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Voyager Set To Enter Interstellar Space

Phoghat writes "More than 30 years after they were launched, NASA's two Voyager probes have traveled to the edge of the solar system and are on the doorstep of interstellar space. Today, April 28, 2011, NASA held a live briefing to reflect on what the Voyager mission has accomplished — and to preview what lies ahead as the probes prepare to enter the realm of the Milky Way itself."

59 of 362 comments (clear)

  1. Let me say by milbournosphere · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Congratulations to the engineers working on the original project all those years ago. I couldn't fathom designing something like this with the toolset they had 30+ years ago. Props to them for creating a set of probes that are still relevant 30 years after their launch.

    1. Re:Let me say by www.sorehands.com · · Score: 3, Insightful

      An example of reliable code and engineering.

      It is a shame that programmers and engineers do not design and code their products so that they will be reliable.

      How many times did they have to reboot Voyager?

    2. Re:Let me say by Pseudonym+Authority · · Score: 5, Insightful

      It may have been a less advanced toolset, but the mindset back them was what really made it work. Back then, anything was possible, even expensive research unlikely to have any direct benifits. Now? If it isn't going to make a profit next month, trash it. Fuck the modern era. We did more with slide rules and determination than we do now with modern technology.

    3. Re:Let me say by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny
      You know, they weren't club-wielding savages in loincloths back then.The most important tools they had back then were:

      1) A university system that wasn't designed to maximize profit therefore bringing in anyone into EE. Only actual engineers made it back then. The engineer working on the other system wasn't a dumbass.

      2) Computers and software were simpler and easier to understand instead of the morass of chaotic, barely-functioning layers of unknown code we have today.

      3) They had SPICE back then!

      4) Plenty enough technology to do what was needed.

    4. Re:Let me say by syousef · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Does every conversation on slashdot have to turn into a tirade about how stupid and frustrating and awful and shoddy and worthless and disappointing and shitty and aggravating and horrible windows is? We know already! It's also despicable and unreliable and saddening and ugly and untrustworthy and pernicious and inadequate and etc etc etc...

      Take your blinkers off. It's not just Windows.

      --
      These posts express my own personal views, not those of my employer
    5. Re:Let me say by md65536 · · Score: 4, Funny

      But the modern version would automatically update its Twitter account from space!

    6. Re:Let me say by FlyingGuy · · Score: 3, Informative

      More then likely written in pure Assembler or Machine Code. Hand Debugged, Hand Optimized back when software engineers were programmers in the very real sense of the word.

      Although unconfirmed AFAIK the whole thing is run on a RCA CDP1802, also known as the COSMAC (Complementary Symmetry Monolithic Array Computer) and at this moment the entire spacecraft runs on +/- 275 watts of power at 30 Volts DC which is pretty damn amazing.

      Put that in your god damn JVM/Python/PHP/Erlang/Lang De Jur pipe and smoke it ya damn weenies!

      --
      Hey KID! Yeah you, get the fuck off my lawn!
    7. Re:Let me say by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Insightful

      And as we all know, spice is an important part of space travel.

    8. Re:Let me say by slew · · Score: 5, Informative

      How many times did they have to reboot Voyager?

      In case you didn't know, it wasn't a reboot, but there was a problem where they actually did have to live patch the voyager 2 computer last year for a bit-flip problem...

      Of course this was discussed previously

      Although that's impressive, in general, the SW architecture of voyager is quite complicated and fragile, and during the operation, several mistakes have been made one of which caused the primary receiver on Voyager 2 to be accidently shut down, never to work again (so it's relying on a backup which has a faultly frequency tuning circuit which they compensate in software).

      It's really only heroics which keep these probes up and running. The original engineering, while impressive, is really not the thing that's keeping things working now...

    9. Re:Let me say by infolation · · Score: 2

      The gold phonograph contains a recording of the brain waves of a young woman in love.

    10. Re:Let me say by stuckinarut · · Score: 4, Informative

      Genuinely a brilliant lifetimes work, here's a nice write up by the LA Times on Ed Stone the Voyager lead scientist.

    11. Re:Let me say by datapharmer · · Score: 2

      My Dad gave me his record player from the 70s. It is a direct drive pioneer, and works just fine to this day. It also didn't cost $1,000 - not even when adjusted for inflation. I asked him, but he said he didn't own a DVD player back then, but the 16mm films he has still play fine too. They didn't cost $1,000 either.

