IT Job Market Recovering Faster Now Than After Dot-com Bubble Burst
tsamsoniw writes "More new tech jobs have emerged since the end of the past recession than during the same recovery timelines following the dot-com bubble burst and the early-1990s recession. What's more, the unemployment rate among technology professionals is now half that of the national average — with especially low unemployment rates for database administrators and network architects. What's not clear, though, is how many unemployed techies aren't being counted because they've abandoned job searches."
Well, I've pretty much stopped looking. I suppose what I'm doing now counts as a "tech job", but the IT job market sure has lost a lot of appeal to me. Who wants to get chewed up and spit out again?
http://alternatives.rzero.com/
how many unemployed techies aren't being counted because they've abandoned job searches
And similarly, how many job postings really have a job behind them? (As opposed to being a "let's see who's out there" kind of posting.)
the unemployment rate among technology professionals is now half that of the national average
That's because they have changed careers due to the lack of a future demand. Most IT people I know are very driven and do not sit around collecting unemployment while waiting for the jobs to come back.
The dot com bust hit the IT sectory specifically, and followed a huge bubble in which tons of people were found in unnecessary jobs fueled by the gush of easy start-up money.
How can you even compare.
Welcome to Detroit, or really, most of Michigan. The same tech jobs posted over and over by the same recruiters... sorting through positions that say "Michigan" but are really redirects to another state... More invective and frustration... While there are a few good recruiting firms local the international recruiters spam the boards and inbox. Unfortunately the market doesn't support many of us who have skills and can't move out of state for whatever reason(s). I'm looking at taking a position and moving to the area it's located in since most commutes to the few "tech hubs" we have left are 1 to 2 hour drives, ironically I'm 20 minutes away from downtown Detroit but decent tech jobs there are few and far between. - HEX
Horror & SciFi Erotic Nudes
Thank you President Obama!!
Clinton, Gore, Obama. Seems Democrats have the upper hand in technology deployment and job growth.
The dot-com burst was a tech sector bubble.
The current burst is a finance sector bubble.
How's that finance job market recovery going?
The dot com bubble bursting naturally wiped out a lot of tech jobs. And a lot of jobs that were merely idiots with tech-sounding titles.
This current recession was a bank panic on top of a real estate bubble bursting. Not so many tech jobs at stake to start with. I wonder how many of those "new jobs" are just normal turn over for companies, but being counted as the recovery summer we've been hearing about for 3 years.
When you say "left school" are you talking about high school?
On hopes that people have found other jobs rather than being forced to exist on unemployment until someone gives them back what is essentially their old job. That is what recovery is. People finding work and the economy moving forward. I think it would be better if we educated ourselves for a flexible work load rather than a specific and narrow trade. That is why so many PhD students have trouble finding positions.
"She's a scientist and a lesbian. She's not going to let it slide." Orphan Black
Employment in high tech is cyclical - boom to bust, followed by boom again. It seems to happen roughly every 10 years (1991, 2001, 2009 come to mind, but there was another boom around 1980). When employment booms, there's a shortage of skilled engineers and programmers, so companies look to off-shore. Meanwhile, the number of CS students in the US skyrockets. Then those students graduate, and not long after, the industry tanks, the job market softens, and there's a local surplus of skilled workers who are suddenly more affordable vis-a-vis off-shore workers. Seeing the surplus of skilled on-shore workers, companies start "re-shoring" -- bringing jobs back to the US. But lots of unemployed engineers and programmers go on to other things and, seeing so many engineers and programmers out of work, CS enrollments plummet. When the next boom hits, there's a shortage of workers again and the cycle continues.
I am about to abandon job search.
I have an excellent academic profile, I have successfully created my own business, and I cannot get a job because I want to switch to a technology where I don't have 2 years of experience.
I have applied for many graduate jobs as well as junior ones but still nothing.
Well, I don't need the money, so I will be programming some open source which I like...
Just because a job is listed doesn't mean it is a real job opening. Look at Dice, Careerbuilder, Monster, Indeed, and SimplyHired reposting and reposting job listings week after week. Either the position was filled and the listing never removed, or the job doesn't exist to begin with and it's just for collecting resumes for the future.
Did anyone else read the title and thought "Megaupload's downfall wasn't that bad, wasn't it?" Or did Kim's extensive physique just lose structural integrity?
