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Genetic Disorder Removes Racial Bias and Social Fear

People who suffer from a rare genetic disorder called Williams Syndrome have a complete lack of social fear. They experience no anxiety or concerns about meeting new people or being put into any social situation, and a new study by Andreia Santos suggests that they also don't have any racial bias. From the article: "Typically, children start overtly gravitating towards their own ethnic groups from the tender age of three. Groups of people from all over the globe and all sorts of cultures show these biases. Even autistic children, who can have severe difficulties with social relationships, show signs of racial stereotypes. But Santos says that the Williams syndrome kids are the first group of humans devoid of such racial bias, although, as we’ll see, not everyone agrees."

43 of 319 comments (clear)

  1. Friendly people by sopssa · · Score: 4, Insightful

    TFA notes this

    Santos suggests that children with Williams syndrome don’t develop the same biases that their peers do, because they don’t experience social fear. Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, who led the study, says, “There are hyper-social, very empathetic, very friendly, and do not get danger signals.” And because they’ll freely interact with anyone, they are less likely to cultivate a preference for people of their own ethnic groups. Alternatively, it could be that because they don’t fall prey to stereotypes, they’re more likely to socialise with everyone.

    I think that's the cause, not because theres some difference in genes that makes you lose racial bias. They're friendly people and open to anyone. Rasism comes from not being open and friendly to people you think are somehow different.

    But their complete lack of social fear is also a bad thing because not everyone are so and they might get hurt because of it. It's better than the other way more with geeky people though - I had trouble speaking to people or be open with them and it obviously got in the way of my relationships too. Somehow that changed when I was put in to social situations (with the help of beer) and got myself in to an relationship. Yes, one girl actually fell in love with me and because I acted like an open and social guy I kind of had to continue doing it. It took its time but it made an everlasting change to me, and now I can talk about things openly, be social and be friendly to people.

    1. Re:Friendly people by MozeeToby · · Score: 5, Informative

      Maybe you don't understand. Toddlers have racial biases. Even babies just a few months old will prefer to look at a picture of someone with the same skin color as them. It's built into the way our brain works. These kids don't have that at any age. They also don't have the subconscious biases that 99% of people have, even the people that are nice to everyone and would never say, do, or even think a racist thought.

    2. Re:Friendly people by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Informative

      Though, interestingly, the study also tested for sex-linked biases, on which the disorder has no effect.

    3. Re:Friendly people by Dunbal · · Score: 4, Interesting

      "Birds of a feather flock together"

      It's not only humans that show preference, it's hard-wired into every living thing with a brain. Fortunately for us, our brains are so developed that we can override this once vital but now irrelevant feature. Well at least some of us can.

      --
      Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
    4. Re:Friendly people by F�an�ro · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Toddlers have racial biases. Even babies just a few months old will prefer to look at a picture of someone with the same skin color as them. It's built into the way our brain works.

      Is that actually nature or nurture?
      If an orphan baby is adopted by parents from a different race, and is surrounded by people of that race, how would he even know what his "own" race is? As long as you keep him away from mirrors, he would not even be able to tell that his face looks different, and althought he could see that he has a different skin color than everyone else, as a toddler he would also have different size and proportions, a far greater difference.

      Has anyone tested this?

    5. Re:Friendly people by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

      "Birds of a feather flock together"

      It's not only humans that show preference, it's hard-wired into every living thing with a brain. Fortunately for us, our brains are so developed that we can override this once vital but now irrelevant feature. Well at least some of us can.

      You sound like a kike.

    6. Re:Friendly people by Locke2005 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      I disagree -- babies prefer to look at people that look like their parents! I don't believe babies have any awareness of their own skin color. My daughter has a white father and black mother. She looks just like her mother, but prefers to hang out with people that look like her father, with which she is much more strongly bonded.

