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A Piezoelectric Pacemaker That Is Powered By Your Heartbeat

MrSeb writes "Engineers at the University of Michigan have created a pacemaker that is powered by the beating of your heart — no batteries required. The technology behind this new infinite-duration pacemaker is piezoelectricity. Piezoelectricity is is literally 'pressure electricity,' and it relates to certain materials that generate tiny amounts of electricity when deformed by an external force — which, in the case of the perpetual pacemaker, the vibrations in your chest as your heart pumps blood around your body. Piezoelectric devices generate very small amounts of power — on the order of tens of milliwatts — but it turns out that pacemakers require very little power. In testing, the researchers' energy harvester generated 10 times the required the power to keep a pacemaker firing. Currently, pacemakers are battery powered — and the battery generally need to be replaced every few years, which requires surgery. According M. Amin Karami, the lead researcher, 'Many of the patients are children who live with pacemakers for many years,' he said. 'You can imagine how many operations they are spared if this new technology is implemented.' This piezoelectric energy harvester is about half the size of a conventional battery, too, which is presumably a good thing."

84 comments

  1. Before somebody asks . . . by Mitchell314 · · Score: 1

    No, the device does not violate conservation of energy.

    Anyways, nice technology. I hope this really works; so much awesome technology seems to go out as a puff of vaporware.

    --
    I read TFA and all I got was this lousy cookie
    1. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by Trepidity · · Score: 0

      To elaborate, the reason why is basically the same as why a battery-backed UPS charged off mains electricity doesn't violate conservation of energy: it charges off an energy source while that source is still good, in order to use the power in case the energy source cuts off.

    2. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by msauve · · Score: 2, Informative

      No, that's not the reason. A UPS has to be able to replace the full power provided by the main when in use. A pacemaker only needs to provide a small trigger signal, which is much smaller than the output of the heart itself.

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    3. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Except you aren't capturing electrical energy from your heart. The electrical energy provided by the pacemaker is triggering the heart to make use of energy obtained from nutrients and create kinetic energy. Then it diverts some of that kinetic energy to replace the relatively minor electrical energy that was used to create the signal.

    4. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by bakuun · · Score: 1

      No, that's not the reason. A UPS has to be able to replace the full power provided by the main when in use. A pacemaker only needs to provide a small trigger signal, which is much smaller than the output of the heart itself.

      "... which is much smaller than the output of the heart itself."

      Kind of like a UPS and an electric power plant then, yes?

    5. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by msauve · · Score: 1

      No. You're confusing inputs and outputs. A server doesn't generate power to charge the UPS.

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    6. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by Tacticus.v1 · · Score: 2

      More like a usb watchdog that restarts the server if it dies.

      the UPS analogy is very wrong

    7. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by polymeris · · Score: 1

      Seriously? Your comparing this to an UPS the one time a car analogy would actually have made sense?

    8. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Mabye it doesn't violate 'conservation of energy', but doesn't it violate conservation of breathing?

    9. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by demonlapin · · Score: 2

      The problem is that it's really great for one set of patients - kids who have had their heart's natural pacemaker disrupted due to abnormalities that arose during development - but not much use in the larger population of patients who need pacemakers (generally elderly adults with bad hearts), because the adults so often get a combined pacemaker/defibrillator. And there's no way it can generate enough power to defibrillate someone.

    10. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by nazsco · · Score: 1

      you guy are killing each other over analogies... why not make a car one everyone can agree?

    11. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by arth1 · · Score: 2

      I would imagine it must have a rechargeable battery (I'd say large capacitor, but they tout how small it is), or else it would cease to send a signal if your heart skipped a beat, which kind of defeats the purpose of a pacemaker, I should think?

      Anyhow, aren't there other and more reliable methods to generate small amounts of electricity inside the body, considering that the patient's heart is confirmed not to be reliable (or else why implant a pacemaker?). Temperature differentials and chemical reactions to name two.

