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US Gained a Decade of Flynn-Effect IQ Points After Adding Iodine To Salt

cold fjord writes "I wish it was always this easy. Business Insider reports, 'Iodized salt is so ubiquitous that we barely notice it. Few people know why it even exists. Iodine deficiency remains the world's leading cause of preventable mental retardation. According to a new study (abstract), its introduction in America in 1924 had an effect so profound that it raised the country's IQ. A new NBER working paper from James Feyrer, Dimitra Politi, and David N. Weil finds that the population in iodine-deficient areas saw IQs rise by a full standard deviation, which is 15 points, after iodized salt was introduced.... The mental impacts were unknown, the program was started to fight goiter, so these effects were an extremely fortunate, unintended side effect.'"

63 of 270 comments (clear)

  1. The question you are all asking... by Megane · · Score: 5, Informative

    What is the Flynn Effect?

    --
    #naabhaprzrag, #sverubfr-000, #agi-fcbafberq, negvpyr[pynff*=' negvpyr-ary-'] { qvfcynl: abar !vzcbegnag; }
    1. Re:The question you are all asking... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

      I wasn't asking it as I've been taking my iodized salt.

    2. Re:The question you are all asking... by hedwards · · Score: 2

      The Flynn effect has to do with the effect swash buckling has on women, duh.

    3. Re:The question you are all asking... by datavirtue · · Score: 4, Funny

      No, I was busy jumping to conclusions with only a scant amount of knowledge in hand--which was gleaned from the headline and half of the summary.

      --
      I object to power without constructive purpose. --Spock
    4. Re:The question you are all asking... by Black+Parrot · · Score: 2

      The Flynn effect has to do with the effect swash buckling has on women, duh.

      Presumably that's where the expression "in like Flynn" comes from.

      --
      Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
    5. Re:The question you are all asking... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

      Lies.

      Sincerely,
      Master Control Program

    6. Re:The question you are all asking... by avgjoe62 · · Score: 2

      Strong with the /. this one is...

      --

      How come Slashdot never gets Slashdotted?

    7. Re: The question you are all asking... by similar_name · · Score: 3, Informative

      Actually, it is "in like Flynn". The movie was also spoofing the saying. However, it is common for people to think is "in like Flint".

    8. Re: The question you are all asking... by Macgrrl · · Score: 2

      The movies in question are well worth a look if you like the whole Bond genre, even funnier if you've watched and enjoyed Hudson Hawk. The two movies were Our Man Flint and In Like Flint.

      --
      Sara
      Designer, Gamer, Macgrrl in an XP World
    9. Re:The question you are all asking... by davester666 · · Score: 2

      How can you eat it?

      One spoonful and I have to practically drown myself in water to get the taste out of my mouth.

      --
      Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
    10. Re: The question you are all asking... by Dishevel · · Score: 5, Funny

      I like my heroes to be WAY over the top. That is why mine is Buckaroo Banzi.

      --
      Why is it so hard to only have politicians for a few years, then have them go away?
    11. Re:The question you are all asking... by internerdj · · Score: 4, Funny

      You are doing it wrong. Most Americans buy the kind that has the flavored coatings. You can find it on nearly every aisle of what is commonly called a grocery store. Just be sure to stay out of the area labeled produce.

    12. Re:The question you are all asking... by cayenne8 · · Score: 3, Interesting

      You are doing it wrong. Most Americans buy the kind that has the flavored coatings. You can find it on nearly every aisle of what is commonly called a grocery store. Just be sure to stay out of the area labeled produce.

      On a more serious note....many of us who enjoy cooking, avoid iodized salt due to the taste encroachment.

      I cook almost exclusively with kosher salt, both for the grain size and for lack of iodine.

      I cook from scratch...so, hoping that I get my iodine from natural sources. I live near the gulf, so I eat a good bit of sea food, which helps.

      --
      Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.........
  2. But now people in the US try to avoid it by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

    And now we've got people in the US trying to avoid "iodized salt" because it's a "processed food" and they want "natural mineral salts". Of course they don't even know why salt is iodized -- they think it's a "preservative" (you know, cause salt goes bad) or somesuch -- and while they might be getting enough iodine elsewhere they certainly aren't regulating their intake to ensure as much. It's almost as bad as the folks who want "pectin-free" jam.