      --
      I've abandoned my search for truth; now I'm just looking for some useful delusions.
    7. Re:Friendly people by OakDragon · · Score: 2, Funny

      If an orphan baby is adopted by parents from a different race, and is surrounded by people of that race, how would he even know what his "own" race is? As long as you keep him away from mirrors, he would not even be able to tell that his face looks different, and althought he could see that he has a different skin color than everyone else, as a toddler he would also have different size and proportions, a far greater difference.

      Has anyone tested this?

      Yes, and they made a documentary.

    8. Re:Friendly people by david_thornley · · Score: 4, Interesting

      How do babies a few months old know what their skin color is? At that age, they're probably waving their hands and arms in front of their faces, but haven't figured out they're part of them. Could it be that they react to their parents' skin color rather than their own?

      --
      "When you have eliminated the unacceptable, whatever is left, however improbable, must be the truthiness" - Holmes
    9. Re:Friendly people by flyneye · · Score: 2, Interesting

      I think most mistakenly say racism (think KKK) when they speak of culturalism . Most people have nothing against black people for example, who also wince at the thought of, if you will pardon the term for the sake of conversation, niggers. The difference is denoted by cultural markers such as "dew rags, pants half down the ass, gang signing, rap music rattling the trunks of half painted lowriders a couple decades old, etc.
                The same could be said of any "races" sub or pop culture that produces negative results. Inadequacies in education over decades and generations, mixed with "political correctness" for political gain and just plain ignorance pushed by mass media and other enemies of the general population have muddied meanings till communication of ideas like these are lumped under the singularity "racism".
                I believe most races of people can live together peacefully and still don't want "niggers,whiggers, beaners, slopes, ragheads'' and other subculturally embracing groups moving in next door.
              I believe historically most of civilization looks to invite like minded individuals into the fold while the deviants with physical markers and philosophical differences that represent opposition are excluded. You are never going to get rid of that. So rather than empower the Hillary Clintons, Jesse Jacksons ,Louis Farrakhans and Bin Ladens of the world who profit and rule by ignorant masses enabling.
                  On the other hand Williams syndrome sufferers should probably be kept from wandering into "the hood", Klan meetings or the Democratic National Committee.

      --
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  2. Why such terms? by trifish · · Score: 3, Insightful

    You call it a "genetic disorder", I call it the "evolution".

    1. Re:Why such terms? by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Probably because of all its serious side effects, many of them rather less charming?

      These aren't just "Normal people; but they love everybody and stuff", they suffer from a variety of serious cognitive deficiencies and health problems.

    2. Re:Why such terms? by netsavior · · Score: 5, Interesting

      My daughter has Williams Syndrome. She is 3 and has monthly EKGs, is on a calorie intense diet (because of her extremely small and underweight size). She also has severe dental problems.
      all that being said, she has perfect pitch (can emulate any sound (within reason) she wants to even without hearing it right before (she can pull sounds up from long term memory). She also has a measurably more sensitive sense of hearing (i.e. you can whisper in the other room and she will hear it). She is different, and markedly so, but I cannot say that this is the direction in which all human evolution will flow.

      This is a spontaneous mutation meaning it is not necessarily passed down from parents, although people with WS are 50% likely to pass it on to each child. It is a partial genetic deletion.

      People with WS tend to have Elvish or Pixie features. The disorder was formerly referred to as Pixieism, and is thought (quite convincingly) to be the origin of that type of folklore: Whimsical people who are extremely talented in music, are not socially afraid of anyone and tend to have a "cocktail party personality" in that they can speak to you for hours and not actually get into an "in-depth" conversation.

      My daughter may not have racial bias, but she also does not have stranger-danger... would gladly hug the nice homeless man who is yelling at god and drinking a paper bag.

    3. Re:Why such terms? by tverbeek · · Score: 2, Insightful

      It's "evolution" only if it's a trait that increases the likelihood of survival and reproduction. Not being socially afraid of anybody might increase one's chances of reproducing, but a lack of defensiveness can also open one up to various dangers, the kinds that can remove one from the gene pool before reaching reproductive age. I don't see this trait becoming common.

