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DOJ: We Don't Need a Warrant To Track You

GovTechGuy writes "The Department of Justice maintains it does not need a warrant to track an individual using location data captured from their cellphone. 'Cellphone location records are currently lumped under Title 1 and Title 2 of the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act (PL 99-508), which cover stored communications and call details. Accessing those types of information typically requires only a court order, rather than a warrant, as is required for the contents of a phone call or digital message under Title 3.' That has prompted Maine and Montana to pass laws banning warrantless cellphone tracking; unfortunately, Congress doesn't appear close to doing the same."

39 of 259 comments (clear)

  1. Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by ducomputergeek · · Score: 4, Insightful

    Ones that say that yes they do need a warrant. Meh, who am I kidding these days...

    --
    "The problem with socialism is eventually you run out of other people's money" - Thatcher.
    1. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by ackthpt · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Ones that say that yes they do need a warrant. Meh, who am I kidding these days...

      No! You are right, we should be fighting for our rights and these secret courts and massive intelligence gathering on the people is nothing short of what the Gestapo was engaged in back in .... ooo, is that a new Samsung GS4 Active?!? Shiny! Want!

      [NO CARRIER]

      --

      A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
    2. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by Mashiki · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Ones that say that yes they do need a warrant.

      I think you've got that one covered already, it's called the 4th amendment. Too bad you guys have spent decades deciding that the Constitution is a 'living breathing document' instead of a foundational document which is immutable. And you have politicians who now run with that, and instead of laws being challenged against the document for a breach against the people, you use the mass of interpretations, and fine legal hair splitting so you get screwed over.

      --
      Om, nomnomnom...
    3. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

      Warrants are meaningless.

      1. the feds just go to their secret rubberstamp court to get them
      2. this case https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_v._Gates made them a joke since an LEO can get one by claiming an anonymous tip.

      Here is how things happen now. Cops and feds use any kind of intrusive and illegal surveillance they want. Then if they don't like you for whatever reason get a warrant based on either national security or an "anonymous tip". Then they kick down your door, rough up your family, ransack your house, shoot your dogs (and you if you dont lick their boots or if they were just having a case of mondays). Then go to court claiming they found evidence which was really obtained through the illegal methods they used earlier.

      Then even if they get caught doing something blatantly illegal there is never any meaningful penalty for the individuals involved. At worst the taxpayers of the municipality pay out a settlement that is trivial compared to the total budget, most of which goes to the lawyers and not to the people who were wronged.

      We currently live in a police state because no practical limitations to the powers of the police.

    4. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by MozeeToby · · Score: 3, Insightful

      Constitution trumps it anyway. The courts have already said that you can't have free speech without anonymity, I think there's an obvious argument to be made that you can't have freedom of assembly without anonymous movement. And that's even ignore the whole search and seizure thing. Apparently what we need is an amendment to specifically call out privacy, because the 1st, 4th, and 9th are not cutting it these days.

    5. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by Proteus · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The 4th Amendment requires due process of law to conduct a search, and Congress has the power to define what that due process looks like. In the case of "stored data", they've decided that "due process" only requires a court order.

      Any 4th Amendment argument that a court order isn't sufficient due process is inherently one of interpretation regarding the intent of the 4th Amendment. This is one of the many reasons why the EFF is making a 1st Amendment challenge to the NSA's accessing of such metadata. The NSA followed established due process (they went to a FISC court and got a warrant), so there's no 4th Amendment claim really (unless you want to argue that the 4th's provisions were not intended to be satisfied by a secret court -- but again, that's interpretation).

      The living breathing document doctrine is not saying that the text of the Constitution is mutable, but that rather as society changes, our interpretation of what it means changes too. This has caused some problems, but it's also the root of a lot of good things, like the decision that the guarantee of "Freedom of speech" extends to all forms of expression.

      --
      We may not imagine how our lives could be more frustrating and complex—but Congress can. – Cullen Hightower
    6. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by RevSpaminator · · Score: 2

      Yeah, because the constitution only applies to houses(?). That idea that the fourth amendment doesn't apply to digital privacy is about as ridiculous as someone saying freedom of press only applies to materials produced on a printing press. (Uh-oh, I hope no one gets any ideas.)

    7. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by Intropy · · Score: 4, Informative

      Due process is the 5th. The 4th is "secure... against unreasonable searches and seizures... and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause...". In short, to search you need a warrant, and for a warrant you need probable cause. Now I suppose in order to obtain a warrant once you have probable cause that could be said to require due process of law.