    1. Re:But now people in the US try to avoid it by PolygamousRanchKid+ · · Score: 2

      . . . so don't use the salt, and just take iodine . . . straight up, or on the rocks . . .

      --
      Schroedinger's Brexit: The UK is both in and out of the EU at the same time!
    2. Re:But now people in the US try to avoid it by amiga3D · · Score: 2

      I knew when I was a kid that the iodine was added for thyroid health. I remember asking my Dad about it after sitting at the table one day staring at the little girl in the raincoat on the Morton salt box. He grew up in the 30's so I guess they heard about it back then.

    3. Re:But now people in the US try to avoid it by gman003 · · Score: 3, Funny

      You haven't been taking your iodine, have you?

    4. Re:But now people in the US try to avoid it by adolf · · Score: 2

      I live in Ohio (right in the middle of the goiter belt) and I don't buy iodized salt. I just buy the bulk-packed sea salt that my local coffee house sells for cheap -- not because it doesn't have iodine added to it, but because it tastes better to me.

      But that doesn't even matter, because I only add salt to things where it is useful.

      I toss some in when cooking pasta, or cooking down onions or other vegetables, or making pickles, and that's really about it. There is no salt shaker on the dining room table.

      I don't ever add it to my food on purpose as a seasoning. Indeed, I don't even really like salt: When I'm at the store buying a bag of tortilla chips, I study the labels to try to ascertain which brand uses the least amount of salt because too much absolutely detracts from the other flavors that I actually want.

      So how much iodine am I missing out on by buying weird salt instead of standard-issue iodized table salt? Not much.

      Regulating my intake of iodine? Sheesh. If I wanted a perfectly balanced diet, I'd just gobble up some Soylent Green and call it a day (same as yesterday, or tomorrow...).

      (All that said: I do eat a fair bit of seafood, thanks to advances in preservation, transportation, and the marvels of refrigeration. I'd hazard a guess that my iodine intake is just fine, especially compared to folks in this area back when goiters were reasonably common. And I eat seafood because it is yummy, not because it may contain iodine.)

    5. Re:But now people in the US try to avoid it by fermion · · Score: 2
      And of course other try to over simplify the situation by claiming that processed food is required for us to be healthy.

      It is not. You know what food contains half the iodine you need in a day. A potato. Each one real baked potato a day, maybe a glass of milk if you so desire, include some sea salt, which does contain natural iodine along with other trace minerals. In fact mined salt also contains trace minerals, but they are removed, and then the iodine in added back in, albeit in higher quantities.

      This is not to say the fortified salt is not incredibly beneficial. In a world where fresh food is in short supply, a world that existed up to the end of WWII, such things were essential public health issues. Of course we now live in a country, the US, where fresh food is pretty much universally available, and it is only our choice to eat highly processed food that makes such supplements important. For instance potatoes, one of natures perfect food, has a bad reputation so we only eat french fried. We all try to pretend to be rich, so we eat a lot of meat, which has no fiber or vitamins or minerals.

      As far as jam is concerned, the purpose was to provide year round access to vitamins. Fruit is not going to keep, but jam will. The purpose of pectin is to allow you to make jelly, which is based on juice, not fruit. So again we are dealing with a less nutritious product. Jam is, by definition, added pectin free. Just like sea salt has not added iodine. Or an Apple has no added sugar. This is important because it is often the concentration that causes problems. For instance the arsenic in yucca can be dealt with by letting it soak overnight.

      Finally salt is used as a preservative. It is a natural product that allows things, like jerky, to be labeled preservative free. It is what allows us to have cold cuts. Many processed food contains large amounts of salt for this reason. Sugar is also a preservative, which is why it is added to jams and jellies. I know this is not what you said, but it what people are actually talking about.

      So really this is just a bunch of copy from the processed food industry, which makes a pretty penny by telling us that we cannot possible survive on fresh vegetables and fruit.