      I am also not a doctor, but why do they put pacemakers of this nature (i.e. the kind that only ticks the heart and can't provide shocks) in the chest? Why not where it can be easily accessed and recharged, e.g. by an induction charger - the same methods we use to charge toothbrushes and some phones - without having to do surgery to change batteries every couple of years?

    12. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by TheLink · · Score: 2

      OK it's like the electronic engine management stuff (ECU etc) that keeps your car engine running well. As long as the car engine runs, it turns the alternator which supplies energy to the electronics and tops up the battery.

      And just like you can restart a car engine using the stored battery charge, in theory you might be able to use this tech to store enough charge to shock the heart to restart it in case it stops (an ICD with a battery that's kept charged by the heartbeat).

      --
    13. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by ArcadeMan · · Score: 3, Funny

      The UPS analogy is wrong indeed. Let's use FedEx instead.

    14. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by bondsbw · · Score: 1

      How much harder does it make the heart work?

      If the device uses 5% of power from each heartbeat (and I have no clue what the actual number is), that means the heart needs to beat around 5% harder to have an equal effect. Or, the heart beats the same but the blood only pumps about 95% as hard. That could be taxing over a long period of time on a weaker heart (the kind that tend to need pacemakers).

      --
      All my liberal friends think I'm a conservative, all my conservative friends think I'm a liberal.
    15. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by kdemetter · · Score: 1

      As long as the battery is inside the chest, it's going to need to be replaced from time to time ( even if you could recharge it, the battery would deteriorate over time ).

      Funny, the wikipedia picture for piezoelectricity even looks like a heart pumping :

    16. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by sFurbo · · Score: 1

      I would imagine it must have a rechargeable battery (I'd say large capacitor, but they tout how small it is), or else it would cease to send a signal if your heart skipped a beat, which kind of defeats the purpose of a pacemaker, I should think?

      A capacitor would take care of that. A pacemaker uses very little power, so it can be a very small capacitor.

      Anyhow, aren't there other and more reliable methods to generate small amounts of electricity inside the body, considering that the patient's heart is confirmed not to be reliable (or else why implant a pacemaker?). Temperature differentials and chemical reactions to name two.

      The inside of the body have pretty consistent temperature, so temperature differences are not great. A lot of work is being done on chemical reactions, but it doesn't seem to be so easy. It has to be compatible with the body, so the more closed is is, the better. Fuel cells are by definition open.

      Whatever the method, if you can imagine that it could be used to move power to implanted parts, it is being tried. Many of them are making slow, but steady improvements.

    17. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by sFurbo · · Score: 1

      Very, very little. Pacemakers use very little power, on the order nanojoules.

    18. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      it's going to need to be replaced from time to time

      Only if it deteriorate faster than the body it is placed in.

    19. Re:Before somebody asks . . . by Maximum+Prophet · · Score: 1

      Current Ultra capacitors at body temperature have lifespans consistent with human lifespan. I've used several in projects and have yet to see one fail completely, although there may be reduced capacity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor

      --
      All ideas^H^H^H^H^Hprocesses in this post are Patent Pending. (as well as the process of patenting all postings)
  2. YO DAWG! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Offtopic

    YO DAWG! I heard you like keeping your heart beating so I made you a pacemaker that beats your heart when your heart beats!

  3. I think we're alone now by fustakrakich · · Score: 1
    --
    “He’s not deformed, he’s just drunk!”
  4. Solar Powered Lights by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    That's the first thing I thought of. I'd assume it follows the same basic concept.

  5. About that Surgery by 1967mustangman · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Just to be clear the replacement surgery on a pacemaker is almost always done on an outpatient basis with local anesthetic.

    --
    Madre de Dios! Es El Pollo Diablo! -- Captain Blondebeard
    1. Re:About that Surgery by ortholattice · · Score: 2

      Yes, it is outpatient, but it can cost $45,000 to replace the battery.

