone interpreting it as a physical possibility.

      That's what theoretical physics is. It's the experimentalists and observationalists who confirm or refute the theorists' predictions.

    10. Re:Precision of calculations by bcmm · · Score: 3, Interesting

      This is not always the case in physics. For example, the differences between the predictions of relativity and Newtonian mechanics are really very insignificant in most cases, but accurate measurement can still tell you which is correct (relativity has agreed with some very, very accurate measurements).

      It doesn't say whether they revised their estimate due to new data or due to finding a mistake, but the latter would be entirely understandable: humans tend to have very little day-to-day experience of exotic matter on which to base a reality check.

      --
      # cat /dev/mem | strings | grep -i llama
      Damn, my RAM is full of llamas.
    11. Re:Precision of calculations by Colin+Douglas+Howell · · Score: 1

      For smaller stars, yes, but very massive stars only last for around 10 million years before going supernova. For the most massive ones, the lifetime can be as short as a few million years.

    12. Re:Precision of calculations by bcrowell · · Score: 4, Informative

      >> As always with physics, you have a pretty huge margin of error.

      > As always with cosmology, you have a pretty huge margin of error.

      >Fixed that for you. Seriously, that's just a few orders of magnitude off. Seen the error bars on intergalactic distances?

      Despite the parent post's snideness, the GP is basically right. Parent poster: (1) It's not just "a few" order of magnitude off, it's 14 orders of magnitude. That's a lot, by any standard in science. (2) The paper is not about cosmology, it's about astrophysics. (3) Although this is not about cosmology, your perception of cosmology as a low-precision science is about 15 years out of date. Cosmology is currently enjoying a golden age of high-precision measurements. For example, the Hubble constant is now known to a precision of a few percent, whereas 20 years ago there were still people disagreeing to each other by factors of 2. (4) Intergalactic distances aren't particularly relevant here, but anyway the ladder of cosmic distance scales isn't uncertain to anything like 14 orders of magnitude.

      And by the way, could we let the "fixed that for you" meme die? It's rude, and it's getting old.

    13. Re:Precision of calculations by Doc_Ether · · Score: 5, Informative

      Someone said: "This isn't physics. It's math and programming, with someone interpreting it as a physical possibility."

      Someone replied: "That's what theoretical physics is. It's the experimentalists and observationalists who confirm or refute the theorists' predictions."

      The replier here is absolutely correct. Many kinds of stellar objects were first predicted by Theoretical Physicists before being observed. Why? Well, predictions like this can tell an observerational astronomer what to look for. In fact, black holes were predicted to exist in the 18th Century(!) but were largely ignored until the Einstein's theory of General Relativity proposed a radically different idea about what gravity is which also predicted a method by which light (then thought to be a massless wave and therefore totally unaffeted by gravity) could be "trapped" or bent around a black hole. Einstein predicted a gravitational lensing effect around masses of sufficient size, later confirmed during an eclipse of our own sun. Still later, Stephen Hawking predicted the existence of Hawking Radiation that should be detectable as well coming from near the event horizon of black holes. They were both right, but observational astronomers would not have known what the f#ck they were looking at once a black hole was first observed without the theortical groundwork that was laid first.

    14. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      Step 1. Quote a sentence from parent.
      Step 2. Replace a word from the quote with another one, put it in bold.
      Step 3. Write "Fixed that for you".
      Step 4. Make stuff up, starting the sentence with "Seriously,".
      Step 5. ??
      Step 6. +5 Insightful.

    15. Re:Precision of calculations by Bromskloss · · Score: 1

      black holes were predicted to exist in the 18th Century(!)

      Would you provide us with a link, please?

      --
      Swedish plasma phys. PhD student; MSc EE; knows maths, programming, electronics; finance interest; seeks opportunities
    16. Re:Precision of calculations by Rip+Dick · · Score: 5, Informative
      The idea of a body so massive that even light could not escape was first put forward by geologist John Michell in a letter written to Henry Cavendish in 1783 to the Royal Society:

      If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun were to exceed that of the Sun in the proportion of 500 to 1, a body falling from an infinite height towards it would have acquired at its surface greater velocity than that of light, and consequently supposing light to be attracted by the same force in proportion to its vis inertiae, with other bodies, all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it by its own proper gravity. —John Michell[2]

      In 1796, mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace promoted the same idea in the first and second editions of his book Exposition du système du Monde (it was removed from later editions).[3][4] Such "dark stars" were largely ignored in the nineteenth century, since light was then thought to be a massless wave and therefore not influenced by gravity. Unlike the modern black hole concept, the object behind the horizon of a dark star is assumed to be stable against collapse.

    17. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Step 5. ???

      Fixed that for you.

