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Apple Patents Tech to Stop iPhones Filming in Venues

An anonymous reader writes "A patent application filed by Apple, and obtained by the Times, reveals how the software would work. If a person were to hold up their iPhone, the device would trigger the attention of infra-red sensors installed at the venue. These sensors would then instruct the iPhone to disable its camera."

52 of 391 comments (clear)

  1. Deja Vue by ColdWetDog · · Score: 5, Informative

    Haven't we been here before?

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    Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!
    1. Re:Deja Vue by znu · · Score: 2, Interesting

      For that matter, do we really need another round of people who don't like company X attacking company X for filing a patent on something they object to, pretending not to understand that tech companies never implement 90% of what they patent? Seriously, remember those articles about Apple patenting OS-level advertising that locked people out of their computers until they watched it? Seen any Macs or iOS devices doing that lately?

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      This space unintentionally left unblank.
    2. Re:Deja Vue by interkin3tic · · Score: 2, Interesting

      Except that last one was general to all cameras, this one is specific to iphones.

      Maybe the application for patenting it on all cameras maybe got turned down. It seems like trying to patent anything but the sun gets approved, but maybe some government official realized that if Apple has the exclusive rights to this valuable censorship technology, that could prevent it from being rolled out. Maybe Steve Jobs would say "Okay, you've made it mandatory that all cameras have this in them, so now I have a monopoly on the whole camera market. You'll now have to pay $1000 for a legally-approved 4 megapixel compact camera." So everyone would just buy unapproved cameras and their dastardly plans would be ruined. Thus, the government had the broader patent application denied.

      I consider this to be the most likely explanation. You can spout off about slashdot editors being careless, but we both know this is clearly the fallout of a fight between two forces of evil.

    3. Re:Deja Vue by Raenex · · Score: 3, Insightful

      For that matter, do we really need another round of people who don't like company X attacking company X for filing a patent on something they object to, pretending not to understand that tech companies never implement 90% of what they patent?

      Why are you apologizing for objectionable behavior? If I drew up 10 objectionable plans, and only implemented 1 of them, does that excuse the other 9 somehow? Here's an idea: Don't draw up the objectionable plan in the first place. If you do, expect some grief over it.

    4. Re:Deja Vue by JonahsDad · · Score: 2

      Too much prior art.

    5. Re:Deja Vue by JAlexoi · · Score: 2

      Owning an Apple device, never disappoints! They even think for you and disable things "you don't need"...

  2. I see no way this can go wrong. by rebelwarlock · · Score: 3, Insightful

    There's absolutely no way anyone would ever abuse such technology. Nope. Unpossible.

    1. Re:I see no way this can go wrong. by creat3d · · Score: 3, Insightful

      I hope you're not thinking of law enforcement using such IR transmitters to prevent unwanted filming of unwarranted actions, because that's just crazy talk! You're crazy! Stop it!

      --
      Grammar nazis are to this community what excrements are to gold.
  3. The real counter measure by itchythebear · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Don't buy an iphone if this bothers you.

    I like a lot of apple products, but in this case I think i'll pass on the new iphone.

    --
    If what I just said sounded like a troll, it was probably just a failed attempt at humor.
    1. Re:The real counter measure by tlhIngan · · Score: 2

      The nice thing with this patent is it requires an IR transmitter. What about using visible light? Or RF? Or a coded audio signal? Or ... ?

      Imagine everyone having this technology, but implementing them in patent-avoiding incompatible ways. Then any way to disable the camera would require a whole rack of equipment to be carried around.

      Nevermind all the legacy equipment that'll be incompatible with it (when this comes out, the iPhone 4 will be out of support - it won't get this stuff), etc.

      Of course, it could very well be the plan - make it so inconvenient to carry around a rack of equipment to disable cameras that all recordings should still be allowed. Or maybe Apple's got holdings in film companies (ye olde film camera still works today)...

    2. Re:The real counter measure by flaming+error · · Score: 5, Insightful

      > The solution would be to make it illegal for the police to do that

      1) Whoever wrote that law would commit political suicide.
      2) Enforcing a law against the enforcers of the law can be difficult.
      3) At a time when SCOTUS shreds the Constitution into hamster bedding by repealing Miranda rights, allowing police to enter without a warrant and without knocking, allowing the feds wholesale warrantless surveillance of the entire citizenry, of what use is any law?