      --
      http://alternatives.rzero.com/
    4. Re:Why such terms? by netsavior · · Score: 2, Informative

      The social part of the disorder is a small piece of it. The genes that are deleted also cause problems with Elastin production, which leads to connective-tissue abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. In addition vision and auditory issues, as well as dental issues are very common.

      Also no social fear means they will happily sit on santa's lap or go for a car ride with the nice man who "lost his puppy" at the park.

    5. Re:Why such terms? by netsavior · · Score: 4, Informative

      Williams Syndrome usually comes with a below average IQ, ALWAYS comes with connective tissue issues, including moderate to severe heart disease. It almost always comes with a reduced size, and different than "normal" facial features.

      oh yeah and there is some social stuff too :P

    6. Re:Why such terms? by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 3, Informative

      This has the messy details. Highlights include:

      "The majority of individuals with Williams syndrome have some type of heart or blood vessel problem. Typically, there is narrowing in the aorta (producing supravalvular aortic stenos is SVAS), or narrowing in the pulmonary arteries. There is a broad range in the degree of narrowing, ranging from trivial to severe (requiring surgical correction of the defect). Since there is an increased risk for development of blood vessel narrowing or high blood pressure over time, periodic monitoring of cardiac status is necessary. "

      "Most people with Williams syndrome have some degree of intellectual handicap. Young children with Williams syndrome often experience developmental delays; milestones such as walking, talking and toilet training are often achieved somewhat later than is considered normal. Distractibility is a common problem in mid-childhood, which appears to get better as the children get older. Older children and adults with Williams syndrome often demonstrate intellectual "strengths and weaknesses." There are some intellectual areas (such as speech, long term memory, and social skills) in which performance is quite strong, while other intellectual areas (such as fine motor and spatial relations) are significantly deficient."

      There are a number of other potentially nasty medical issues, as well as the personality features that make the sydrome interesting to researchers in human behavior, psychology, and neurology.

      As far as I know, the stuff specifically pertaining to "Racial bias" is completely harmless, and it is pretty fascinating that such a dramatic psychological effect can be caused by a single mutation. The "Lack of social fear" stuff isn't directly harmful; but I'm sure that "developmentally disabled child who loves and trusts everybody, and doesn't recognize social danger signals" goes badly from time to time.

      However, its the cardiac, circulatory, and cognitive issues that really make this one a serious disorder.

    7. Re:Why such terms? by alvinrod · · Score: 2, Insightful

      My daughter . . . would gladly hug the nice homeless man who is yelling at god and drinking a paper bag.

      If anyone ever needed a hug, it would probably be that guy.

      I can understand that your daughter's condition wouldn't have exactly been advantageous during the time of the Huns, but today she'd probably fit in all right and would be a great person to know and be around.

    8. Re:Why such terms? by CannonballHead · · Score: 3, Insightful

      wouldn't have exactly been advantageous during the time of the Huns, but today she'd probably fit in all right and would be a great person to know and be around.

      Ah ... because ... people are morally better now? Girls no longer get kidnapped, raped, and murdered? People no longer become under the influence of substantives which make them more dangerous? (note - I know that not all drugs make you dangerous, but some certainly do impair your judgement)

      Open violence may be less, but people are just as selfish, self-serving, egotistical, and evil. We have gotten good at generally hiding it, since we mostly have everything we typically want, in western civilization anyways.

    9. Re:Why such terms? by netsavior · · Score: 2, Interesting

      it is not a "terrible disorder" as people who are born with it usually (with first world modern medicine) live normal lifespan, and usually (with first world society) can have meaningful jobs and close to normal lives.