      Seriously, there's always three question marks!

    18. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'm afraid scientists didn't have blogs back then. Such a simpler time.

    19. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Excel masturbation.

      Eh, masturbation implies Excel is pleasuring itself. I'd say it's more like cyber sex. Being practiced by physicists and mathematicians.

      I know an attractive female mathematician... For the purpose of this exercise...

      Nevermind. If you need me, I'll be masturbating.

    20. Re:Precision of calculations by Sulphur · · Score: 1

      Ratio of 1 million years to 1 second is about 3x10^13, or 13 orders of magnitude; not a few.

    21. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hawking Radiation has yet to be observed.

    22. Re:Precision of calculations by Chris+Burke · · Score: 1

      It doesn't say whether they revised their estimate due to new data or due to finding a mistake, but the latter would be entirely understandable:

      This post further down says that the estimate went from ~ 10^-7 to 10^7.

      Could it have just been a sign error, or flipped numerator/denominator in an equation? Curious. :)

      --

      The enemies of Democracy are
    23. Re:Precision of calculations by Dan+East · · Score: 2, Funny

      And by the way, could we let the "fixed that for you" meme die? It's rude, and it's getting old.

      Did it died?

      --
      Better known as 318230.
    24. Re:Precision of calculations by ultranova · · Score: 1

      It's not just "a few" order of magnitude off, it's 14 orders of magnitude. That's a lot, by any standard in science.

      Not by cosmology's standard, not really. Most estimates about cosmology - from Universe's age to the distance to nearest stars - were off by far greater amount until the last century or so, and some of them - such as the size of the Universe - still could be.

      And by the way, could we let the "fixed that for you" meme die?

      Do not want.

      It's awesome, and it's getting old, as in invincible old master.

      Fixed that for you.

      --

      Forget magic. Any technology distinguishable from divine power is insufficiently advanced.

    25. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Informative

      Q.E.D. makes some very precise (and accurate) predictions. GP is wrong.

    26. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The prediction is sort of right, but for the completely wrong reasons.

      Also, light is a massless wave/particle that is not influenced by gravity. Gravity affects the space that the light is traveling through.

    27. Re:Precision of calculations by djh2400 · · Score: 2, Informative

      Also, light is a massless wave/particle that is not influenced by gravity. Gravity affects the space that the light is traveling through.

      You confuse me. For all intensive purposes, "gravity" does not exist as Newton described it. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. He couldn't find the opposite reaction for a falling object, so he made one up: gravity.

      That being said, gravity does not affect the space through which light travels, but a body's mass does. Mass distorts space, creating a "gravity" effect.

      This distortion of space is essentially synonymous with the concept of "gravity"; this is what affects light.

    28. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      For all intensive purposes, "gravity" does not exist as Newton described it. .

      Please...think about the meaning of the words you're using. "For all intensive purposes" is meaningless. The phrase is "for all intents and purposes."

      Now, I would ordinarily not have corrected you in such a rude and intense manner, but for the fact that some clueless asshat complained a few posts down that the more economical "fixed that for you" meme is too, um, rude.

    29. Re:Precision of calculations by Abreu · · Score: 1

      Theoretical physics is what Sheldon does
      Experimental physics is what Leonard does

      --
      No sig for the moment.
    30. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      It's not just "a few" order of magnitude off, it's 14 orders of magnitude. That's a lot, by any standard in science.

      Not by cosmology's standard, not really. Most estimates about cosmology - from Universe's age to the distance to nearest stars - were off by far greater amount until the last century or so,

      Yeah, because comparing yourself to 1902's knowledge makes just about any bullshit statement look good, even if you're doing it only to have the last word..

      It's awesome, and it's getting old, as in invincible old master.

      Fixed that for you.

      Ah... To be thirteen again!

    31. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The stars that burn twice as bright, burn out twice as qwickly .......BladeRunner.

    32. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      INTENTS AND purposes. make more sense, eh? dumb lanemess filter

    33. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I accidentally the "fixed it for you meme"

    34. Re:Precision of calculations by Muad'Dave · · Score: 1

      Most estimates about cosmology - from Universe's age to the distance to nearest stars - were off by far greater amount until the last century or so...

      So at what point in history did scientists believe the age of the universe to be 137.5 uS and the distance to Alpha Centauri 401 m?

      14 orders of magnitude is _enormous_, unless you're talking about the relative strengths of the fundamental forces.

      --
      Tiller's Rule: Never use a word in written form that you've only heard and never read. You will end up looking foolish.
    35. Re:Precision of calculations by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0
      Phase 2

      ?

      Fixed that for you. Seriously, there's always one question mark!