  4. Worry when the government starts mandating it by MobyDisk · · Score: 4, Interesting

    The police will love it once this is mandated by law in all phones!

    Back in the day when we all whined that Microsoft was evil, we had *NO IDEA* what evil really was.

    1. Re:Worry when the government starts mandating it by KDN · · Score: 2

      Hm, I sense an aftermarket for infrared filters. I also wonder how long before hackers start leaving infrared transmitters all over the place to annoy anyone with an iphone.

  5. Re:Software patch for "Easy Fix" by Jason+Levine · · Score: 2

    How would you tell the difference (in software) between "no infrared signal because I'm not in a movie theater" and "no infrared signal because I am in a movie theater and someone put tape over the sensor"?

    --
    My sci-fi novel, Ghost Thief, is now available from Amazon.com.
  6. Re:Whew! Thank goodness this can't be circumvented by sandytaru · · Score: 2

    Just hold your thumb over the sensor, that should work.

    --
    Occasionally living proof of the Ballmer peak.
  7. Bad idea ... by gstoddart · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Yes, this story is obviously a dupe.

    But I think as soon as we start making such devices so they are geared to have copyright (and whim) enforced upon you, it's a bad thing.

    Sooner or later, governments or police will be sure that you can't film them doing things they don't want by blanketing the place in IR that says "no recording". And, really, this will be abused both domestically, and abroad. Having the ability to shut off recording devices remotely is a horrible idea.

    This is caving in way too much, and continues the trend that sooner or later we won't be able to have general purpose computers because rights-holders figure they're all going to be used to steal their stuff.

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    Lost at C:>. Found at C.
  8. Re:Enjoy your by itchythebear · · Score: 2

    ohhhhhh, I see what you're insinuating. The iPhone is like a golf course... Although I don't know if I'd refer to beverage cart girls as guards, you must be playing golf at a different country club than me.

    --
    If what I just said sounded like a troll, it was probably just a failed attempt at humor.
  9. Re:Apple Favoring Corps? by just_another_sean · · Score: 2

    Or even scarier, Apple favoring Cops over users.

    --
    Creationist Textbook Stickers Declared Unconstitutional by CowboyNeal
  10. Jobs should call Gates by CLaRGe · · Score: 2

    Gates understood, according to his testimony in the Clinton Justice Dept case, that it only takes one mistake to wipe a company out. This comes right on the heels of the location scare. This could blow up into "next they'll shutdown cameras during a Rodney King beating", and iPhone becomes the Brave New World gateway device.

    AAPL must come out quickly and deal with this, otherwise this news could send customers and devs right into Android's welcoming arms.

    --
    http://10CentMail.com - the Amazon SES app.
    1. Re:Jobs should call Gates by gstoddart · · Score: 5, Insightful

      This could blow up into "next they'll shutdown cameras during a Rodney King beating", and iPhone becomes the Brave New World gateway device.

      And, given that I'm one of the people saying that ... I personally fail to see how this technology wouldn't be abused.

      Apparently, you can't publish pictures of the friggin' Eiffel tower, because some company owns the copyright on the lighting. Concert promoters will be all over this. Fireworks. Buildings. Public art. Free Speech Zones. Governments who have no qualms abusing their people (ok, that's all of them).

      As someone who tends to carry a camera around an awful lot, the idea that someone else can disable that is a little worrying ... if I'm in public, and if I can see it, I'm entitled to take a picture of it. I don't give a damn that some idiot asserts he owns the copyright to a building ... I'm not copying the building, I'm taking a picture of my experiences.

      Sure, Apple can use this to negotiate better deals on iTunes. But, speaking as someone who actually owns some Apple products ... if they think I'm going to accept a limitation on when I can use my camera, they're horribly wrong.

      This just puts too much power in the hands of people who I don't place any trust in.

      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
  11. this is why i dont buy Apple by FudRucker · · Score: 2, Insightful

    they are so damn sycophantic its pathetic, i dont want some over-priced crappy phone obeying big brother

    --
    Politics is Treachery, Religion is Brainwashing
  12. Re:Software patch for "Easy Fix" by Digital+Vomit · · Score: 2, Funny

    The iPhone 5 will have tape sensors around the IR sensors.