    8. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by msauve · · Score: 4, Insightful
      Their position is most likely based on Smith v. Maryland (5-3), which allowed the warrantless use of pen registers.

      However, pen registers only record the time, length and number called by the person being monitored. Cell phone records greatly expand the types of data gathered, adding location, incoming numbers (CID/ANI), types of "calls" (voice/SMS/data).

      In Smith v Maryland, they ruled out applying the 4th for a few reasons:

      (a) Application of the Fourth Amendment depends on whether the person invoking its protection can claim a "legitimate expectation of privacy" that has been invaded by government action. This inquiry normally embraces two questions: first, whether the individual has exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy; and second, whether his expectation is one that society is prepared to recognize as "reasonable." Katz v. United States, 389 U. S. 347. Pp. 442 U. S. 739-741.

      With regard to privacy expectations, they found:

      (b) Petitioner in all probability entertained no actual expectation of privacy in the phone numbers he dialed, and even if he did, his expectation was not "legitimate." First, it is doubtful that telephone users in general have any expectation of privacy regarding the numbers they dial, since they typically know that they must convey phone numbers to the telephone company and that the company has facilities for recording this information and does, in fact, record it for various legitimate business purposes. And petitioner did not demonstrate an expectation of privacy merely by using his home phone, rather than some other phone, since his conduct, although perhaps calculated to keep the contents of his conversation private, was not calculated to preserve the privacy of the number he dialed. Second, even if petitioner did harbor some subjective expectation of privacy, this expectation was not one that society is prepared to recognize as "reasonable." When petitioner voluntarily conveyed numerical information to the phone company and "exposed" that information to its equipment in the normal course of business, he assumed the risk that the company would reveal the information to the police, cf. United States v. Miller, 425 U. S. 435. Pp. 442 U. S. 741-746.

      One significant difference these days is that most cell phone carriers have explicit, contractual privacy policies, which do provide a reasonable expectation of privacy (the ruling does address assumptions of privacy, but not explicit promises). And, different from that ruling, the caller does not voluntarily expose location information to the phone company. If one chooses not to have CID (or has no choice), they are not voluntarily exposing calling party information.

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    9. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by chromas · · Score: 2

      is that a new Samsung GS4 Active?!? Shiny! Want!

      [NO CARRIER]

      AT&T?

    10. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by msauve · · Score: 2

      The Supremes are full of such disingenuous logic. The Supreme Court is also the biggest failure of our Constitution. As a federation of States, it should have consisted of something akin to a rotating collection of State justices. The Feds deciding what the Feds can do provides no real check on Federal power. When the Supremes say that "red is green," that's what it is, no matter how obvious that error is to the people. And there's no Constitutional provision to recall or remove them for decisions which clearly offend common sense and logic.

      They've ruled that blacks aren't citizens (Dred Scott), that corporations are (Citizens United), that growing a garden is Interstate Commerce (Wickard v. Filburn), and that taking private property and giving it to another private party is "public use" (Kelo).

      --
      "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    11. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by msobkow · · Score: 2

      Actually I don't believe that the 4th gives Congress the right to determine what "due process" is. The 4th is quite specific about a warrant being required for a search:

      The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

      --
      I do not fail; I succeed at finding out what does not work.
    12. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by BlueStrat · · Score: 3, Informative

      >a foundational document which is immutable.

      According to Jefferson, it never was immutable.

      The constitution is amendable by it's own design.

      That's entirely different from what the OP was discussing in the way of tortured & twisted interpretations of the existing plain language to fit an ideological/political agenda and avoid having all those pesky serfs^W^W^W^W^Wcitizens involved in the process, acting as if their will matters.

      If the US Constitution is a "living and breathing document", then "rights" of any kind have no meaning and the government's power over the citizens is effectively unrestrained.

      Strat

      --
      Progressivism (aka US 'Liberalism'): Ideas so good they need a police/surveillance-state to enforce.
    13. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by b4dc0d3r · · Score: 5, Insightful

      The only time law enforcement needs a warrant is when the only person or organization that has a copy of the data says "no, you need a warrant".

      If you have a vehicle, house, or letter, and law enforcement asks if they can look about, and you say yes, you just waived your rights. If someone has your data, regardless of whether you think it belongs to you or not, and law enforcement asks to see it, that someone can say yes and they just waived their rights. Because someone else has a copy of your data, they can waive *your* rights.