      Just to be clear, I agree with the comment way up the chain that there's no reason for people to be so snarky in posts. I don't care what you think about the person you're replaying to, I'd rather not see you being rude.

    36. Re:Precision of calculations by ShadowXOmega · · Score: 0

      wow, it worked!

  3. Cool news... by O('_')O_Bush · · Score: 0, Troll

    So they predict something that they think hasn't existed in the visible universe for 10 billion years (the universe is only 13.75b years old), and even if it did, we wouldn't be able to detect it.

    Sounds pretty lame to me.

    --
    while(1) attack(People.Sandy);
    1. Re:Cool news... by Gerafix · · Score: 4, Funny

      Not able to detect it. More weight than a Nomad. Lame.

  4. seconds, millions of years by nedlohs · · Score: 2, Funny

    What's a few orders of magnitude between friends...

  5. Phew... by The+Living+Fractal · · Score: 4, Funny

    For a second there I thought this article was about Lady Gaga. You can't imagine how thankful I am that this is not the case.

    --
    I do not respond to cowards. Especially anonymous ones.
    1. Re:Phew... by daremonai · · Score: 1

      Actually, the article says Lady Gaga could last a few million years, not just "a second." Sorry.

  6. Wrong by dreamchaser · · Score: 3, Insightful

    From TFA:

    "At ordinary temperatures it is so incredibly rare that it probably hasn't happened within the visible universe anytime in the last 10 billion years, except perhaps in the core of these electroweak stars and in the laboratories of some advanced alien civilizations."

    If you're going to pretend to quote the article at least try to get it right. It says nowhere that the stars themselves can't exist now. It says that the cores of these stars, if they do exist, have conditions that haven't been seen for perhaps 10 billion+ years.

  7. Re:klauts by bcmm · · Score: 2

    I strongly recommend loading that website with some sort of adblocker enabled.

    Then refreshing it a few hundred times. All of you.

    --
    # cat /dev/mem | strings | grep -i llama
    Damn, my RAM is full of llamas.
  8. paper by bcrowell · · Score: 5, Informative

    Here is the scientific paper.

    As a physicist, I feel that this is a little far out. It assumes violation of the conservation laws for baryon number and lepton number. They claim that this nonconservation is actually predicted by a loophole in the standard model, which may be true, but it's never actually been observed -- if anyone observed such a violation experimentally, they'd definitely get the Nobel prize.

    It's also built on a particular model of quark-quark interactions. (The strong nuclear force is not an interaction for which we have an exact formula. All we have is various models of it.) All the predictions are therefore going to be dependent on this model, as well as on the other approximations they have to make. People have predicted other weird objects, such as quark stars, using similar models, and the predictions have turned out to be very hard to pin down in any model-independent way. Some theorists use different methods, and come out with completely different predictions. Nor has any really compelling experimental evidence turned up for quark stars, although there are a couple of candidate objects that seem too dense to be ordinary neutron stars. If there's no solid evidence for quark stars, it seems like quite a stretch to go beyond that and predict things about even more exotic objects. The landscape is littered with predictions of exotic objects along these lines: quark stars, strange stars, black stars, gravastars, fuzzballs, boson stars, q-balls, ...

    They recently revised their estimate of the lifetime of these objects, making it ~10^7 years rather than a fraction of a second (only 14 orders of magnitude different). Even though 10^7 years is fairly long, it's really not very long on cosmic timescales, so we would expect these to be fairly rare and hard to find, even if they did exist.

    1. Re:paper by sjames · · Score: 1

      The bright side is that if such a thing IS observed, it says a lot about the underlying models. Small probability of a big payoff.

    2. Re:paper by Doc_Ether · · Score: 1

      Hmmmm... Perhaps I have misunderstood my Cosmology professor, but a number of different experiments have observed CP-violations. None that exactly fit the bill to explain the total discrepency between matter and anti-matter in the observable Universe, but these experiments still point to the fact that the standard model's baryon/lepton number symmetry is not quite so sacrosanct as previously believed.

      You can read about some of the observational experiments here:
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-violation

      If it interests you, you may also read about baryogenesis and leptogenesis.

    3. Re:paper by Doc_Ether · · Score: 1

      So was this the Nobel Prize you were talking about?

      http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/index.html

  9. creators' newclear power shaking things up a bit by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    nothing weak at all about that system. it's all in the manuals.

    as good a time as any to consult with/trust in your creators, in case you're not killed 'mistakenly', or even if you are.

  10. Quashed Optimism by psnyder · · Score: 2, Interesting
    I'd love to hear about an observed star like this, but at the same time I'm very skeptical of this prediction. We've created strange quarks in particle accelerators, but they decay in 10^-10 seconds. So the prior theory (that they may exist for a brief instant as a stage in the star's collapse) seems to correlate more closely to actual observation. The new theory suggests a way for the star to obtain equilibrium, keeping the quarks in that state while burning them.