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    Modern copyright is theft of culture from everyone and it retards the progress of the useful arts and sciences.
  13. Soon to be installed on law enforcement vehicles by crakbone · · Score: 2, Insightful

    Mainly in Florida, Boston and Compton, California

  14. Re:Easy Fix by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Informative

    The camera is the receiver... So if you cover the receiver it's not like you are gonna be recording anyway.

    PROTIP: turn on the camera on your phone, then point the emitter of an IR remote (such as TV remote) at the lens. Press a button and see the magic!

  15. Re:this is great for law enforcement by Thud457 · · Score: 2

    this + this = paparazzi-proof . Sell 'em to celebs for $2500 a pop.

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    the preceding comment is my own and in no way reflects the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

  16. A Good Patent by KPU · · Score: 4, Insightful

    This is dumb. Patenting it will prevent others from being dumb in a similar way.

  17. Re:Soon to be installed on law enforcement vehicle by night_flyer · · Score: 2

    and in "townhall" venues where politicians often make fools of themselves

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    Thanks to file sharing, I purchase more CDs
    Thanks to the RIAA, I buy them used...
  18. Fuck Apple by MacGyver2210 · · Score: 2, Informative

    Buying (or even finding and using) an iPhone is saying that Apple is right to do stupid shit like this. Please, please PLEASE be smart, and vote with your wallet.

    The iPhone means no freedom to use your purchases as you want, and no avenue for recourse because "whatever they say, goes". Buy something else.

    --
    If the only way you can accept an assertion is by faith, then you are conceding that it can't be taken on its own merits
  19. Back on topic... by cayenne8 · · Score: 5, Insightful
    Ok, and exactly WHY as a iPhone customer, would I want such 'feature' on my phone?? Rather limiting I'd say.

    I don't want my electronic gadgets to be told what to do by other sources....I want it up to ME what I film and don't film,etc.

    So, when the cops are beating someone, will they be deploying or wearing these nifty IR devices to prevent us, the general public from filming them?!?!?

    I mean, aside from the lameness of this, fixing a problem that isn't there....what about the abuses of this?

    --
    Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
    1. Re:Back on topic... by netsharc · · Score: 2, Interesting

      No, customer.. you will take it up the butt because that's what the MAFIAA wants.

      Isn't it also the fact that BluRay players need extra CPU power just because it has to decrypt the disc content, and probably re-encrypt it for the HDMI stream, which your display unit then needs to have CPU power to decrypt? Geez, I wonder who's paying for all that hardware?

      Yeah... yet another confirmation Apple is working for the evil assholes.

      --
      What time is it/will be over there? Check with my iPhone app!
    2. Re:Back on topic... by icebike · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Ok, and exactly WHY as a iPhone customer, would I want such 'feature' on my phone?? Rather limiting I'd say.

       

      Exactly so. What a huge sales disincentive.

      Far be it from me to suggest Apple is doing something altruistic, but let me toss this out there:

      Were they doing us all a favor by locking up this technology so that venues couldn't deploy it and/or demand it on all smart phones?

      Seems vaguely possible, since without wide adoption in all handsets, this technology is useless, and won't be deployed anywhere. A patent is actually counter productive in the eyes of the venues and rights holders, as it limits the ability to deploy this.

      Apple themselves would have little incentive to add yet another cripple feature in their phones considering that the competition would add no such thing. Unless Apple lobbied for smartphone exclusion zones, with the iPhone given a pass there would be no market incentive for this feature.

      So why patent something that would be a huge sales disincentive if actually deployed?

      Some middle eastern countries are cracking down on photos in public places, but I doubt they have a big enough market for this.

      It makes no sense.

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      Sig Battery depleted. Reverting to safe mode.
    3. Re:Back on topic... by Culture20 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      You would be when you find out you cant take a picture of your friends at a venue. You would post a question to apple.com forums, and it would be deleted. You would then post another question, thinking you made a mistake posting the first one, and your forum account would be banned. Then you'd google the problem and find this and other articles.

    4. Re:Back on topic... by houghi · · Score: 2

      Why? Because it is an iPhone. More explanation here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FL7yD-0pqZg

      --
      Don't fight for your country, if your country does not fight for you.
    5. Re:Back on topic... by smooth+wombat · · Score: 2

      In how many places, at how many times, can it be "illegal" to snap a photo, or to record a video?