      The problem here is really about how hard a group has to push back. With a National Security Letter, or visit from an agent, or any request other than a warrant, someone has to first say "no" to the request.

      The 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act only comes into play in these situations. I think it's important to consider that all of this hand-wringing is nowhere near the total number of requests that require hand-wringing.

    14. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by Seumas · · Score: 4, Informative

      It doesn't matter. They are right. They do not need a warrant to track you. You know how we can confirm this? They have been tracking everyone. Gathering data on everyone. Violating the privacy and rights of everyone. Constitution and laws and ethics be damned. It doesn't matter. If our existing laws don't apply to them, then new laws won't, either. Make every law you want and their statement will still be correct... they will still not need a warrant to track you.

      Sort of the same way fenced-in "free speech zones" are fucking abhorrent and against the law . . . and yet deployed and enforced, anyway.

      I think any rational person sees how wrong all of this . . . but also how hopeless it is. The only option is to give up and accept it. That is exactly what they want, what they are counting on, and what will ultimately happen.

    15. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by spire3661 · · Score: 2

      I don't care what the company does, my government should not be asking for that data in the first place. I expect them to show restraint and abide by the law we charge them with upholding. 'Thou shalt not troll for crime amongst the citizenry' should be an oath every LEO takes. O wait they already do when they swear to uphold the Constitution.... My government shouldn't be compiling lists and connections and vast meta data on its citizenry. Saying 'bad people do bad things' is not an acceptable excuse.

      --
      Good-bye
    16. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by cffrost · · Score: 2

      Where is a good place to get a blocklist for anti-P2P IP blocking?

      http://www.iblocklist.com/lists.php

      The ones entitled "Level 1" and "Primary Threats" are the most important of the free lists*; they cover government entities, anti-P2P NGOs, major imaginary property "owners"/copyright cartels/litigants and their favorite law firms. Those lists are updated on a near-daily basis.

      Bogon (invalid/future-reserved/private (local)) IP ranges also get hit a lot (at least for me), but I have no idea whether those connection attempts are being initiated by anti-P2P entities, In any case, a phony IP attempting trying to access P2P ports doesn't spell "friendly peer" to me.

      Make sure your favorite trackers** aren't blocked (or make exceptions for them); I also use exceptions for NIST and USNO in order to access their NTP servers.

      * I don't have a paid subscription, but the free lists have (apparently) provided me with a sufficient.
      ** Please be aware that querying trackers*** is a technique favored by anti-P2P entities for harvesting the IPs of their victims-to-be.
      *** Public trackers especially; I don't know how deeply embedded they are into private tracker communities.

      --
      Thank you, Edward Snowden.

      "Arguments from authority are worthless." —Carl Sagan
    17. Re:Then maybe it's time for some new laws... by kilfarsnar · · Score: 2

      "In Obama's America, your phone listens to you."

      Fixed.

      If you think this stuff is limited to one man, or party, you don't understand what entrenched bureaucracy means. Or have you forgotten that they were spying on us under Bush as well, or that Carnivore and ECHELON have been around for decades through multiple administrations?

      --
      "What the American public doesn't know is what makes them the American public." -Ray Zalinsky (Tommy Boy)
  2. DOJ has made the solution quite easy by IWantMoreSpamPlease · · Score: 2

    If they do not want to obey the laws, then neither shall I.

    --
    So rise up, all ye lost ones, as one, we'll claw the clouds.
  3. Re:Turnabout is Fair Play, Right? by SirGarlon · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Turnabout would be to publish a Web service showing the real-time locations of all DOJ employees' cell phones. After all, according to them, that information is not private.

    --
    [Sir Garlon] is the marvellest knight that is now living, for he destroyeth many good knights, for he goeth invisible.
  4. Re:Warrant == Court Order by Baloroth · · Score: 4, Informative

    A warrant is a court order, yes, but a court order is not necessarily a warrant. Warrants generally have a lot stricter rules on when and how they are issued. Specifically, a search warrant requires probable cause. A court order does not.

    --
    "None can love freedom heartily, but good men; the rest love not freedom, but license." --John Milton
  5. Do as a say, not as I do? by asmkm22 · · Score: 3, Interesting

    I wonder how the government would feel if someone were to put up a website that gives real-time information about the location of members of congress, based on cell-phone data? Surely that wouldn't make them feel a bit uneasy, even if there were no publicly-ill intentions, right?

  6. Thank goodness we don't have fascists in change by Picass0 · · Score: 4, Interesting

    I'm so glad we have a two party system where one party is so very obviously good and virtuous and the other is evil for all to see. We should keep voting blindly along party lines based on the rhetoric these people speak rather than looking at their actions.