    2. Re:About that Surgery by drooling-dog · · Score: 4, Funny

      I didn't know that Apple made pacemakers...

    3. Re:About that Surgery by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Electrodes must still be replaced periodically. Over time oxidation takes its toll and sensitivity cannot be maintained,

    4. Re:About that Surgery by erice · · Score: 4, Funny

      I didn't know that Apple made pacemakers...

      Don't be silly. Apple would never allow you to change the battery.

    5. Re:About that Surgery by c0lo · · Score: 1

      I didn't know that Apple made pacemakers...

      Don't be silly. Apple would never allow you to change the battery.

      And neither to develop yourself in a slim shape with rounded corners.

      --
      Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
    6. Re:About that Surgery by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      And it has rounded corners, no bleeding.

    7. Re:About that Surgery by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Well, to be fair there's no serviceable battery for the pacemakers, so in a sense they were out-Apple'ing Apple even before Apple dreamt of doing away with sealed devices. Pacemakers low on battery are replaced as a whole unit, they don't fish them out, change the battery and shoe-horn them in again. The only thing that remains from the previous device are the leads that connect to the heart itself.

      Coming up next, pacemakers with rounded corners!

  6. so why not induction charging? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    ...it's already on phones. why not just tell the patient to wave their cell phone's powermat over their pacemaker for a couple minutes?

    1. Re:so why not induction charging? by Jesse_vd · · Score: 1

      My 93-year-old grandpa can hardly remember his name and address, let's not put him in charge of the pacemaker.

      That and he doesn't have a cell phone you insensitive clod!

  7. Disastrous feedback loop possible. by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 1
    Cool! It can harvest enough energy to at least start the pacemaker signal for the heart cells, but how much standby time would it have in case the heart stops beating for too long? (Remember that rechargeable cells and capacitors slowly decay over time in their charge-keeping ability).

    .

    It's probably not a "defibrillator" type of heart-restarter in case the heart starts fibrillating: defibrillators require too much power in order to be able to "jump start" the heart. (At least I think that's the kind Cheney got). If it's just an automaticity regulator, than a piezo-electric harvester with a good-internal-rechargeable battery / capacitor system might be good for a long time. Don't kids need a redo-surgery as their bodies grow, though?

    1. Re:Disastrous feedback loop possible. by EdZ · · Score: 1

      Defibrillators do not 'jump-start' the heart, they defibrillate (i.e. stop fibrillation). This is often rolled into the function of a pacemaker.

    2. Re:Disastrous feedback loop possible. by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 1
      even so, the amount of power (voltage \times current) required for defibrillation is quite seriously more than the amount of voltage and current required for the basic sino-atrial node pacemaker replacement which only has to start or pace the cardiac electrical cycle when the pacemaker no longer performs adequately.

      .

      What I questioned was the ability of the piezoelectric energy harvester to cannibalize enough power to be able to do perhaps even one defibrillation attempt. This, of course, depends upon the amount of power it stores into the capacitive element used to store charge or the type of electro-chemical rechargeable battery used to store power.

      The disastrous feedback loop I mean is that the heart stops beating, the reserve battery system does not have enough power, and since the heart isn't beating, the piezo-electric system cannot harvest any power to start a defibrillation pulse.

    3. Re:Disastrous feedback loop possible. by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 2
      also, that is why I put the phrase 'jump start' in double quotes as so: "jump start", to indicate that I was making little air-double-quotes around the phrase as I said it, so as to imply "no it's not really jump-starting, it's just resynchronizing the asynchronous non-entrained fibrillation occuring in the myocardiocytes so that once we've jolted them, an entrained signal can propagate in the correct direction and allow the correct temporal propagation of myocardial contractility so as to squeeze the blood through the atria and ventricles unless of course their is some dead myocardium around which a re-entrant circus rhythm can form leading to aberrant cardiac-signal propagation and irregular heart rhythms." But that seemed like too much to squeeze in.