      --
      Get a web developer
    12. Re:Let me say by ObsessiveMathsFreak · · Score: 2

      They also loved in an age where beating the Soviets in science and technology was considered more important than building the next iDink consumer device, or concocting some alchemical algorithm for market traders.

      The best talent available to us is being wasted on pointless commercialism.

      --
      May the Maths Be with you!
    13. Re:Let me say by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Web 2.0 sucks too. Like now on slashdot if I feel like reading an article without logging in because I'm on a different computer or for whatever reason, I can't make the slider move so that I can see all the comments. I have to click on each one to expand it. But I like to read without having to opt in to read every comment. It's a lot more effort and detracts from what I want to do, which is concentrate on reading the comments (ALL the comments), without having to keep my hands on the mouse pad to click on each hidden comment. Why do the slashdot editors want to take away my choice of how to read the site, forcing me to log in, forcing me to undergo artificial delays before posting if I choose not to log it? Slashdot was much better in the old days :(

    14. Re:Let me say by The_REAL_DZA · · Score: 2

      You know, they weren't club-wielding savages in loincloths back then.

      Stone knives and bearskins, son, stone knives and bearskins. And that's the way we liked it, too! None of this mamby-pamby object-oriented whoopsiedoodle; we entered our code changes by tapping out ones and zeros under a microscope (optical, of course, you insensitive clod!) using a cat's whisker. Why, I'd give you a real old-school lesson in how-to-get-it-done-and-done-right-the-first-time-ness, but I've gotta go chase some darned kids outta my yard!!

      --


      This space intentionally left (almost) blank.
    15. Re:Let me say by Toam · · Score: 5, Funny

      "Just passing Uranus LOL"

    16. Re:Let me say by nanospook · · Score: 2

      You had a keyboard? We didn't have one, we just tapped the two wires together in morse code to control the keypuncher monkey thing..

      --
      Have you fscked your local propeller head today?
    17. Re:Let me say by Nursie · · Score: 5, Insightful

      "It is a shame that programmers and engineers do not design and code their products so that they will be reliable."

      Speak for yourself.

      Some of us take pride in our work and write fast, reliable software that runs on servers for multiple years without interference.

    18. Re:Let me say by Daniel+Dvorkin · · Score: 2

      we entered our code changes by tapping out ones and zeros under a microscope (optical, of course, you insensitive clod!) using a cat's whisker

      You had cats?

      --
      The correlation between ignorance of statistics and using "correlation is not causation" as an argument is close to 1.
    19. Re:Let me say by yodleboy · · Score: 2

      they are all designed to wear out. We usually throw on a DVD each night when we go to bed. We would set the sleep timer on the TV so it would power off, but the poor DVD players had no such option. They'd finish the movie, then spin the disk all night long displaying the menu. Inevitably, they'd burn out. We've probably gone through 7 or 8 dvd players in the bedroom. When we decided to throw a blu-ray player in there we did what we SHOULD have done from the beginning. We got a timer for the outlet and set it to kill the power for 5 min every night at 1 AM.

      Would I have paid more for a dvd player with bomb proof internals, sure. Unfortunately, we tried a range from $25 dollar cheapies to a $200 one and there was never any rhyme or reason to how long before failure. The shortest time was about 3 months, the longest probably 2 years for a midpriced one we got at Frys.

      So, in the end we've found a way to stop eating players (that and watching a lot of netflix helped) . HOWEVER this could have all been avoided with a few lines of code to add a sleep timer, or to turn the thing off if it's been sitting at the root menu for more than an hour would have gone a long way and I was always frustrated that no DVD player seemed to have this. Of course, the faster it dies (without being TOOO soon and ending up a warranty item) the faster you pay to replace it...

    20. Re:Let me say by Surt · · Score: 2

      I have never owned a dvd player without those features. I think you had particularly bad luck in your choice of players.
      My current main dvd player is 7 years old, and we leave the discs in pretty much always. It powers down after an hour of idle I think.
      (Toshiba btw).