      The gifts my daughter has because of her Williams Syndrome are many... but it is not all rainbows and unicorns either.

      what is interesting from a science standpoint is that a simple deletion of some 26 genes of the 7th chromosome can result in extreme, but uniform social difference from neurotypical people. Who would have guessed that a simple gene in charge of elastin would also cause people to mistrust each other, as the deletion causes increased social activity in near 100% of patients.

    10. Re:Why such terms? by netsavior · · Score: 3, Informative

      until the late 1990s it was diagnosed by facial features and behavior. There is a very simple genetic test for it now (it shows up on a FISH test). Due to being in multiple WS societies/clubs I am in contact with many different levels of functioning in people with WS. I know a professional, barred, practicing lawyer who (we are 99% sure) has WS. But there is a big problem with high functioning people getting a diagnosis. WS is still considered to be "mental retardation" even though not all cases result in a below average IQ, so a professional lawyer CANNOT get diagnosed or he risks his license. We have met several people whom a geneticist would Diagnose on sight for sure, just based on the facial structure and eyes (blue with white starburst) but it is not a great idea to get saddled with what amounts to a "retarded" diagnosis, when you are high functioning.

      also co-existance of Autism and WS is common, like 10-20% of subjects who have ws

  3. Devoid of such racial bias by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    They hate everyone equally.

  4. The grey race by hessian · · Score: 3, Funny

    Good. Now we can end racism and breed everyone into one uniform Grey Race that will be the future of humankind. We will preserve diversity by creating uniformity. It will be a victory for equality!

    1. Re:The grey race by f8l_0e · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Reminds me of one of my favorite quotes from the movie "Bullworth."

      "Everybody just got to keep fucking everybody till we're all the same color."

    2. Re:The grey race by gclef · · Score: 2, Funny

      Grey? I think I see your problem: stop sleeping with women from other planets.

  5. Re:That picture looks shopped by dgatwood · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Nah. They just turn sideways with their left arms pointed outwards. And in this particular picture, they also bent their elbows sideways, though this is optional.

    What I don't envy is the person on top of the ladder taking the photo....

    --

    Check out my sci-fi/humor trilogy at PatriotsBooks.

  6. Fascinating by Hortensia+Patel · · Score: 2, Interesting

    If you're intrigued by this sort of thing, there's a fantastic SF short by Ted Chiang called "Liking What You See: A Documentary". It's about the consequences and ethics of suppressing a person's ability to recognise (and thus be biased by) physical attractiveness. One of the best things I've ever read.

    It's collected in his "Stories of Your Life and Others".

    1. Re:Fascinating by Culture20 · · Score: 2, Funny

      If you're intrigued by this sort of thing, there's a fantastic SF short by Ted Chiang called "Liking What You See: A Documentary". It's about the consequences and ethics of suppressing a person's ability to recognise (and thus be biased by) physical attractiveness.

      If you're not in a reading mood, they made it into a movie called Shallow Hal.

  7. Bias is instinctual by ArcCoyote · · Score: 4, Informative

    The fear or distrust of "same as us but not one of us" is common.

    Many species of social animals (mainly larger predators: wolves, lions, etc.. ) act threatened when confronted with a different pack, pride, colony, etc of their own kind... more so than by the presence of a different species (such as humans).

    There's a damn good reason for it too. The group recognizes that other "tribe" of us wants the exact same thing we need to survive.

  8. It's instinctual but not always based on race. by elucido · · Score: 2, Interesting

    When I was a kid MOST of my friends were of different races so I never learned to feel any sort of bias on that level. But I learned the difference between the types of kids who would bully other kids and the type of kids who didn't and I saw the bullies as "them".

    1. Re:It's instinctual but not always based on race. by DomNF15 · · Score: 2, Insightful

      You learned the difference - but our ancestors survived because they instinctively associated "does not look like me" with "will kill and/or eat me", not necessarily "wants the exact same thing we need to survive", as the GP mentioned...

  9. On-line racism test by rwa2 · · Score: 3, Informative

    This is a really cool on-line rather objective test for determining what racial color biases you have:

    https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/

    This really really pisses off people who think they have no prejudice.