Computer simulation made easy -- LibGeoDecomp
need more apprenticeships that why PHD's can get jobs as they have big skills gaps and to much school.
When you say "left school" are you talking about high school?
He's talking about troll school and has been at slashdot ever since...
Live today, because you never know what tomorrow brings
It's not doing fantastic (5 years in) and I'll be able to retire in a few months if I choose to. I'm 28.
What the hell definition of "fantastic" are you using??
I've got A+, Network+ and MCP and it's still not enough to get the first job in IT? What gives?
The point of this was if your really a "techie" you won't have an income problem short of some other restraint (location, family, etc).
I've stopped looking; but I don't know what else to do. I can't get past the idea that everything becomes surveillance in the end. Even the "fun" stuff is just spying on you. I want to unplug, but I don't know how. I think I'm honest-to-God clinically depressed and am torn between seeking help and thinking that any "help" will just drain my bank account and make matters worse.
I think I have enough energy for one more startup; but it's got to be something worthwhile. Frankly, I'm hard pressed to think of anything new the computer can do that would be worthwhile. Everything out there is some stupid game or surveillance app. I'm 44 yo. I've been thinking of just doing min wage work, maybe learning about food from the ground up, and perhaps getting a nice winery job some day. I think it might be better for me on the long run.
I'm over 50 (just barely).
the agism (in the sf bay area) is visible and intense. my healthcare went up A LOT on my 50'th birthday and I have private HI since I'm not employed now and wasn't when I was 50, either.
companies have to pay higher rates for older employees (I'm pretty sure). they also have more legal hurdles to jump thru when they fire you. in general, they don't like older guys. lots of reasons, with very few of them actually good reasons.
fwiw, if you are in the bay area and approach mid 30's, start thinking about an 'exit strategy'. by mid 40's you should have some idea or plan. I did not and I'm paying the price for my lack of forethought (I really didn't believe this, back when I was still young).
maybe other areas of the country are more accepting of us older guys, but the bay area IS NOT! trust me. yes, there are companies that have grey-hairs there but they are usually the minority and very few of them feel totally secure in their jobs, if you ask them and if they answer honestly.
its a shame. some cultures in the world respect and honor age, experience and wisdom. the bay area, fwiw, is NOT one of them ;(
(I wish I could speak one of the asian languages or be able to move there; I am told that the eastern part of the world still DOES honor and respect age and experience.)
--
"It is now safe to switch off your computer."
In California the developer job market was really rough after the dot-com crash. For family reasons it was not practical to move out of state. I even started asking for minimum wage, but no takers*. It was brutal. I ran into some sleazebags who wanted me to lie, cheat, and steal for $. Sleazebags sure know how to find the desperate.
Between that and the offshoring trend, I started looking for an entire new field to go into. I considered 3D animated graphics for presentation to judges and juries in court cases, such as car accident simulation. A new trend at the time. Fortunately the Calif IT industry recovered to some degree after waiting out the storm. But it was the worse few years in my entire life. I still have nightmares about that period.
There are no guarantees in life; take nothing for granted.
* Not an intentional quote from Simon & Garfunkel.
Table-ized A.I.
President Obama has been doing what he said he would do and he has begun the long process of bringing the USA back to prosperity.
http://wh.gov/E8zG
"Will calculate derivative interest for food"
Table-ized A.I.
the agism (in the sf bay area) is visible and intense [...] its a shame. some cultures in the world respect and honor age, experience and wisdom. the bay area, fwiw, is NOT one of them ;(
Some cultures care more for communication skills. If you write like that at work, it's not ageism holding you back. At least pretend like your words are worth reading.
You don't have to speak an asian language to be valuable. If you are interested in it, you can make a good living in Hong Kong or China or India. There are a lot of opportunities for people who understand technology and are native English speakers. You can bridge the gap between customers and engineers who speak limited English. You may not make good bay area wages depending on where you go, but you'll make excellent for local cost of living wages.
Man, you really need that seminar!
I hate to burst your bubble but Asia is not some magical land where everyone will love you just because you are old. If you worked for the same company for 30+ years and were still working there, and you were native then you'd get some respect. Some 50 year old guy who just shows up looking for a job, in a down economy, would not be respected for his age and experience. Try to drop the comic book nostalgia about a culture you don't have any real experience with beyond your own imagination.