      --
      "Who is the Journal of Quantum Physics going to believe?" --Stephen Hawking
    21. Re:Let me say by Mogusha · · Score: 2

      Would probably be even more expensive given the number of features implemented in Windows.
      The voyager probe code was most likely entirely purpose written, which is much easier to manage than something like windows which is designed for third party programs and tries to allow for general purpose computing.
      Although, there are a few things that could be done to improve some reliability, even in old c++. Although I'm sure there might be difficulties with platforms other than x86. Like using -1 instead of 1 as "true". Thereby having all 1's set instead of a single bit which, in theory, could change.
      But in reality, there's probably more issue with programmer's bugs than hardware issues.
      One major question that I have had is why has the standard library not been expanded over the years. Code reuse is one of the best ways to reduce working bugs in pretty much all code. Although that's probably a result of many patent and IP issues. :/

    22. Re:Let me say by flappinbooger · · Score: 2

      Yet ... to get philosophical, achieving true longevity in a design isn't simple, is it? Is it luck? Brilliance? Trial and error?

      My point is that the fact that the thing is still on at all deserves quite a lot of credit to the original engineering. Even if it is fragile and has required work to keep going - it is still ... on.

      Who deserves more credit? The guys that have figured out the system updates and changes to KEEP it going, or the people that designed the thing so well in the first place that it has lasted long enough so that there is a thing to even keep going?

      --
      Flappinbooger isn't my real name
    23. Re:Let me say by schnell · · Score: 2

      the mindset back them was what really made it work. Back then, anything was possible, even expensive research unlikely to have any direct benefits.

      I think what you really mean is that the Cold War funding climate made it possible for politicians to vote to fund those things. Today, with Moody's on the threshold of downgrading US credit, nearly every state running massive deficits and every penny of the Federal budget being fought over, you're damn right that no politician in the US is eager to fund "expensive research unlikely to have any direct benefits." And frankly that may not be a bad thing. Maybe one of those other countries that I keep hear is beating the US soundly in science can fund that research for a change while we return to solvency, and we can all benefit from the knowledge.

      --
      "95% of all Slashdot .sig quotes are incorrect or completely fabricated." -Benjamin Franklin
    24. Re:Let me say by Malnar · · Score: 2

      It is called planned obsolescence: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence

    25. Re:Let me say by Holi · · Score: 3, Funny

      Lets just admit I should never post on slashdot after going to a 5 hour wine tasting

      --
      Sorry, teleporters just kill you and then make a copy. A perfect, soul-less copy.
    26. Re:Let me say by syousef · · Score: 4, Insightful

      You paid the equivalent of $700 for that setup. Did you pay that for your current media or audio center? People just barely pay that for a game console with an expected life of less-than-5 years.

      Yes, for the whole setup. A full stereo, not just a CD player. That included a tuner, turntable, 2 speakers, an amp, and control panels including an equalizer. The CD player was probably worth $200-$250 of that $700. And you would pay that today for a good Blu-ray player. Blu-ray now is at about the same point that CDs were when I bought in.

      So your quote of $1000 for a DVD player is a huge and ridiculous exaggeration. Quality control does not increase price by 2 orders of magnitude, and old tech gets cheaper as factories tool up and familiarity is gained with the ins and outs of the format.

      And I wasn't the only person that bought it.

      True. They would not have become ubiquitous otherwise. However, that market really wasn't sustainable, was it? Not in light of how many more people paid for cheaper versions of it. As time goes by, the desire to upgrade these components will go up as new fancy ways to use digital processors become fashionable. Again, this is the market dictating this, not the manufacturers. If it were the latter, we'd still have all those little repair shops all over the place like we did in the 80's.

      The market is quite sustainable. People haven't stopped buying gadgets. More people are able to afford them etc.

      The reason that you had little repair shops all over the place was that it cost more to replace than to fix. One reason for that was that quality control hadn't been thrown out the window. Today a manufacturer will put out shoddy rubbish to save $2 a unit. Most customers would pay an extra $2 for something that worked properly and lasted so blaming the consumer is just ridiculous misdirection. The blame lies squarely with manufacturers who refuse to back the quality of their products and instead compete on price point. The first few shoddy products ruin that manufacturer's reputation and they find they can no longer compete on quality.

      --
      These posts express my own personal views, not those of my employer
    27. Re:Let me say by IntentionalStance · · Score: 3, Interesting

      A friend of mine led the development team that built the onboard software for the Huygens probe. The QA cycles they went through would be insane for any normal project.