      --
      "She's a scientist and a lesbian. She's not going to let it slide." Orphan Black
    6. Re:But now people in the US try to avoid it by cas2000 · · Score: 2

      that's not tricky at all, not even an ethical dilemma - children have rights of their own, completely independent of their parents. they are not the property of their parents, they are not chattels.

      if a child's parents are neglecting them (by withholding nutrition or medical treatment) or abusing their rights in other ways, then the state has a duty to step in and uphold the rights of the child.

    7. Re: But now people in the US try to avoid it by adolf · · Score: 2

      I have had an aversion to unnecessary salt for as long as I can remember, so it's not a new thing to me. I don't have anything to compare to.

      But generally, yeah: I find food at restaurants to be pretty salty compared to the stuff I make at home.

  3. Not the only public health benefit. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Informative

    Simply meeting the basic needs of the general public brings huge gains.

    There used to be a stereotype that all southerners were lazy and terrible workers. Turns out they were really just riddled with parasites (That train your energy and make you tired) Basic sanitation (Even things a simple as proper outhouses dug deep enough) solved that problem amazingly well. Many poor nations struggle with this problem today, however.

    The Army started school lunch programs because malnourished children were growing up stunted and short (among other health problems), and made for awful soldiers.

    1. Re:Not the only public health benefit. by Ken+McE · · Score: 2

      You get more insects and disease in general in places where it's warmer.

    2. Re:Not the only public health benefit. by Intropy · · Score: 5, Informative

      I believe you are referring to hookworms, which were found in an estimated 40%-70% of people living in the Southern US in the early 1900s in sufficient amounts to cause disease. They cause anemia and fatigue. They're expelled in feces, and can live in soil for a while. The problem was them digging out of outhouses through the soil and finding their way into people walking around barefoot. The solution was to dig deeper outhouses, so that the hookworm couldn't live in the soil long enough to reach the surface, and to wear shoes. On the flip side, there's serious current research into using small-scale hookworm infestation as a treatment for inflammatory diseases, including crohn's and multiple sclerosis.

    3. Re:Not the only public health benefit. by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 5, Informative

      What kind of parasites, and why did they have more of them than damnyankees? Serious question.

      A number of energy and grown sapping diseases, such as malaria and yellow fever, were common in the American South in the 19th century, but uncommon in the North. But the biggest culprit was probably hookworms, which cause "intellectual, cognitive and growth retardation". Average IQ in the South increased significantly as hookworms were eradicated in the early 20th century.

      We might get another gain if we eradicate toxoplasmosis, a parasite spread by cats. It is believed by some to depress intelligence and novelty seeking behavior in humans.

  4. Re:derp.... by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 5, Interesting

    But I um... thought... um.. it was good for.me to um..... have a what's the.word Jenny? A diet low is salt. I may not be smart, but I know what high blood pressure is...

    Just a note that, according to my doctor, and many articles I've read, excessive salt in the diet is NOT a problem for many/most people, but only those sensitive to it. Good explanations can be found:

    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
  5. Salt in Food is Ubiquitous in the US by ScottCooperDotNet · · Score: 4, Insightful

    I try to avoid salt when possible because so much food is overloaded with it, so I'm a little over the daily recommended value instead of double of it.

    Salt isn't just a preservative but a way to make lesser-quality food taste better, so the market gives a financial incentive to salt up everything.

    1. Re:Salt in Food is Ubiquitous in the US by hedwards · · Score: 4, Insightful

      That's a valid concern, but another part of it is that iodized salt isn't usually what they're using in processed foods. So, not only do you get tons of salt, but it doesn't even have the trace minerals that would benefit you.

      And yes, the main reason that salt is in so many foods is because it increases appetite and enhances flavor.

    2. Re:Salt in Food is Ubiquitous in the US by tmosley · · Score: 2

      Put a gram and a half of salt and a half in a cup of coffee and drink it.

    3. Re:Salt in Food is Ubiquitous in the US by deimtee · · Score: 4, Informative

      It's a gram and a half of sodium. It's 3.8 grams of salt.

      --
      I'm guessing that wasn't on their radar screen...
  6. Re:All now negated by fluoride by morcego · · Score: 2

    Yeah. Don't forget to stop vaccinating children also, while you are at that.