Thats one of the problems with IT, its a freaking roller coaster, one year your doing good with a big project upgrading the company to the latest and greatest thing. Then another year, often as the big project wraps up, you're out on your ass counting change for gas.
The latest thing always changes, this "hill" is going to the final death of XP, and many people are scrambling to get their decade old systems, software, and data structures up to snuff, once its done they might keep some of the good ones that didnt crack, but most will be back at the bottom of the roller coaster again.
I actually took my hardware with me and gave a demo of it if I was allowed. it never went well, for some reason. I think it put some employers off! they thought 'he's too hardware focused and this is a pure software job'. not realizing that there is over 10k lines of c/c++ code in my embedded project, not to mention the linux host side of things (the ip stack).
I've worked at firms where you can't bring any outside tech/inventions in - doing so puts the company at too much risk. So even in the interview, if you're not focused on solving their problems, hiring managers are not comfortable - they've been schooled by Legal to avoid these situations as bringing you onboard may be a career-limiting move.
Make sure everyone's vote counts: Verified Voting
You don't have to speak an asian language to be valuable. If you are interested in it, you can make a good living in Hong Kong or China or India. There are a lot of opportunities for people who understand technology and are native English speakers. You can bridge the gap between customers and engineers who speak limited English. You may not make good bay area wages depending on where you go, but you'll make excellent for local cost of living wages.
Your advice is great for the 20-30 somethings.
If you're pushing 50, likely you're not going to have that many options to move - you are probably married w/ kids, have too many friends you'd lose, or are to set in your ways to learn a new language and culture without a lot of frustration/loneliness.
Make sure everyone's vote counts: Verified Voting
The U.S. federal government is pretty good in this regard. I'm sure the people deciding whom to hire have certain assumptions about how technical ability changes with age. But they generally don't think about things like a candidate's health insurance costing more.
I'm over 50 (just barely).
the agism (in the sf bay area) is visible and intense. my healthcare went up A LOT on my 50'th birthday and I have private HI since I'm not employed now and wasn't when I was 50, either.
companies have to pay higher rates for older employees (I'm pretty sure). they also have more legal hurdles to jump thru when they fire you. in general, they don't like older guys. lots of reasons, with very few of them actually good reasons.
fwiw, if you are in the bay area and approach mid 30's, start thinking about an 'exit strategy'. by mid 40's you should have some idea or plan. I did not and I'm paying the price for my lack of forethought (I really didn't believe this, back when I was still young).
maybe other areas of the country are more accepting of us older guys, but the bay area IS NOT! trust me. yes, there are companies that have grey-hairs there but they are usually the minority and very few of them feel totally secure in their jobs, if you ask them and if they answer honestly.
its a shame. some cultures in the world respect and honor age, experience and wisdom. the bay area, fwiw, is NOT one of them ;(
Do you want to improve your quality of life? I would advise you to leave the Bay Area.
I'm saying this as someone who is 50 & has left "Man Jose."
... a lot of frustration/loneliness.
Welcome to /.
I heard Japan does honor and respect age, but it is not true in India. Definitely not in the IT industry (when I say IT, I include software development as well). Every product company publicly talks about how they want more "senior people" in technical ladder, but in reality, very few believe or support much. Managers will always be nudging you to gain more "visibility" and show more contribution. Even if you do the work of 5 people at your work, it will not count. Instead if you just don't fuckup the regular job, but talk bs or write a white paper (that nobody reads), you will be considered a super star. Because you know the managers want "well rounded" people at senior positions.
I'm much more funny, interesting and insightful than the moderators think
double bubble burst
Try working for the US Government for 50 + years, and still work there, then we'll talk about respect, or lack of
Such a person has a pension being threatened by these foreign banksters in conjunction with an oath breaking senate
Such a person is limited to 3 IFT's a month if they "participate" in the TSP
Such a person is completely powerless to do anything about the unconstitutional crap going on, and has nothing to do with ANY of that crap, but has done outstanding work for the people and yet you likely don't know who they are...they built a lot of things these fucking kids with their computer simulations can't do.
So with 50 years plus good service and the bankster threat, are they about to be tossed under the bus? After all they did it to the MILITARY.
The problem this country has is one of TRUST, and that only get's fixed with the US Constitution as the law of the land.
The fucking oath breaking thugs have to go.
Next dotcom boom is around the corner. Of course, they'll call it something else and make it out to be new and special and unlike anything we've ever seen before. Completely ignoring Zuckerberg's current pump-and-dump scheme and similar idiocy that is textbook what happened during the previous dot com boom.