      For example they gave the compiled code to a completely separate team and got them to reverse engineer the specifications.

      This uncovered a Y2K bug in the ADA runtime that the code was built on

      As the test driven development mantra goes - test until you aren't scared any more
      Knowing that your code will be run once and only once in production, there's no second chances and that the box it's running on is some 10's of light hours away makes you rather easily scared

    28. Re:Let me say by IntentionalStance · · Score: 3, Insightful

      It may have been a less advanced toolset, but the mindset back them was what really made it work. Back then, anything was possible, even expensive research unlikely to have any direct benifits. Now? If it isn't going to make a profit next month, trash it. Fuck the modern era. We did more with slide rules and determination than we do now with modern technology.

      Nope re the mindset back then. I was coding for living back then and the ratio of good developers to bad developers is still pretty much the same now. Go and read the Mythical Man Month. What's sad is not that 'we were better at this stuff in the good old days' but that we, as an industry, haven't learned how to do things better having had 30 years of practice.

    29. Re:Let me say by Hognoxious · · Score: 2

      They also loved in an age

      Ah yes, the 1960s. Peace, man!

      --
      Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
    30. Re:Let me say by roman_mir · · Score: 2

      A university system that wasn't designed to maximize profit

      - false. The university system was always designed to maximize profits. What they did not have was government giving loans left right and center, thus increasing the demand in nominal terms, while destroying the currency and forcing tuition fees up, while simultaneously driving savings and thus the investment capital out to other places, that wanted that capital more and weren't punishing people for success in business. The only driving force behind innovation is need that comes out of the market and causes manufacturers to compete. When you have government money simultaneously increase the demand while shifting supply elsewhere, expect that other place to increase innovation and wealth, while your place only to increase consumption and debt.

    31. Re:Let me say by sjames · · Score: 3, Interesting

      It all comes down to money. If you outsource your development to the lowest bidder and even try to beat a few more pennies out of their offer, you'll get a steaming pile. If you keep screaming "more coding faster!", you'll get a big steaming pile. Chase your best and brightest away with poor management and crazy bureaucratic proceduralism and you'll be lucky if the code is decentish.

      If you willingly spend $100/line of code and ASK when it will be done rather than TELLING when it will be done, it'll be near bulletproof.

    32. Re:Let me say by sznupi · · Score: 2

      In my times, the cats didn't domesticate humans yet - so we had to scavenge whiskers in the dens/etc. of the beats, with great risk to life... and many sacrifices.

      --
      One that hath name thou can not otter
    33. Re:Let me say by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      In case you didn't know voyager 2 already does have a twitter account which is updated regularly.

    34. Re:Let me say by Mr.+Underbridge · · Score: 3, Funny

      If you willingly spend $100/line of code and ASK when it will be done rather than TELLING when it will be done, it'll be near bulletproof.

      So how is morale on the Duke Nukem dev team, anyway?

  2. I know by deodiaus2 · · Score: 2

    I saw it on Star Trek, TMP!

  3. Re:Just wait by txoof · · Score: 3, Funny

    I for one look forward to meeting our new Whale Loving overlords.

    --
    This one's tricky. You have to use imaginary numbers, like eleventeen... --Hobbes
  4. won't fly forever by melikamp · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I bet Voyagers won't fly forever. When space travel become cheap and safe enough, they will be seen as collectible items, and will be recovered. The two golden records will probably become the most expensive records money can buy.

    1. Re:won't fly forever by SJHillman · · Score: 2

      Only if the RIAA claims they own the copyright to them... and we know they will

    2. Re:won't fly forever by iluvcapra · · Score: 2

      Several of the compositions on the record are protected by master rights and were licensed specifically for the record, which is why you can't buy a CD of the Voyager Golden Record -- the recordings aren't licensed for sale.

      RIAA doesn't own the copyright to any music.

      --
      Don't blame me, I voted for Baltar.
    3. Re:won't fly forever by The_REAL_DZA · · Score: 2

      RIAA doesn't own the copyright to any music.

      Just the souls of many unfortunate artists.

      --


      This space intentionally left (almost) blank.
    4. Re:won't fly forever by ArmchairGeneral · · Score: 2

      Well if aliens do indeed find the disc and come to Earth with it, I hope their first greeting from us isn't a subpoena.