      Concerts (unless told otherwise), Smithsonian exhibits (flag, first lady dresses, similar other exhibits), museums for certain exhibits, shall I go on.

      Movie theaters are not public places. They are private places which allow the public in subject to certain rules. Not taking a video of a movie is one of those rules.

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      We will bankrupt ourselves in the vain search for absolute security. -- Dwight D. Eisenhower
    6. Re:Back on topic... by timster · · Score: 3, Insightful

      No reason, except that the fact that you bought an iPhone, is itself a statement that you desire electronics which serve other parties' interests in preference to your own.

      This is such a misguided statement that I don't even know where to start. You really aren't thinking that through.

      I think the problem here is that Slashdotters are always comparing Apple's successful mass-market products and services to some Stallman-esque ideal service that doesn't exist -- or, worse, falling for some transparent marketing (like thinking the PS3 was a great console because it "ran Linux").

      In the case of the iPhone, it's worth remembering the cell phone market that existed before iPhone 1.0. Those devices were entirely beholden to the interests of your cell phone provider. If they had an app store (and many did) it would be controlled by your provider. If they could play music, your provider would determine where you could get that music from. Your phone would be loaded up with crapware out of the box, again controlled by your provider.

      For typical users the iPhone is way more open than the previous situation. iTunes allows music from virtually any source and any music you buy there will work on any modern device. Although there are restrictions on the app store, it is far more open than the previous carrier-curated equivalents. Music services like Pandora/etc, video services like Netflix, etc are available without having to pay any any additional monthly fee to your provider. I think it's absurd to suggest that the only reason anyone would want access to the Apple app store is because they don't care about their own interests.

      So now you're comparing to Android, and I guess you think you have your utopia platform, but I'm here to disagree. If you're rational about the parties involved in Android, you have to see the way the product is designed to serve their interests over yours:

      1. The carriers. With Android carriers gain more control over the software delivered on their phones than is available with iOS. Some carriers abuse this, others do not; the point is that they have additional power over the user and they are going to use it if it serves their needs. This is why it's not surprising that the carriers have stocked so many Android phones in their stores and pushed them to their customers. When people say that Android is "open", what they mostly mean is that the carriers have control.
      2. Google. Android on the Google side is conceived as a powerful platform to sell the users to advertisers. While Apple runs an advertising platform, iAd, that is optionally available to app developers, no ads from iAd appear on the device unless a user installs an app that uses it. In contrast, Android phones are deeply integrated with Google's very profitable ad-supported services -- GMail, Google search, Google Maps, etc. For Google, the user is not the customer; the advertisers are. So whose interests are being served here?

      We can argue all day about whether it matters who the customer is, but I think it does. I prefer to pay for things myself rather than be sold to someone else, partly because I don't trust myself to be immune to the influence of pervasive advertising. If I wanted to run something on the iPhone that wasn't allowed on the app store I'd just jailbreak it, like Android people do when their carriers lock the phone down. So far I haven't encountered such a need.

      --
      I have seen the future, and it is inconvenient.
    7. Re:Back on topic... by Runaway1956 · · Score: 2

      Nope, nope, and nope. I don't believe that there is a criminal law concerning photographs taken during concerts. Museums? Again - are you talking criminal law? Come on - you're talking about "terms of service" kind of "agreements", when I asked about "legal".

      Hey, I DO NOT agree to have my camera confiscated, disabled, or blocked if I go to a concert. Nor do I agree to refrain from snapping photos of anything I might see at a museum. Everyone carried cameras on our class trips in school!

      --
      "Windows is like the faint smell of piss in a subway: it's there, and there's nothing you can do about it." - Charlie Br
    8. Re:Back on topic... by node+3 · · Score: 2

      But whether this way of looking at it makes sense or not (I think it's disgusting), you know that the device is hostile to your desires (if not hostile to your ultimate interests of getting along with others).

      Apple's customers are their users. That's where they get their money from. This is in contrast to, say, Google, whose customers are the advertisers, and their users are the product.