Although the finance sector bubble may have burst (well for many companies it was a very soft kind of bursting) we now have a new Web 2.0 bubble in which companies without a business model (i.e. Instagram) are suddenly worth _lots_ of money.
So in a few years/months (who knows) this new web 2.0 bubble will burst, and just like we had lots of useless unemployed untalented web designers after that, we'll have lots of useless unemployed app designers then.
Good thing I'm in the mid west I guess. I'm over 40 and find work easily. I also kept my skills up to date and can do anything the younger devs can do.
In my experience, the SF Bay Area also has a bit of an IT reputation of people getting a set of skills, becoming a major prat of a primadona, and then sitting on their laurels expecting to be paid $dollars to do just the bare minimum while trumping up their actual accomplishments into epic deeds of old as fodder for their perpetual job applications. It's very "yes, I touched one of those before" friendly and almost openly hostile towards people who know their topics of expertise backwards and forwards: as long as you can talk marketing bullshit, you're good.
I say this having interviewed dozens of people over the past several years, all in the 25-35 age group. I interviewed a couple grey hairs as well, but if you're in this field in a non-managerial role by the time you're 50, you're probably a bit eccentric - as these guys were. (The eccentricity plus the very real generation gap is a big part of why there's such an ageist approach, I think.)
The Bay Area is, ironically, pretty hostile towards life experience in general, I think. As someone who's only 30 myself - married with 3 kids, college degree, a decade experience, etc.) I found people were openly threatened by me after finding things like this out. (No, I'm not from the Bay Area.)
Also, greyhairs with sense tend to leave the Bay Area and/or retire, so that might be another part of it. Other parts of the country are much more accepting of greyhairs, because outside the urban yuppie areas, people have a more evenly aged, if not elderly-weighted population. Many more people who have real life responsibilities (multiple jobs, extended family obligations, children, harder physical living conditions/weather) tend to make 'little' things like keeping up with the hair dye or buying the latest styles somewhat less important.
~/ssh slashdot.org ssh: connect to host slashdot.org port 22: too many beers
This is why I've always been very opposed to all the macho "work till you drop" garbage that often accompanies tech jobs. If you give up your entire life to the job, how can you get a business going on the side?
If you can't get a business going on the side, how do you eat when you are too old to be employed by a tech company?
When you are young and single, it doesn't seem like such a big deal. Since you are always at work, you don't have time to spend your money and it just stacks up in your bank account. The minute you get a wife and kid though, expect that money to get spent even if you never see the outside of your cube much for months at a time.
Most of the older techies I know have some sort of business on the side. When they finally get "retired" these businesses help support them in addition to what they managed to save while they had regular employment. Often times these are not hugely lucrative, but a little money coming in can make a huge difference. (Also, it keeps your mind in shape and alert.)
Oh, by the way, it's not 100% necessary to speak an Asian language to move to Asia, all of my friends in Asia speak English with a certain amount of proficiency, and they are always at me to move over there to go into business with them. (That was the plan before I got ensnared by a woman, who would never even consider leaving the United States for Asia even if we were starving in the gutter. C'est la vie.)
Still, with the Net I get part time work from my friends in Asia now and then, mostly looking over documents to fix the English grammar and idioms.
"MIT betrayed all of its basic principles."
I did everything "wrong" with my resume. I must have read about 100 different resume "guides" of what not do to. My resume had four different things in it of "what not to do." The sad thing was, my interviewer told me they had been looking for over a year and had a stack of resumes. Mine stood out and I keyworded it. I made a 2 column resume and used a template I found. The left side column was a small column with keywords (VMWare, Security+, Windows Server) and then the right was all of the details. Mine was also in color. The key was, it could be printed in grey scale and legible. I found one other resume in the stack of about 200 that was identical in format to mine. The only difference was my coloring. Even in grey scale mine stood out next to his and no one was the wiser it was the same tempalte. My other problem was I sent the resume the first time to the HR person with cover letter but sent it in a DOCX format. The problem? They only had Office 2000! 2000! I didn't hear anything back so I followed up a few days later with the same resume but in PDF format also. I got a phone call the next evening to come in for an interview. They couldn't open my original resume. After I got hired the interviewer, now boss, wanted me to review the resumes and see if there was anyone else we would like to have. I scanned all of them and the sad things was they were all the same resume template. Nothing stood out. You had some guys with 3 years of work experience and 3 pages. Another guy had a master's degree in Computer Science, multiple certifications. He way surpassed me for skills and qualifications but he could not write. The other kicker for this job? It was listed as a System Administrator job. It turned out I would be the CIO and the only IT guy on staff. Starting salary they wanted to pay, $23,000/year which is laughable. They conceded that they would pay me quite a bit more and although I was on the low side of the averages, I did get a $5,000 raise this past year. If I can average around that every year I'll be right on track to be near the average in a few years.
