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AC and DC Battle For Data Center Efficiency Crown
jfruh writes "AC beat DC in the War of the Currents that raged in the late 19th century, which means that most modern data centers today run on AC power. But as cloud computing demands and rising energy prices force providers to squeeze every ounce of efficiency out of their data centers, DC is getting another look."
There was an article about using 380 volts a couple weeks ago on /. in the data center.
Having DC brings some benefits, mainly just needing to step down voltage and not have to rectify it smoothly with capacitors to even out the output current.
However, there are some downsides:
1: AC power supplies in devices tend to be more tolerant of power fluctuations. An all DC shop might completely be halted by a power surge/spike that wouldn't bother a data center on AC.
2: DC sparks a lot when connecting/disconnecting. AC has plenty of zero-crossings a second (120 or so), so it won't make the fireworks show when plugging/unplugging. This makes switches rated for DC a lot more expensive than AC.
3: There is no such thing as a NEMA 380VDC connector. So, either items would have to be wired up to a bus bar similar to how 48VDC telco stuff gets, or it will end up like 12VDC with at least 5+ connectors (direct wires, cig lighter, airplane, marine connector, male/female combined connector, motorcycle accessory connector, banana plugs.)
4: Safety. 12 VDC shocks are annoying; a shock from 380VDC will be fatal, especially because of DC's tendency to get muscles to "lock". (This is why stun fences uses AC, while kill electric fences use DC so they can keep the target locked on the wires long enough to get the amps across the heart.)
5: Issues with wire length. AC, it isn't hard to use a transformer to deal with voltage drop. DC, that will be a lot harder.
All and all, 380VDC seems like a solution in search for a problem. We really don't need another standard. Heck, just pointing out 120VAC in the US means I have to doublecheck if I'm dealing with 15 amps, 20 amps, 30 amps, or 50 amps, and the locking versions of each, which means six plug types and minimum wire gauges.
AC is better than DC for transporting electricity because you can convert between voltages with just a transformer.
Which was a winning argument in the 19th century, but not anymore. The use of AC entails significant power loses, especially for cables that are immersed in salt water, which is why DC is used in such situations:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltage_direct_current
Palm trees and 8
It depends.
AC wins out because of ease of conversion, becaues the higher the voltage, the lower the current, and lower the current, the lower the IIR losses in the wire. DC didn't win because at the time, efficient (and cheap) voltage converters didn't exist. These days, a switching DC-DC supply can easily exceed 90% efficiency, and you can get solid-state converters that can handle transmission line powers easily. Hence the launching of HVDC transmission lines which don't have resonant losses and no phasing issues
In a datacenter, you'd probably take the incoming power and turn it into an intermediate voltage like 48VDC per rack or something - something that minimizes IIR losses (you want high voltages) and DC-DC converter losses (ideally you want output voltage and no converter).
It will have to be per-rack at the minimum purely because of the losses - if we did 12V lines and a few servers take 1200W total, we're talking 100A in current If we bump it to 48V, we're dealing with 25A (maybe 30A after inefficiencies), and IIR losses at 25A are lower than at 100A (it increases with the square of the current).
Also, the 100A cables are big and chunky (which you need because they reduce the "R" part of IIR losses).
One of the challenges of HVDC, especially in the transmission/distribution world, is that normal switching happens on the line and not at the breaker. If you can switch futher down the line, you can leave all the people closer to the breaker with power. The issue is that this switching happens while current is flowing which requires that the device interrupts real current. In the AC system this is relatively easy because the arc created by opening a high voltage circuit under load goes out at every current zero. There is no current zero on DC, so you force the interrupting device to break current. An similar situation can be seen if you look at relay contacts. They may be rated at 20A @120VAC but only 0.5A at 12VDC.