    I must excuse myself, the Two Minute Hate is about to begin.

  7. Re:Turnabout is Fair Play, Right? by Proteus · · Score: 4, Informative

    No, according to them, that information isn't private enough to require a warrant. It still requires a court order to obtain, and it's not considered public information.

    If you're going to respond to a bad situation, you have to actually understand the real situation, or you're just going to get dismissed as ignorant.

    --
    We may not imagine how our lives could be more frustrating and complex—but Congress can. – Cullen Hightower
  8. Re:Dear DOJ by c0lo · · Score: 3, Insightful

    vote for the first presidential candidate who promises to rock your world

    *crickets*...*crickets*...

    --
    Questions raise, answers kill. Raise questions to stay alive.
  9. Re:We live in a police state. by boorack · · Score: 3, Insightful

    I'm not sure it is possible anymore. Those fucks just obtained right to jail citizens for indefinite time without court order (NDAA injunction has been struck down by Obama's cronies in 13 circuit, and good lock with SCOTUS). US of A 2013 reminds me Germany 1936. Scary times ahead...

  10. Re:Why do the carriers collect this data? by gl4ss · · Score: 2

    it's useful for finding missing people and for solving murders/manslaughters(vehicular).
    of course, then they would have warrant for that. note that it never seems to be used on any reality cop shows from usa for that... but that's what the info is usually used for.

    though, it's always surprising that they still manage to have a major gang and narcotics dealing problems even if they could according to their own reading of the law datamine the shit out of the networks - and yes it would get you hotspots, it would give you regions(block level) where crackheads go buy their crack from and who brings in the shipments from where. having separate phones doesn't help, you would need to never keep them on at same time and their buyers sure don't do the two phone never on in the same cell dance, nobody does. all the surveillance and for shit all nothing except special cases when they feel like it.

    --
    world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
  11. Don't be Stupid by Rob+Riggs · · Score: 3, Informative

    Thanks for trolling. They can (and do) track you based on triangulation to cell towers. GPS is not needed.

    --
    the growth in cynicism and rebellion has not been without cause
  12. Re:Individual members of Congress may grandstand.. by fnj · · Score: 2

    Wrong. A President instituted the NSA on his own. A President could abolish the NSA on his own.

  13. Re:Dear DOJ by MitchDev · · Score: 2

    Yeah, like that candidate:

    A) Exists
    B) Would even try to carry through on his promises
    C) Would be able to get corrupt congress-critters to actually pass anything that helps the problem
    D) Would make it on the ballot without being blasted by "Insane, crime-loving commie" propaganda from the big two parties...

  14. Re:Dear DOJ by CanHasDIY · · Score: 5, Insightful

    Dear DOJ:

    And WE don't need a warrant to vote for the first presidential candidate who promises to rock your world and make sure your out of control ass gets curbed, and to prosecute everyone who failed to honor their pledge to UPHOLD THE CONSTITUTION. In fact maybe the NSA doesn't even need to exist. We won WW2 without you.

    Sincerely,
    voting citizens who have a clue and a care

    Tried it, didn't work - remember "Hope and Change?" Hell, not only did dude fail to uphold his campaign promises, the motherfucker doubled-down on anti-Constitutional activities!

    Don't feel bad, I voted for the bastard once myself.

    --
    An enigma, wrapped in a riddle, shrouded in bacon and cheese
  15. What use is a law in the face of power? by SlithyMagister · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Since governments in general disregard laws with impunity, what difference can it possibly make to pass laws requiring warrants? They will do what they are going to do anyway. The existence of a law will not change this behaviour. The powerful are not constrained by laws, only the weak.

  16. Re:Dear DOJ by fnj · · Score: 2

    Yeah, so let's not even try? Tyranny couldn't exist without attitudes like that, backed up by resignation.

  17. Re:Individual members of Congress may grandstand.. by fnj · · Score: 2

    You are looking at it ass-backwards. Find an honest man with core principles who recognizes the NSA should be abolished, and is otherwise well qualified to be President, and help see him through to nomination and election. If you need a third party, add that to the list of things to do.

    Nothing worth doing is easy.

  18. Ditto on license plates, says ACLU by QuasiSteve · · Score: 4, Interesting

    http://rt.com/usa/aclu-license-plate-surveillance-216/

    The American Civil Liberties Union has released documents confirming that police license plate readers capture vast amounts of data on innocent people, and in many instances this intelligence is kept forever.