    *** Spoiler Alert ***
    To do well on the test (and get a neutral rating), you really have to accept the racial bias you have and actively prompt yourself to counter it.

  10. Languages by aBaldrich · · Score: 2, Interesting

    First, this is no news, I'm sure Wikipedia's article already says this, and more I have a friend with William's Syndrome. She is really gifted in languages: I am 18, and consider myself above average with 5 languages. She speaks 9, and now she's learning Russian.

    --
    In soviet russia the government regulates the companies.
  11. Re:GATTACA by mikael_j · · Score: 4, Funny

    The not so normal part about that is that he wants a daughter...

    --
    Greylisting is to SMTP as NAT is to IPv4
  12. Agreed. by elucido · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Babies prefer to look at people who look like their parents, or who look like they do. It's not because the baby has a concept of race but because the baby probably never has seen someone who looked like that before. If you are a baby surrounded by blonde white people and an asian face is shown to you then you are going to freak out if you've never seen a face like that before even if the face is beautiful.

  13. Re:Bad statistics by Lurker2288 · · Score: 3, Informative

    Do you actually understand the concept of statistical significance? From your use of the word 'insignificant' I doubt you're really understanding what the article is saying. Statistical significance is a different concept from what is typically meant by 'significance.'

    I'm probably oversimplifying a bit, but the error bars on the Williams bar in the figure is sufficiently large to include 50% ('pure chance'). This means that based on the number of children tested, the standard deviation around the estimated mean includes the chance value--therefore, we cannot say with any confidence that the 'true' mean differs from 50% in Williams children.

    In contrast, the error bar around the non-Williams children comes nowhere near 50%--that is, there is no reasonable way that resampling would produce a mean of 50%. Therefore the 'true mean' must be significantly different from 50%--and in this case, it is different in the direction of greater bias.

  14. Re:But race is not a valid basis to form connectio by Kreigaffe · · Score: 2, Informative

    That's completely ridiculous.

    Removing a word for a concept does not remove the concept. People have different skin colors. No amount of wishing will change that fact, nor the fact that we can recognize different skin colors.

    Teaching people to ignore the color of other's skin is dangerous. It's equatable to abstinence-only sex ed.

    Don't teach people that race doesn't exist. That's dumb. Teach that race does exist, but is ultimately irrelevant.

    And, yes, racial stereotypes ARE USEFUL. You meet a random person. They look different than you, and speak in a strange accent. Without the use of racial and cultural stereotypes it would not be possible to conclude where that person is from. There are physical differences between people who come from different areas, and by having a concept of, say, a stereotypical Israeli, or Brasilian, of both physical features and manner of speaking, you are able to determine where that stranger is from. That's just useful information. You can gain knowledge through racial stereotypes. You do not necessarily have to proceed from that point to where you're reaching conclusions about the character of that person based upon that information. It's just that last step there that we have a problem with.

    --
    ... still waiting for this free-as-in-beer free beer I keep hearing about. :|
  15. Asocial behavior? by neosaurus · · Score: 2, Insightful

    I wonder what the implications of a lack of social fear result in. Would these individuals be more likely to commit asocial activities? A lack of fear of being ridiculed might make one of them come up with a radical theory while it might make another commit a crime without thinking of the social implications.

  16. Re:But race is not a valid basis to form connectio by sckeener · · Score: 3, Interesting

    What would happen if there were no word for race is, you'd have some kids who would be considered "uglier" than some others, and these "ugly" kids would form bonds with other kids considered "ugly". This would be the logical conclusion if race were removed.

    Actually if we didn't have the word race, we'd just have France's problem of trying to prove racial bias without using the word.

    Removing words will not solve the problem. It just makes it harder to talk about it.