    --
    morcego
  7. Re:Gained I.Q. with Iodized salt - by hondo77 · · Score: 2
    From the study:

    The standardized weighted mean difference in IQ score between exposed and reference populations was -0.45...

    ...The estimated decrease in average IQ associated with fluoride exposure based on our analysis may seem small and may be within the measurement error of IQ testing.

    Your loss looks like it might be a rounding error.

    --
    I live ze unknown. I love ze unknown. I am ze unknown.
  8. Re:Good idea by ackthpt · · Score: 3, Interesting

    Great!

    Any way we can distribute extra iodine to /. trolls and flamers?

    As much as possible, please!

    I'm wondering about the internet in general as a symptom of a larger problem. So these people got a little better at figuring out hos things tick or how to solve a puzzle. Know what they did with it? They tied themselves up in knots with conspiracy theories and bollox like that. Perhaps the answer is to cut out some of that Iodine.

    There are days when I just don't want to see the crap that's going on on the interwebs.

    --

    A feeling of having made the same mistake before: Deja Foobar
  9. Re:derp.... by Austerity+Empowers · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Cutting salt out of a diet that includes non-synthetic substances is probably impossible. If it lived on earth, it probably has salt in it.
     

  10. Re:Gained I.Q. with Iodized salt - by hedwards · · Score: 2

    -.45 is well within the margin of error for IQ testing. And really, any differences of IQ under 3% is not worth even considering. A person who cares can easily gain 10 IQ points just based upon environment alone.

    What's more IQ itself is a narrow measure of aptitude primarily focused upon success rates at school. Even if the drop in IQ were more meaningful, it would still not necessarily mean that people were getting less intelligent, it could mean that their aptitudes were changing to focus on other things.

  11. Re:derp.... by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 4, Interesting

    excessive salt in the diet is NOT a problem for many/most people, but only those sensitive to it.

    People with West African ancestory (as most African-Americans are) tend to be the most sensitive. East Asians tend to be the least sensitive. People of European descent tend to be in the middle. This correlates well with areas where salt was historically rare/common. In West Africa, salt was often brought in caravans across the Sahara, and was very expensive, and thus unavailable to common people. In China, for centuries, even peasants could afford to drench their food in salt-laden soy sauce.

  12. Some observations about Iodine by Okian+Warrior · · Score: 4, Informative

    A lot of people in the US live in the so-called Goiter Belt, which is a band of the northernmost state (or two) of the US. Roughly speaking, the other states were once a vast inland ocean swamp, so the soil become infused with Iodine form the ocean. This gets into the water supply, with the result that Northern residents have far less Iodine in their diet than southern states.

    Another source of Iodine used to be bread - Iodine was used as a dough conditioner in bread, so a little bit got into the food chain that way. Some of the effect we're seeing might also be due to the rise of manufactured bread in the US.

    More recently, however, bread makers have started using Bromine instead of Iodine. Bromine binds to Iodine receptors so not only are we no longer getting Iodine from bread, we're less able to process the Iodine we do get.

    There's also the question of how much Iodine we need to be healthy. There's good evidence for the minimum amount to prevent disease, but that may (and for those of you in the medical community, note that I'm saying "may") be lower than the optimum amount.

    Note that doctors will tell you that 150ug is the maximum Iodine you should ever take (more would be toxic!) and yet occasionally use Iodine to enhance contrast in radiological studies, which puts as much as 20 mg in the blood stream. The RDA value is 100x less than used by doctors in some studies studies to treat disease.

    There's also disagreement as to what the minimum daily intake should be.

    We really should be studying these things. Unfortunately, a supplement that anyone could buy which will clear a patient's symptoms is incompatible with an expensive FDA-tested drug that requires office visits to administer. The medical community won't make money on supplements, so they aren't studied very well. There's enormous economic pressure against research into health (as opposed to research into disease).

    1. Re:Some observations about Iodine by cold+fjord · · Score: 4, Interesting

      Did you see the goiter rate charts in the article? I found them astonishing.

      I was also surprised by the low rates in Oklahoma and New Mexico. I wonder if that is because they were getting their salt from Texas? Texas did have a very low rate.