      ;>)

      Anyway, the key point is that the power needs might be great enough that such a mechano-electric harvester might take too long to store enough "juice" to be able to send out multiple defibrillatory stimuli. But I don't know about many of the numbers or parameters/variables involved in this particular system or other systems like it:

      -- how much less power you need to apply directly to the heart as opposed to stimulating with an externally defibrillator applied to the chest wall,

      -- I don't know what the efficiency of the piezo-electric system per heartbeat or the amount of current and voltage generated by it per heart-beat,

      -- i don't know the efficiency of the electrochemical battery system that could be used with it,

      but I'm wondering if it could generate enough power to be useful or not. C'est tout.

  8. Piezoelectric Catch-22 by Revotron · · Score: 1

    So when my heart skips a beat, it will actually skip quite a few? Sounds great, screw testing. Wire me up!

  9. So.. by venicebeach · · Score: 1

    As long as your heart keeps beating... your heart will keep beating?

    1. Re:So.. by tomhath · · Score: 5, Funny

      That's right. It comes with a lifetime guarantee.

    2. Re:So.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Guarantee void in Tennessee.

  10. About time too by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    If you had to replace the battery in a car every time it ran out it would be painfull, thankfully someone invented the alternator that charges said battery when the car is running. When the car stops it is fully charged. Glad to see someones thinking again.

    Now, what if we pop a high efficiency solar panel on to their weak hearted bold spot????

    1. Re:About time too by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      damn it, bald spot

  11. The idea is old. by 140Mandak262Jamuna · · Score: 1

    Back in 1989 when I was doing my masters one of my classmates had this as her project. No hardware, just some conceptual studies, literature survey and a project report.

    --
    sed -e 's/Chuck Norris/Rajnikant/g' joke > fact
  12. unintended consequences? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Some possible repercussions from long-lasting pacemakers:

    * Time to sell stock in pacemaker battery companies?

    * More seriously, a pacemaker can keep you alive long after the time you might wish you were dead already. Here's an excellent article about a senior who was effectively tricked into getting a pacemaker, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/magazine/20pacemaker-t.html?pagewanted=all It kept his heart beating for years after dementia took away all his quality of life.

    1. Re:unintended consequences? by Neil+Boekend · · Score: 1

      Point 2: Not inventing it isn't the solution. Allow for well documented euthanasia (signed contract from deceased if applicable with conditions, for example "When I am diagnosed with dementia, pull the plug.")
      I agree with you in principle, but the method is wrong.
      *Remembers a story about a man who realized he was demented each afternoon and stopped eating because he wanted to die. Each morning he had forgotten it again and took a large breakfast, large enough to sustain him for a day. He was not legally capable of making a decision so he could not choose euthanasia. His son didn't have enough contact with his father to see the problem.*

      --
      Well, I might have a way, but it only works on a semi spherical planet in a vacuum.
  13. In this house we obey the laws of THERMODYNAMICS!! by Slutticus · · Score: 1

    right?

  14. Maybe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    I don't know if straight pacemakers are all that common. My late wife had a pacemaker that was also a defribulater that gives quite a jolt if the heart tries to stop beating. Even thirty minutes after death that thing was still firing away in her chest.

    1. Re:Maybe by gmhowell · · Score: 1

      I investigated the issue back in September. IIRC, about 1/3 of all pacemakers in the US include a defibrillator function.

      --
      Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary. -John Lennon
    2. Re:Maybe by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      We investigate your posts and always see 1 liner replies. Good way to gather mod points for your other accounts that always get down moderated gmhowell. Karma whoring trolls that use multiple registered user accounts are always easy to spot. Especially you, gmhowell.

  15. FUCK YOU! by denzacar · · Score: 0

    As long as my tissues can secrete and pump around any kind of fluid - I want to be kept alive.
    And fuck your stock in battery companies too.