    --
    "Only one thing, is impossible for god: to find any sense in any copyright law on the planet." Mark Twain
  17. Thats not how my ancestors survived. by elucido · · Score: 2, Insightful

    My ancestors survived by forming a tribe and killing members of the opposing tribe whether they looked like them or not. Tribe is not the same as race. Tribe is a matter of language, culture, and gene pools.

    I'm tribal, I'm not racial.

  18. Re:But race is not a valid basis to form connectio by alan_dershowitz · · Score: 2, Informative

    Actually, tests have been done that check for exactly this. Young children consistently will identify with the an illustration of a person the same skin color of them over someone who has a similar body shape to them/their parents. "Race" is artificial but ethnicity is not. It comes down to kinship, if a person has a different skin color than you, they are very likely not related, and therefore a higher risk. This appears to be built-in.

  19. Re:Bad statistics by RAMMS+EIN · · Score: 2, Informative

    I agree with your post, and thank you for pointing out what statistical significance is.

    Still, there is another interesting point to make.

    ``I'm probably oversimplifying a bit, but the error bars on the Williams bar in the figure is sufficiently large to include 50% ('pure chance'). This means that based on the number of children tested, the standard deviation around the estimated mean includes the chance value--therefore, we cannot say with any confidence that the 'true' mean differs from 50% in Williams children.''

    Exactly, but neither can we conclude that the true mean does _not_ differ from 50% in Williams children.

    In other words, if this is all there is to the study, we can conclude that non-Williams subjects are biased (at the probability level used to determine statistical significance), whereas Williams subjects may or may not be biased. That's a far cry from the absence of racial bias that the summary claims.

    --
    Please correct me if I got my facts wrong.
  20. Re:Geeks, Jocks, Race, are social contructs. by dyingtolive · · Score: 2, Insightful

    What I'm saying is none of these social constructs are based on science

    Cutting you off right there chief. Albinoism is a lack of melanin in the skin. Melanin can be imperically measured... SCIENCE! The color of your skin, your hair color, and the shape of your eyes are not a social construct.

    the group of people they use stereotypes on can just as easily create and use stereotypes as a weapon against them. And I'd go so far as to say this would be the ethical thing to do because the only way to show a bully why something is wrong is to do it to them so they can experience how it feels.

    When the jock gets passed up on a job for being too blonde, too fit, too good looking, he will know how it feels and will learn "THATS WRONG!" and when this happens eventually he will learn "THAT IS BULLSHIT! RACE IS BULLSHIT!".

    Frankly this rant is the kind of nonsenical garbage that I would expect to come from someone who's mommy didn't hug him enough as a child...

    But until he learns that I'm fine with discriminating against him because if someone believes stereotypes should apply to others, it should apply to them as well.

    So why should I hire a racist? If they believe in races over believing in genetics then they are no better than individuals who don't believe in evolution.

    I don't think people are talking about imbred Billy Bob talking about how he "hates thum darkies". At least not with regard to this particular article. I believe they're talking about instinctual subconscious favoritism, which I believe exists.

    As far as I'm concerned they behave as a race, and they think and act alike so the stereotype applies until they decide to grow up.

    So you're racist then, since you seem to hate them?

    The worst thing you can do is simply sit back and let the dumbest most retarded ignorant among us take control of and hijack all the stereotypes, do all the discrimination, and create countless numbers of victims without consequence. So would I hire someone who I suspect to be a racist?

    Indeed, but this isn't helping your argument.

    Sure I'd hire this person, but they shouldn't expect to get a high salary or get promoted, they can be the janitor.

    And this is completely ethical because only the enlightened should be rewarded. Ignorance should never be rewarded and this is the problem with concepts like race, it primarily rewards the ignorant at the expense of the intelligent.

    So you're saying that, without actually knowing for sure, you'd not hire someone on the presupposition that you believe that either they're racist, or you're intimidated by the fact that they're attractive and in shape, and then you go on to accuse THEM of being ignorant?

    Frankly, I'm not sure how to respond, but to be honest, it makes me uncomfortable that you're here.

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