  5. not yet by chowdahhead · · Score: 3

    They have a long way to go until they leave the Kuiper Belt and really reach the edge of our solar system, but impressive none the less.

    1. Re:not yet by Jeremy+Erwin · · Score: 4, Informative

      You're probably thinking of the Oort Cloud.

      From the wikipedia

      In August 2009, Voyager 1 was over 16.5 terameters (16.5×1012 meters, or 16.5×109 km, 110.7 AU, or 10.2 billion miles) from the Sun, and thus had entered the heliosheath region between solar wind's termination shock and the heliopause (the limit of the solar wind). Beyond heliopause is the bow shock of the interstellar medium, beyond which is interstellar space, a vast area where the Sun's influence gives way to that of the Milky Way galaxy in general. At this distance, light from the Sun takes over 16 hours to reach the probe.

      The Kuiper belt extends from 30 AU to 55 AU.

    2. Re:not yet by jd · · Score: 2

      The end of the heliopause is sometimes considered the end of the solar system. Any Kuiper Belt or Oort Cloud objects further out are blasted by the galactic winds at that point, they experience nothing from the solar system bar gravity and even Alpha Centauri experiences that.

      --
      It's a small world and it smells funny; I'd buy another if it wasn't for the money; Take back what I paid (SoM)
    3. Re:not yet by iluvcapra · · Score: 2, Insightful

      Every two years or so Voyager \d crosses the (heliosheath | heliopause | bow shock | edge of the cosmic wind | edge of the Oort cloud | ... ) and this arbitrary boundary is used as a pretext to run off a press release.

      --
      Don't blame me, I voted for Baltar.
  6. Re:Just wait by md65536 · · Score: 3

    The real challenge will be dealing with the alien race of machines who interface with it and set out on a destructive journey toward Earth in order to contact its creator.

  7. Re:What exists beyond? by txoof · · Score: 4, Informative

    Radio Lab has a great episode interviewing Ann Druyan, Carl Sagan's widow, regarding her part in developing the sound recordings for the voyager mission. She beautifully captures the art and love inherent in such an awesome act of science and exploration. If you have a free few minutes, you won't be sorry you listened.

    --
    This one's tricky. You have to use imaginary numbers, like eleventeen... --Hobbes
  8. Re:Beautiful by olsmeister · · Score: 2

    Funny you would use a vacuum tube in ... a nearly perfect vacuum....

  9. Re:Beautiful by FlyingGuy · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Best part is that if the tube cracks because of some thermal stress from years of heat cycles... Still in a vacuum! bonus

    --
    Hey KID! Yeah you, get the fuck off my lawn!
  10. Re:Is V'Ger tied in with the Borg? by Hamsterdan · · Score: 2

    According to "The Return" by William Shatner, yes...

    http://memory-alpha.org/wiki/V'Ger#Background_information

    Makes more sense anyways than when they tried to explain why Klingons looked different in the train-wreck that was ST:Enterprise...

    --
    I've got better things to do tonight than die.
  11. Voyagers, thank you for what you have given me by Slutticus · · Score: 5, Interesting

    The Voyager probes are approximately three months younger than me. All my life, I have followed the magical images and data these probes have been sending back to earth. In fact, it was the first images of saturn and jupiter that inspired me to be a scientist. It wasn't the pharma industry in which I work now. It wasn't the lure (lie?) of riches received for making the next big discovery. It was those probes, hurling through space sending back the most fascinating shit my young mind had ever witnessed. I spent almost my entire youth with my head buried in encyclopedias and books about astronomy, all made possible by Voyager 1 and 2. In the end I chose a different science path, but who knows...I could have ended up being a financial analyst (**shudders**)

  12. Re:How long till by PPH · · Score: 3, Funny

    Forever is a pretty long time, If something is physically possible, eventually it will happen.

    I know of several supermodels that will disagree.

    --
    Have gnu, will travel.
  13. the brain waves of a young woman in love by SigmoidCurve · · Score: 2

    I'm glad they didn't decide to record the brain waves of a young *man* in love... those would certainly make the aliens skeptical about ever visiting us.

    "What did we learn from this Golden Record?"
    "From what we can tell, we're dealing with a race that can't concentrate, constantly listens to The Smiths, worries about its hair looking right, broods pensively throughout the day, and fears never knowing the right things to say."
    "On second thought, let's head out to Ursa Minor and see if we can find any intelligent life over there."