    I'd say fuck the horse you rode in on too, but I'm not into that thing.
    But it's OK. We'll look around, we'll find someone to fuck your horse for you.
    Now fuck off and go die somewhere before your quality of life gets taken away if your beer gets warm while your food goes cold.

    --
    Mit der Dummheit kämpfen Götter selbst vergebens
  16. Re:In this house we obey the laws of THERMODYNAMIC by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Actually the device is powered by your metabolism in the end so no it does not violate thermodynamics. It is like the watches that collect energy as your wrist moves. The interesting question would be if the increased energy demand stresses the heart significantly to warrant concern.

  17. Re:In this house we obey the laws of THERMODYNAMIC by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Are you thinking the pacemaker actually runs the heart? All it does is tell the heart when to beat. Think of it as a metronome that gets its energy from the vibrational energy of the rest of the orchestra.

    dom

  18. Re:First! by Papaspud · · Score: 0

    STFU, you don't have a clue

    --
    Everything above is my opinion....YMMV
  19. Train analogy by dbIII · · Score: 1

    It's like using the vibrations of passing four locomotive coal trains to charge the battery that drives the signal lights, and it's a very busy track with a lot of passing large trains but without much signalling going on.
    Just signals to control traffic, no HUGE battery reserve to run a locomotive starter motor.

    So in other words, a pacemaker and not a crashcart defibrilator, and having the constraint that no battery is allowed at all is not reasonable. It could be seen as deliberately adding a constraint for no reason other than making something fail, but you are not doing that are you? That would be childish and pointless.

    1. Re:Train analogy by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 2
      I did not "add the constraint that no battery is allowed" (quoting you there). Here's the quote of my GP post (quoting me now): "i don't know the efficiency of the electrochemical battery system that could be used with it,"

      .

      I specifically mentioned electrochemical battery there, and in my original post I mentioned both using a capacitor and/or a rechargeable battery. So whomever you're complaining about adding that constraint, it certainly wasn't me. I got no problems with ze batteries, okay?

    2. Re:Train analogy by dbIII · · Score: 1

      You do seem to be looking for kilowatts instead of microwatts though, and a crash cart defibrilator instead of a pacemaker, which can do the same job with a lot more finesse and vastly less current (it's right where it's needed already under the skin and can get the timing right). A constraint of having a battery that could supply what looks like kilowatts from your description is what I was referring to. Early pacemakers were like that but that was probably before both of us were born.

    3. Re:Train analogy by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 1

      Nope, not looking for kilowatts. Look up implanted cardioversion devices, which are implanted pacemakers with defibrillators circuits built in and fibrillation detectors and algorithms built in along with pacing ability.

    4. Re:Train analogy by dbIII · · Score: 1

      Um, haven't you noticed yet that you are getting things wrong and others know a little bit about the subject? If you followed your advice and looked things up you'd find the power requirements are very low (battery life in years). The big deal here is never having to do anything invasive to replace a battery once the device is fitted.

  20. Re: would never allow you to change the battery. by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 1
    Yeah, and I bet you the quality of their stitching and surgical magic would be such that you wouldn't even be able to see when the assembly edges were or where they cut you open. Then again, they don't really like modifying things do they? They tell you plan ahead of time to max out the RAM when you buy their iPeedPaadPodd or ultra-thin-airbook, because you won't be able to change the battery or add RAM to it later.

    Nah, I guess they wouldn't want to operate on you; they'd rather be the OEM that makes you in the first place: humans 2.0, or since it's apple, iHumans 2.0, now with improved resolution and Retina (TM by apple don't use it it's our phrase) vision capable Retinas in each eye!

  21. Solar powered flashlight by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Heartbeat powered pacemaker is as useful as a solar powered flashlight.

    1. Re:Solar powered flashlight by camperdave · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Heartbeat powered pacemaker is as useful as a solar powered flashlight.