      --
      much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
    2. Re:Some observations about Iodine by russotto · · Score: 2

      Note that doctors will tell you that 150ug is the maximum Iodine you should ever take (more would be toxic!)

      No, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is not intended as a maximum dosage! The long-term upper intake level is 1.1mg. Note long-term.

      and yet occasionally use Iodine to enhance contrast in radiological studies, which puts as much as 20 mg in the blood stream.

      It's not used all that much, because many patients have a bad reaction to it.

    3. Re:Some observations about Iodine by brycen · · Score: 2

      And when it comes to how to supplement iodine in remote areas, it turns out to be pretty easy:

          A new approach to combatting iodine deficiency in developing countries: the controlled release of iodine in water by a silicone elastomer.
          A Fisch, E Pichard, T Prazuck, R Sebbag, G Torres, G Gernez, M Gentilini
          Am J Public Health. 1993 April; 83(4): 540–545. PMCID: PMC1694489 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1694489/

      As long as the local shamans don't feel it takes away their business....

  13. I'm surprised that it was a surprise... by fuzzyfuzzyfungus · · Score: 3, Interesting

    'Cretinism', the sufficiently-severe-to-be-clinically-obvious manifestation of iodine deficiency has been known for a considerable length of time, in places without sufficient soil iodine. I would imagine that smaller gains would only be a surprise if you thought that everybody not obviously diseased was fully healthy, rather than frequently mildly subnormal.

  14. Re:Good idea by Black+Parrot · · Score: 4, Informative

    They tied themselves up in knots with conspiracy theories and bollox like that. Perhaps the answer is to cut out some of that Iodine.

    That's what the lizard men want you to think.

    --
    Sheesh, evil *and* a jerk. -- Jade
  15. Unfortunately... by msauve · · Score: 5, Funny

    It's been offset by the introduction of fluoride in the water supply, which is simply Communist infiltration, Communist indoctrination, Communist subversion and an international Communist conspiracy to sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids. Hence, Dancing with the Stars.

    --
    "National Security is the chief cause of national insecurity." - Celine's First Law
    1. Re:Unfortunately... by pspahn · · Score: 2

      You're guest is as well as mein.

      --
      Someone flopped a steamer in the gene pool.
    2. Re:Unfortunately... by real-modo · · Score: 2

      flouride

      Ah, Muphry's Law. Still all-powerful.

  16. Re:All now negated by fluoride by icebike · · Score: 2

    But with fluoride added to the water supply, we can reverse those gains..
    http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-mercola/fluoride_b_2479833.html

    It all traces back to this guy: http://www.quackwatch.com/11Ind/yiamouyiannis.html

    --
    Sig Battery depleted. Reverting to safe mode.
  17. Re:derp.... by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 4, Interesting

    It's also interesting that IQ scores tend to be spread that way as well.

    IQ scores tend to be correlated with a history of urbanization and economic specialization. In a primitive society, innovation and original thinking are unlikely to lead to any benefit, and might lead to a disaster such as a crop failure or empty snares. But in an urbanized society with specialized jobs, successful ideas can be leveraged for disproportionate benefit. East Asia had large urban populations long before the West. In Europe, Jews were urbanized during the middle ages when almost everyone else was a rural serf. East Asians have average IQ scores about 5 points higher than Europeans, and Ashkenazi Jews are higher still.

  18. Re:Iodized salt raised IQ! by JustOK · · Score: 2

    They had no clue what was going on. They ate some salt, then figured it out.

    --
    rewriting history since 2109
  19. Re:IQ intellectuals by ShanghaiBill · · Score: 2

    IQ tests are meaningless.

    Baloney. IQ tests may not precisely measure "intelligence", but they are clearly measuring something. IQ scores are strongly correlated with economic success (higher salaries and lower unemployment), reduction in criminal behavior, and better health. Things that lead to higher IQ scores tend to raise these correlated factors as well, whether it is better nutrition, less lead exposure, or even coaching on the thinking skills required for the test (which seems to indicate that good "test taking skills" are actually broadly useful critical thinking skills).

  20. Re:derp.... by fahrbot-bot · · Score: 3, Informative

    Cutting salt out of a diet that includes non-synthetic substances is probably impossible. If it lived on earth, it probably has salt in it.