      The flaw in your argument is this: the FSF nerd is not Apple's target demographic. *YOU* want something that almost no one else wants. Apple wants to sell things that are more desirable to more people. In fact, it's *YOUR* desires that are hostile to the wants and interests of the average person. If you had your way, people would be struggling with systems they can't understand, or simply foregoing technology altogether. If you want to call something disgusting, I submit something like that as Exhibit A.

      You see, people just aren't all that interested in open source. They'd rather have something that works well than have access to the source code. Complete control over their hardware and software is something they can never have no matter what the license, so of course they will give up a theoretical benefit in exchange for a very real one.

      The outrage over this story is especially twisted. It's a *patent*, not an actual iPhone feature. There's no reason to expect Apple to implement this.

    9. Re:Back on topic... by 2short · · Score: 2

      Yes, the iPhone is comparable to a heavily locked-down Andoid phone.

      Which is why I have a non-locked-down Android phone, and I "guess I think I have my utopia platform" since neither of your disagreements apply.

      "With Android carriers gain more control over the software delivered on their phones than is available with iOS."

      Carriers have less control because Apple keeps the control. Wow, that's great for me.

      iPhone: as open as Android if you only consider Android phones the carrier locked down as much as the iPhone. Also as open as various other not-very-open things.

      If you don't care about it being an open platform, fine. But your suggestion that people who do care should think the iPhone is fine because there are other similarly closed platforms out there is weird. There are perfectly excellent, far more open platforms available too. So I'm going to keep buying them and thinking they are better by my criteria, because they are.

  20. Move Along, Citizen. by zigziggityzoo · · Score: 3, Insightful

    How long till cops put these on their cars, or make some belt-attached version to stop citizen recordings?

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    Zing!
  21. This is one patent I want Apple to win. by TavisJohn · · Score: 4, Insightful

    And I want Apple to defend it with all the power it has... So that only Apple devices are blocked and all other devices are unaffected.

    1. Re:This is one patent I want Apple to win. by smellsofbikes · · Score: 2

      And I want Apple to defend it with all the power it has... So that only Apple devices are blocked and all other devices are unaffected.

      As if. Apple will get this, then they'll license it for an enormous sum to all the other cellphone companies when the Apple and police lobbies manage to get mandatory implementation of this enshrined in law.

      --
      Nostalgia's not what it used to be.
  22. Re:How the mighty is falling... by amicusNYCL · · Score: 2

    Eh.. not so much. Windows is the more free and open one.

    I know, it sounds weird to me too.

    --
    "Our two-party system is like a bowl of shit looking at itself in a mirror." - Lewis Black
  23. This patent already exists by itamblyn · · Score: 2

    I remember thinking it would be useful to use the SSID of wireless access points to issue commands to cameras to disable things like the flash (useful in an art gallery for instance). It turns out there are already a whole bunch of patents which have been issued in the last 10 years which cover this idea.

  24. Re:Deja Vue-Meaning You're Wrong Again by Nom+du+Keyboard · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Ah good call. I should've checked the source first, too. Fox never gets anything right.

    Fox gets far more right than you'd ever like to admit. Anytime you say "always" or "never" you're automatically wrong. Fox News is worth watching for the stories that they uncover that the rest of the media tries as hard as possible to Ignore. If you want to remain in your blissful ignorance you can ignore FN, since it is only for those who want to be as informed as possible. Without FN you might not have heard about this story at all.

    --
    "It's the height of ridiculousness to say for those 9 lines you get hundreds of millions."
  25. Re:Software patch for "Easy Fix" by tibit · · Score: 2

    Wait a minute. The CMOS (not CCD IIRC) image sensor in the iPhone samples very, very slowly. At 30Hz, tops. The signal, to avoid problems with interference from flashing incandescents, etc, must be much faster than that. Think kilohertz. Probably the transmitter in the venue use standard 30-something kHz carrier used by remotes. You cannot sense this with a general purpose CMOS image sensor. You need a dedicated photodiode. Now of course they may go crazy and integrate a beam splitter in front of the image sensor to grab light for the diode, so that if you blind the photodiode, the image sensor is blinded too. This may add too much cost, though, so I'd think they'd slap the photodiode right next to the camera, but not in its optical path.