    --
    Dictionaries are for loosers.
    1. Re:the brain waves of a young woman in love by phantomfive · · Score: 2

      And you somehow think that the thoughts and feelings of a woman in love are more rational? Oh young one, the things you have to learn.

      --
      "First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
  14. How Long ? by mbone · · Score: 4, Informative

    It's not aimed at any other solar system, and the times involved are such that we can't predict what's going to happen very well.

    In places like Wikipedia you will read things like

    "in about 40,000 years [Voyager 1] will pass within 1.6 light years of the star AC+79 3888 in the constellation Camelopardalis."

    but this is highly misleading. 1.6 light years is almost 1000 times further away from that star than either Voyager is from the Sun right now, so it won't in any sense be "in" that stellar system.

    Worse, stars travel (relative to each other) at ~ 0.001 c, so even in 40,000 years all the nearby stars will move around by 10's of light years. We can estimate stellar velocities reasonably well, but their accelerations are very poorly measured, and so, after a few million years at most, we really don't know which star will go where.

    The bottom line is, it will be millions of years before any of these spacecraft get as close to another star as they are now, and we have no idea which star that will be... ... unless, of course, our descendants pick them up and put them in a museum somewhere, which is what I would predict.

  15. OBL: When I was a boy ... by powerlord · · Score: 2

    When I was a Boy by Frank Hayes:
    Videos:
    Faster Paced: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnUFfy9ZhoE
    Really Slow Paced: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1fBd7UbQPA

    Lyrics:
    http://www.stevemacdonald.org/lyrics/wiwab.html

    When I was a boy our Nintendo
    Was carved from an old Apple tree
    And we used garden hose to connect it
    To our steam-powered color tv.

    But it still beat that ancient Atari
    'Cuz I almost went blind, don'tcha know,
    Playing Breakout and Pong on a video game
    Hooked up to the radio.

    And we walked twenty miles to the schoolhouse
    Barefoot, uphill both ways,
    Through blizzards in summer and winter
    Back in the good old days.
    Back when Fortran was not even Three-tran
    And the PC was only a toy
    And we did our computing by gaslight
    When I was a boy.

    When I was a boy all our networks
    Were for hauling in fish from the sea--
    Our bawd rate was eight bits an hour (and she was worth it!),
    And our IP address was just 3.

    And you kids who complain that the World Wide Web
    Is too slow oughtta cut out your bitchin',
    'Cuz when I was a boy every packet
    Was delivered by carrier pigeon

    And we walked twenty miles to the schoolhouse
    Barefoot, uphill both ways,
    Through blizzards in summer and winter
    Back in the good old days.
    Back when Fortran was not even Two-tran
    And the mainframe was only a toy
    And we did our computing by torchlight
    When I was a boy.

    When I was a boy our IS shop
    Built relational tables from wood,
    And we wrappered our data in oilcloth
    To preserve it the best that we could.

    And we carried our bits in a bucket,
    And our mainframe weighed 900 tons,
    And we programmed in ones and in zeros
    And sometimes we ran out of ones.

    And we walked twenty miles to the schoolhouse
    Barefoot, uphill both ways,
    Through blizzards in summer and winter
    Back in the good old days.
    Back when Fortran was not even One-tran
    And the abacus? Only a toy!
    And we did our computing in primordial darkness
    When I was a boy.

    --
    This space for rent. All reasonable inquiries will be entertained at proprietors discretion.
  16. AMAZING Nuclear Power (RTGs) by wisebabo · · Score: 2

    Wow, 275 watts of power FOR THIRTY YEARS (actually I think it was substantially higher at the beginning, exponential decay and everything).

    This is in a device with no moving parts, about the size of a microwave oven (I think, but maybe that's just one of them), able to operate in interstellar cold and Jupiter's radiation belts, not to mention the vibration and acceleration of liftoff. Oh, and it has to survive an explosion on the pad or accidental re-entry!

    If these things were cheap enough, we could use them to power our cars! (fat chance, the plutonium in them makes them highly appealing to all sorts of bad people)

  17. Re:Beautiful by Brett+Buck · · Score: 2

    Hate to break this to you, but almost all high-power RF transmitters at these sorts of frequencies use vacuum tubes, space or otherwise.