It has been my observation that "overqualified" means something quite specific.
"Overqualified" means that they know the working conditions are poor, and that you have enough experience to pretty much find another job the minute they start pushing the boundaries of employment to "unreasonable" limits (and they are expecting to). "Overqualified" means you won't put up with a lot of 60-hour work weeks salaried without overtime, you'll actually expect to be able to take sick leave and vacation time (and will complain loudly if you can't), and the ultimate corporate sin -- you may in fact know more than the boss does.
Somebody who's 22 and fresh out of college does not have experience on their side. They don't know that employees have rights, and additionally they don't have the pressures of a potential spouse demanding time and energy (not to mention kids).
They're right about assuming you will jump. Once they put the screws to you, you will, whereas they know they can treat a kid (or an H1B) like absolute shit.
I think it is really good for a late career change. The kids are grown, it's easy to stay in touch with friends, and it's good to get out of your rut. I'm going to seriously consider it if I find myself out of work for a long stretch. I'm in my 40s and wary of my future employability, and the prospect of broadening my horizons is appealing. I'm also interested in retiring abroad where the cost of living is low, this might be a good way to explore that before retirement.
Man, you really need that seminar!
I have not been able to find a real job, i.e. one that pays benefits. I've only been able to find a contract job (paid on a 1099), zero benefits. The company I work for (a very large multinational bank), dumped almost all of their internal IT and outsourced everything to contractors. Everywhere I go around here is filled with contractor after contractor. I long for the days of paid vacations, sick time, medical care, dental care, vision, 401k, and profit sharing.
Watching as an outsider (I live in Europe), I find it interesting that you look at your slave situation as something that everyone should relish and bash the others who boneheadedly insist on having better work conditions. Has the worker brainwashing in America really gotten to this level, where people willingly give up every ounce of their awake time away from family just to be able to live another day while at the same time praising the collusion in the marketplace as the best thing in the world ?
I haven't had a "real" job in over 4 years but I haven't quite admitted that I'm retired from coding/system admin and the techie world in general. I'm 60 and have been coding since 1968. I codded my way through BAL, COBOL, Fortran, C, C++ and Java. I was coding when most of the potential hiring managers I get interviews with were still in diapers or weren't even born. Yet when I get interviews (which isn't very often) the little shits have the balls to tell me to my face that I don't have the right experience. Yeah, I don't have a game console. I could sue the hell out of the bastards for age discrimination (and I'd secretly love to) but where would that get me. Most of my friends are in the same boat - 50 - 70 year old (ex DEC, HP, SUN, IBM ...) "forcibly retired" coders trying to figure out what the next step is. So whenever they say there is a shortage of techies I can seriously answer bullshit. When I interviewed with ^R*t$, for example, the building was full of east Asians and a few Americans, all under the age of 40. Several of my friends have interviewed there but none of us had the right experience.
The bottom line is that corporate greed is going to send the US dominance in technology down the tubes if it hasn't already. Me? I'm trying to sell my services as a painter. At least until I can collect Social Security.
...
"As of the end of Q4 of 2012, the unemployment rate for [computer science and mathematical] professionals was 3.3%, holding steady from Q3..."
...compared with 1.8% in 1983, 1.5% in 1990, 2.7% in 1991, 2.6% in 1992, 2.7% in 1993, 2% in 1994, 1.8% in 1995, 1.3% in 1996, 1.1% in 1997, 1.2% in 1998, 1.8% in 1999, 2.2% in 2000, 3.6% in 2001, 4.9% in 2002, 5.5% in 2003, 4.2% in 2004, 2.9% in 2005, 2.4% in 2006, 2.1% in 2007, 2.6% in 2008, 5.2% in 2009, 4.1% in 2011, and 3.6% for 2012.