    One thing I worry about is what sort of a transmitter optical power you need to make it reliably work. You don't want to scorch the retinas of someone who uses binoculars, for example. For that matter, there are binoculars with photo and video recording built in, even ones that look like old fashioned theater binocs ;)

    --
    A successful API design takes a mixture of software design and pedagogy.
  26. Police by Kamiza+Ikioi · · Score: 3, Interesting

    So, instead of police busting up iPhones when they shoot someone down in their car, they'll just flash your phone with some twisted Men in Black device?

    Yet ANOTHER reason I'll never go back to an iPhone.

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    I8-D
  27. Re:Software patch for "Easy Fix" by HTH+NE1 · · Score: 2

    And that's why when you patent an interdiction technology, you should also patent the method for defeating that technology. That way you can sue everyone for infringement.

    BTW, TiVo stumbled upon something similar accidentally. A Series2 or earlier TiVo that needs to control an external tuner via IR cannot not do so if it is being exposed to infrared light. It delays sending the signal until the common IR signaling bus is clear. So if you had IR remote repeaters that were prone to RF interference, you might not record what you had intended. Since it was the TiVo being affected, not the cable box, no amount of tenting the cable box would help. (One recording of mine didn't change the channel for 55 minutes, so I only caught the last 5 minutes of the program.) This however wouldn't qualify as prior art.

    --
    Oh, say does that Star-Spangled Banner entwine / The myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's vine?
  28. Re:Easy Fix by HTH+NE1 · · Score: 2

    PROTIP: turn on the camera on your phone, then point the emitter of an IR remote (such as TV remote) at the lens. Press a button and see the magic!

    That is in fact useful for determining whether it is your remote or the IR sensor in the device that has gone bad before investing in a replacement remote (particularly if it is a Sony device).

    --
    Oh, say does that Star-Spangled Banner entwine / The myrtle of Venus with Bacchus's vine?
  29. Re:Deja Vue-Meaning You're Wrong Again by Dragonslicer · · Score: 2

    Fox gets far more right than you'd ever like to admit

    Well played, sir.

  30. Re:Back on topic... Alternate patent use by strength_of_10_men · · Score: 2

    I'll be the first to admit that I'm no Apple fan, but maybe... just maybe they're patenting this so that no one else can do it, thus effectively keeping this "innovation" from ever seeing the (infrared) light of day. Kind of like a defensive patent.

    No rule says that they have to put this into any product. Or am I just too optimistic?

  31. Re:Thought Crime by node+3 · · Score: 2

    It's just an invention that they are making a legal claim of ownership of.

    They do this so that they may at some point make use of it. They made decide not to. The fact that they see potential in it is the problem.

    Yet another apologist.

    Sorry, being able to discern between reality and fantasy does not make one an apologist.

    Reality is Apple has countless patents that they never make use of. Reality is some companies reward or otherwise encourage employees to submit patents. Reality is simply having a patent, even one a company never intends to use, can be of strategic value. Reality is, this is an invention, worthy of patenting.

    And reality is, iPhones don't do this now.

    It's definitely possible, but makes little sense, for Apple to implement this patent. Acting like they are going to is not rational.

  32. Re:Thought Crime by node+3 · · Score: 2

    Nevermind the fact that companies like Apple patent things they never implement.

    They patent things because they may want to implement them.

    That's *a* reason. Another reason is that someone else might want to implement them. Another reason is that a camera maker, like Kodak, might want to sue Apple, and such a patent would give them leverage.

    Oh, btw. A camera maker (Kodak) is suing Apple right now, and camera related patents would have helped Apple greatly.

    Another reason is that it's an invention, and it's always nice to have a patent on an invention, even if you see no point in it right now. Another reason is employees get incentivized to take out patents.

    That they may never do so doesn't mean it was OK to file the patent in the first place.

    You've yet to show how it's not OK to patent an invention like this. Apple customers are voluntary. This patent will not force anyone to buy a product which uses this patent.

    Right now that's true, because no product uses this patent. And in an unlikely, but possible future, it's true because no one has to buy an iPhone.

    If I drew up specific and actionable plans to bomb your house, you would object without me acting on it.

    Yes, if you intended to kill me, I'd do much more than object to it. But just talking about it (like you just did) is not the same as having any intention whatsoever of actually doing it.

    I know the difference between what exists and what does not exist.