    Salt is actually pretty important nutritionally and for osmoregulation. Way too much/little is bad for you, but some salt is required. It's so important that part of our taste mechanism is dedicated to salt. Alton Brown summed it up nicely saying (okay, I'm paraphrasing) that while many things taste sweet (good eats), sour (bad eats) or bitter (poisonous eats), only one thing tastes salty - salt.

    --
    It must have been something you assimilated. . . .
  21. Hey, an iodized salt thread by jtownatpunk.net · · Score: 2

    Can anyone explain why my Morton's Popcorn Salt isn't iodized?

    1. Re:Hey, an iodized salt thread by physicsphairy · · Score: 4, Funny

      For movie watching a high IQ only gets in the way.

  22. Are you kidding me? by cold+fjord · · Score: 2

    Are you kidding me? That first letter is dealing with the toxicity of uranium hexafluoride, not fluoridated drinking water or salt!

    The concern there is almost certainly due to industrial exposure of workers trying to purify uranium on the Manhattan Project.

    I think that is as far as I need to look. You're following a quack, and in danger of becoming a crank. "Wakey Wakey"

    --
    much of left-wing thought is a kind of playing with fire by people who don't even know that fire is hot - George Orwell
  23. Digging through the soil? by reiisi · · Score: 2

    The way I heard it was that it was the use of untreated fertilizer in the fields and gardens that was the primary cause of the infections.

    I suppose, sitting barefoot in an outhouse with no floor, that the hookworms working their way up from the pit could be a contributive factor.

    But, shoes, yes. One of the reasons for the tradition of wooden geta in Japan was the general use of untreated (human) fertilizer in the rice paddies. The tradition of taking the shoes off on entering the house was also in no small part derived from the problems with the dirt.

    And most parasites have a debilitating effect on the host, which is going to effect IQ and behavior in general.

    --
    Computer memory is just fancy paper, CPUs just fancy pens with fancy erasers; the 'net is just a fancy backyard fence.
  24. Re:All now negated by fluoride by ChrisMaple · · Score: 2

    Please don't depend on Dr. Mercola (or the Huffington Post, for that matter). Mercola either don't know the difference between, or deliberately and dishonestly equates, insecticides and insect repellants. He is very careless about a number of other faddish issues.

    --
    Contribute to civilization: ari.aynrand.org/donate
  25. Re:All now negated by fluoride by real-modo · · Score: 2

    ... and using AC electricity (the radiation!!).

    Actually, it'd be good if the chemtrail/fluoride/anti-vax people did stop using electricity. They'd be too busy doing their laundry to bother rational people.

  26. Re:derp.... by wonkey_monkey · · Score: 2

    only one thing tastes salty - salt.

    There's more than one salt. NaCl just tastes the saltiest.

    --
    systemd is Roko's Basilisk.
  27. Re:All now negated by fluoride by bfandreas · · Score: 2

    Dr. Mercola is listed on Quackwatch and is under close scrutiny by the FDA. He also keeps dodgy company:
    http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/mercola.html

    --
    20 minutes into the future
  28. Re:derp.... by dkf · · Score: 2

    Way too much/little is bad for you, but some salt is required.

    OTOH, if you eat processed food you probably get sufficient without adding any.

    --
    "Little does he know, but there is no 'I' in 'Idiot'!"
  29. Re:I call BS! by 1s44c · · Score: 2

    Iodine in salt, like fluoride in water, is simply a convenient, low cost method of disposing of an industrial waste product! We are being deliberately poisoned!

    Maybe you should try lithium in your food instead.

  30. Re:derp.... by minstrelmike · · Score: 2

    My cardiologist told me to add a little salt to my diet.

    But maybe he just wanted you to come in for checkups more often ;-)

  31. Re:Good idea by ColdWetDog · · Score: 2

    'Informative'.

    Right.

    Maybe we should dispense a couple of iodine tablets with each set of mod points. Then, the mods will be smarter and protected against the effects of runaway nuclear reactors.

    Bwahahaha! Moderators Rule the World!!!!!

    (oops. Lithium deficiency again. This salt thing is really complicated.)

    --
    Faster! Faster! Faster would be better!