    Hopefully now that they know what to look for, we can turn the prediction into observation.

    ...a very small fraction of the energy will be emitted as electromagnetic radiation (i.e. light), making these objects very hard to detect.

    oh...

    Well then, for the time being I'm more inclined to side with the other guy in the article:

    "It highly implausible that such an electroweak star would exist," said Paolo Gondolo of the University of Utah.

    1. Re:Quashed Optimism by bcrowell · · Score: 4, Informative

      I'd love to hear about an observed star like this, but at the same time I'm very skeptical of this prediction. We've created strange quarks in particle accelerators, but they decay in 10^-10 seconds. So the prior theory (that they may exist for a brief instant as a stage in the star's collapse) seems to correlate more closely to actual observation. The new theory suggests a way for the star to obtain equilibrium, keeping the quarks in that state while burning them.

      A couple of things to note here. (1) You're discussing this as if this was a calculation predicting the existence of strange quark stars. It's not. Predictions of strange quark stars date back at least a couple of decades. This paper is predicting the existence of something weirder than a strange quark star. (2) The short half-life of strange particles in accelerator experiments is something that the authors of the paper know about; their calculation used the standard model of particle physics, which already describes those short half-lives. There are good reasons to suspect that the situation might be different in bulk matter at high pressure. We just don't know for sure.

    2. Re:Quashed Optimism by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Hi,

      I am physicist too. It looks like that guy Paolo Gondolo has not read the paper at all. Paolo says that such energetic electroweak processes will blow up outer layers of the star. But the authors clearly state that the core of the star is almost a black hole. Therefore, huge energy released at the center of the star gets severely redshifted, so that energy released at the surface of the star is very moderate. That is why the life-time of such star is comparable with the life time of ordinary stars. From outside, they look like ordinary stars, it is the engine at the core which is quite different from the ordinary stars.

      Astrophysicist

  11. Neutron star by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I wonder how this is different than a neutron star? More or less massive?

  12. Re:Silly Particle Pysicists by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    bla! See my posting is as insightful as yours!

  13. Re:klauts by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Then refreshing it a few hundred times. All of you.

    Done.

  14. Re:klauts by NewbieProgrammerMan · · Score: 1

    It's more fun if you script something to repeatedly spider the site at the maximum rate the server can put out, and let that run for a few days.

    --
    [b.belong('us') for b in bases if b.owner() == 'you']
  15. Re:Silly Particle Pysicists by chrispan · · Score: 0

    I'm listed as a Troll? Are you kidding me? Yes, they observed a new star, but the entire explanation behind this "electroweak" star is fiction...you can't prove any of the explanations, you can't re-create it in the lab, it is absolutely a bunch of fiction. That story resorts to purely ad-hoc requirements to explain this new "electroweak" star. And your comments on quarks... really? There's nothing that shows any of this exists in normal matter. If you have to spend enormous energy to blast a proton to unlock a hypothetical quark then how do you know the energy itself doesn't manifest as particles that don't even play a role in ordinary matter? It is pretty easy guys to sum it up.....throw up the x-rays and you'll see the flat disk and axial jet...what we have here is a star with galactic discharge...it is electric baby and you just can't prove it wrong.

  16. Re:Silly Particle Pysicists by pclminion · · Score: 3, Informative

    If you have to spend enormous energy to blast a proton to unlock a hypothetical quark then how do you know the energy itself doesn't manifest as particles that don't even play a role in ordinary matter?

    You don't have to blast a proton with enormous energy to see quarks. All it takes are some simple electrons. If you use electrons with small enough wavelength (i.e. high enough energy) to get good resolution, and you look at a proton, lo and behold, you see these three little thingies whizzing around in there.

    When this was first done, it caused a bit of consternation among one Dr. Gell-Mann and one Dr. Zweig, who had initially proposed quarks merely as mathematical mechanisms for aiding certain types of calculations -- nobody actually thought the quarks were real. But then some assholes at SLAC decided to probe the proton with high speed electrons, and God forbid it, they saw the damned things. Still, a few dumb people such as Dick Feynman weren't convinced the quarks were actually real. It wasn't until numerous further experiments were performed that physicists grudgingly accepted that the quarks were actual particles, not mathematical oddities.

    In short, why don't you go fuck a goat?/p?

  17. ?? is the c# null-coalescing operator by circletimessquare · · Score: 1

    with step 5's two question marks, parent post was trying to say "if step 5 is null, then replace it with something"

    http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms173224.aspx

    fixed that for you

    --
    intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it