So, it's between 2 and 3 times the unemployment rates for these occupations during times of full employment.
"The unemployment rate for DBAs is 1.5%, lowest among all tech-job categories..."
...compared with 3% in 2000, 2.6% in 2001, 2.9% in 2002, 6.6% in 2003, 2% in 2004, 4.4% in 2005, 0.4% in 2006...
"For software developers, a relatively new category in this survey, the rate is 2.9%..."
...compared with 4.6% in 2010, and 3.6% in 2011
and, for software engineers, 1.7% in 2000, 4.2% in 2001, 4.7% in 2002, 5.2% in 2003, 3.3% in 2004, 2.4% in 2005, 2.1% in 2006.
"followed by computer systems analysts at 3.3%..."
...compared with 1.9% in 1983, 1.5% in 1990, 2.6% in 1991, 2.7% in 1992, 3.1% in 1993, 1.8% in 1994, 1.9% in 1995, 1.3% in 1996, 1.1% in 1997, 1.3% in 1998, 1.7% in 1999, 2.3% in 2000, 2.8% in 2001, 4.4% in 2002, 5.2% in 2003, 3.9% in 2004, 3.1% in 2005, 2.7% in 2006.
"Web [weavers, another relatively new category for this survey] (3.5%)..."
...compared with 5.1% in 2010, 4.8% in 2011Q1, 5.6% in 2011Q2, 3.6% in 2011Q3, 4.7% in 2011Q4, 5.9% for all of 2011, 3% in 2012Q1, 4.3% in 2012Q2, 3.5% in 2012Q3, 4.2% in 2012Q4...
"Network and systems admins...4.3%..."
...compared with 1.3% in 2000, 2.1% in 2001, 6% in 2002, 5.3% in 2003, 3.4% in 2004, 3.9% in 2005, 2.5% in 2006...
pointy-haired "computer and information systems managers at 4.3%..."
...compared with 1.6% in 2000, 3.3% in 2001, 5.6% in 2002, 5% in 2003, 4% in 2004, 2.5% in 2005, 2.1% in 2006, 1.3% in 2007, 2.1% in 2008, 4.2% in 2009, 1.6% in 2010...
"programmers have an unemployment rate of 4.6%..."
...compared with 3.1% in 1983, 3% in 1990, 3.5% in 1991, 3.1% in 1992, 2.7% in 1993, 2.1% in 1994, 1.8% in 1995, 1.6% in 1996, 1.6% in 1997, 1.4% in 1998, 2.3% in 1999, 2% in 2000, 4% in 2001, 6.1% in 2002, 6.4% in 2003, 5.8% in 2004, 2.3% in 2005, 2.4% in 2006...
"among computer support specialists, the rate is now 4.9%..."
...compared with 3.4% in 2000, 4.2% in 2001, 5.4% in 2002, 5.4% in 2003, 4.6% in 2004, 3.4% in 2005 and 2006...
and, for computer hardware engineers (which are not included in the aggregate figures for computer science and mathematical occupations) 1.8% in 2000, 2.9% in 2001, 6.5% in 2002, 7% in 2003, 2.1% in 2004, 1.4% in 2005, 1.5% in 2006, 9.3% in 2007Q1, 1.5% in 2007Q4, 2.5% for all of 2007, 1.5% for 2008, 13.9% for 2009Q1, 0.2% for 2009Q2, 1.9% for 2009Q3, 4.6% for 2009Q4, and 5.2% for all of 2009, 14.3% for 2010Q1, 5% for 2010Q2, 2.8% for 2011Q1, 2.2% for 2011Q2, 1.9% for 2011Q3, 2.2% for 2011Q4, 2.3% for 2011 over all, 4.4% for 2012Q1, 0.5% for 2012Q2, 2.8% for 2012Q4 and 1.9% for 2012 over all... which nicely shows the volatility of this data-set.
Read the BLS disclaimer, again, and pass it along:
"Typically, we will not publish percents or medians for occupations or industries with a base of less than 50,000 for annual averages and 75,000 for quarterly averages. However, estimates based on such small denominators may appear in these unpublished tables. (For example, you might check the labor force level to see if it meets these criteria before using the unemployment rate. The labor force -- the sum of the employed and experienced unemployed in an occupation or industry -- is the denominator of the unemployment rate calculation [which means that it neglects those involuntarily out of field and those not currently --