    According to documents obtained through a number of Freedom of Information Act requests filed by ACLU offices across the United States, law enforcement agencies are tracking the whereabouts of innocent persons en masse by utilizing a still up-and-coming technology.

  19. Re:One thing you can do by DaveAtFraud · · Score: 2

    Each tower only can report that it "saw" your phone at a particular time and with whatever signal strength. If a tower is saturated, it doesn't have anything. If there are only one or two towers that "see" your phone, they can't accurately triangulate (triangulation needs three fixes). Signal strength can vary a lot depending on intervening ground and other obstacles so two towers ony define an area where you might be (or might have been). Finally, your phone data is mixed in with the gigabytes of data from all of the other phone users whose phones connected to a particular tower and your data has to be extracted and this has to be done for ANY cell tower that might have connected to your phone.

    So that's as easy and accurate as tapping into "my location is lat xyz, lon abc, elevation nnn"?

    Your phone figuring out where it is is a whole different problem from someone who doesn't know where you are trying to find you or track your movements based on which cell towers your phone "sees." Finally, just like with GPS, don't turn on an app that does something like report your location. Typically, the phone won't perform geolocation unless there is something for it to do with the location data. The phone software only wants a cell tower to talk to. If there is more than one, so much the better but that's all the phone needs to operate as a phone.

    Cheers,
    Dave

    --
    They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither safety nor liberty.
    Ben
  20. Re:Individual members of Congress may grandstand.. by PopeRatzo · · Score: 3

    We're the ones who keep voting in people who

    I don't know about you, but I didn't vote for the FISA court, or for the jackoffs on the Supreme Court, or for the head of the NSA or for any of the thousands of congressional staffers who are actually doing the legislating. Nor did I vote for the lobbyists who write the bills, or for ALEC or for the biggest PACs.

    You could blame "the American People" if the elected officials were actually doing any governing. Unfortunately, we have outsourced everything to a bunch of people whose names we do not know and who are not accountable to anyone. That's why it sometimes seems so strange, how the legislative process often suddenly takes such unexpected turns, with last-minute changes and secrecy and obfuscation. I don't know too much about what it was like before the 1950's, but I know for sure that at least since 1980, the people we think of as our elected officials are not the ones running the government.

    --
    You are welcome on my lawn.
  21. Re:Dear DOJ by mark-t · · Score: 2

    The rules are fairly simple in that whoever gets the most votes wins. If enough people really didn't like the "main two candidates" (which by all appearances, generally seems to generally be the case already), and weren't so deathly afraid of what everybody else was going to vote like to risk voting for somebody they might have had more in common with, but think that they don't have a chance of winning (this one's a harder problem to tackle), that the nationwide cumulative effect of enough people of people voting for who they actually *want* could could very well lead to an independent could actually become president (albeit probably still with a minority share of the total votes).

    But of course, it will never happen... because most voters spend far too much worrying about trying to cancel out votes for somebody they really *don't* want in... which is thinking more about how other people vote than how one really wants to vote themselves... and ultimately extremely silly way to exercise a right that as directly as possible puts citizens in charge of who will form their next government.

    The only advantage this style of voting has that I can see is that it doesn't take much effort... plus, one doesn't overly have to worry about feeling accountable for how things turn out afterwards if the person they vote for gets in and happens to start implementing undesirable policies, since such a vote is not really a consequence of a persons' own freely made choice, but instead more of a reactionary consequence to some outside influence that they perceived as a greater and more immediate threat. How can one really be held personally responsible for making what may turn out to a bad choice when at the time, the choice was only made in what seemed to be self-defense?

  22. well regulated by fyngyrz · · Score: 2

    Those words don't mean what you think they mean. Which has caused you to completely misinterpret what the intention was.

    Militia did not mean "national guard" or "army." It meant an armed citizen (male, typically) capable of fighting. You can be sure of this because there was no army or guard at the time. You can also be sure of it because that was how it was defined in law at the time.

    The intent of the 4th is, in fact, to ensure that the citizens are armed.

    While we're at it, "well regulated" didn't mean "lots of laws", it meant "consistently armed and prepared. So much shot, musket, powder, etc." Regulation was used in the sense that a clock is well regulated, consistent, dependable (in fact, a brand of clock at the time was "Regulator.")

    Take a look at the Militia Acts of 1792 in order to shed a little light on what these terms actually mean.

    --
    I've fallen off your lawn, and I can't get up.