      In other words, very useful. The typical flashlight will have a charge time of about 6 hours while providing 8 hours of light. They can penetrate up to 50 meters in the dark, and can be visible up to 2 kilometres. The cell life of the solar energy cells can be as long as 20 years! Exactly what you need in an emergency. Similarly, a heartbeat powered pacemaker can trigger heartbeats (note: trigger, not power. The beat itself is still chemically powered, like all other muscles) for a lifetime.

      --
      When our name is on the back of your car, we're behind you all the way!
    2. Re:Solar powered flashlight by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      The solar cell might last that long but the battery it charges won't. I'm not hating on solar flashlights, but they don't last 20 years unfortunately.

  22. Re:homo decorating tip by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You should read The Zen Gun. Then you know that a single human being is enough to spread around the whole room, living and seeing with the eyes at the opposite walls.

  23. "infinite-duration" by thenendo · · Score: 1

    Sounds kinda optimistic to me.

    1. Re:"infinite-duration" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      agreed, its moving parts, there WILL be wear and tear, just how much over how long I have no idea

  24. defibrillation is low-power by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Remember that this device gets wired directly into the heart. It doesn't have to go through a business suit, dry skin, 6 inches of fat, and an inch of bone.

    1. Re:defibrillation is low-power by girlinatrainingbra · · Score: 1
      Yes, I am aware that this device is wired directly into the myocardium. (And as for externally-applied defibrillators, it's probably usually wiser to remove any clothing getting in the way, and usually you apply conductive gel to the skin to decrease the circuit resistance as much as possible even in an emergency setting).

      .

      Please see the first item in my indented and dashed list above written 5 hrs ago which reads:

      -- how much less power you need to apply directly to the heart as opposed to stimulating with an externally defibrillator applied to the chest wall,

      .

      externally-applied defibrillator to the chest wall, is what I meant to say, I switched applied and defibrillator around, but the meaning is the same. The power comparison I was asking about was power needed to provide pacing/pacemaker signal vs. the power required to generate an adequate defibrillating signal for a long enough period of time.

      Thanks for the feedback. I hope I am clarifying what I said in the original statement. If you know any numbers or pointers/refs for

      (1) the power requirements of a defibrillatory signal for an implanted cardioversion system vs

      (2) the power output requirements for the standard pacing signal at SA node or at multiple sites, I would love to know. Thanks!

  25. Why not? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This device is wired directly into the heart. A normal defibrillator needs to zap right through a business suit, dry skin, 6 inches of fat, an inch of bone, and more. The difference is huge.

    1. Re:Why not? by demonlapin · · Score: 1

      We're not talking about external defibrillators. Try to keep up. You still need a lot of juice.

    2. Re:Why not? by somersault · · Score: 1

      We're not talking about external defibrillators. Try to keep up

      Actually, that's what he was pointing out..

      --
      which is totally what she said
    3. Re:Why not? by demonlapin · · Score: 1

      If your point is that you don't understand how an implantable cardioverter/defibrillator works any better than the AC, mission accomplished, OK? It takes a lot of juice to defibrillate a heart. Piezo-driven current won't do it unless the device from which your piezos capture electricity is the speaker bank at a rock concert.

    4. Re:Why not? by somersault · · Score: 1

      No, my point was that your reply made it sounds like you misread his message. But yes he was also wrong in thinking that this could power a defibrillator, even internally.

      --
      which is totally what she said
  26. Encryption by Neil+Boekend · · Score: 1

    Will this allow for enough power to encrypt the wireless connection these things have?

    --
    Well, I might have a way, but it only works on a semi spherical planet in a vacuum.
  27. Re:In this house we obey the laws of THERMODYNAMIC by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    And it doesn't tell the heart when to beat all the time, either. My father's pacemaker works something like 3% of the time only, at least that's what they told him last time he went for the pacemaker check up.

  28. Zombies by kiehlster · · Score: 1

    Sounds to me like another cog in the wheels of the zombie apocalypse.