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Autonomous Car Ethics: If a Crash Is Unavoidable, What Does It Hit?
An anonymous reader writes "Patrick Lin of California Polytechnic State University explores one of the ethical problems autonomous car developers are going to have to solve: crash prioritization. He posits this scenario: suppose an autonomous car determines a crash is unavoidable, but has the option of swerving right into a small car with few safety features or swerving left into a heavier car that's more structurally sound. Do the people programming the car have it intentionally crash into the vehicle less likely to crumple? It might make more sense, and lead to fewer fatalities — but it sure wouldn't feel that way to the people in the car that got hit. He says, '[W]hile human drivers may be forgiven for making a poor split-second reaction – for instance, crashing into a Pinto that's prone to explode, instead of a more stable object – robot cars won't enjoy that freedom. Programmers have all the time in the world to get it right. It's the difference between premeditated murder and involuntary manslaughter.' We could somewhat randomize outcomes, but that would lead to generate just as much trouble. Lin adds, 'The larger challenge, though, isn't thinking through ethical dilemmas. It's also about setting accurate expectations with users and the general public who might find themselves surprised in bad ways by autonomous cars. Whatever answer to an ethical dilemma the car industry might lean towards will not be satisfying to everyone.'"
Slam the brakes on and don't swerve either way. It's by no means optimal, but as far as lawsuits are concerned, it's much easier to defend "the car simply tried to stop as soon as possible" than "the car chose to hit you because it didn't want to hit someone else".
Let's be honest. The job of YOUR car is to keep YOU safe, so the smaller car is probably the better bet as it will have less inertia and cause you less harm. Sure, the most important law of robotics is to protect human life... but if it's going to prioritize, it should probably start with its owner.
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The kids are playing on a fucking railtrack, for fuck's sake. If they can't get out of the way in time, then they deserve what they get.
Actually, this raises a more interesting question (at least to me) which your little thought experiment approaches. What if my autonomous car decides that the action to take that is likely to cause the least harm is to kill the driver? For example, what if the car has the opportunity to swerve off the side of a mountain road and drop you 1000 feet onto some rocks to avoid a crash that would have killed far more people than simply you? Is my autonomous car required to act in my own best interest, or should it act in the best interests of everyone on the road?
But what if the driver of the other car, that will survive by steering your car over the cliff, would become the father of the next Hitler?
A car will never have enough data to make a "right" descision in such a situation. Even the example from the intro is an invalid one as for a morally sound descision, you'd need to know how many passengers (and perhaps even WHICH passengers) are in those cars. Family of 5? Single guy with cancer anyway? And such an alogorith would mean assigning an individual (monetary or any dimensionless number - no difference) value to a human life. And then you've left the field of ethical behaviour quite a while ago.
Live with imperfect descissions, as you never will be able to make the perfect one. So just stick to the usual heuristics: If you can't avoid both obstacles, Avoid the one that's closer. even if you hit the other one, you'll have a split second longer to brake. THAT might make the differnce between life and death.
bickerdyke
Congratulations, you've given me a great go-to example of a non-answer.
Just leave that kind of behavior undefined.
Programs are generally deterministic beasts, by nature. What are you trying to say?
Now this question I like, it's far more nuanced than the original one. I know I would buy a car with a bias towards keeping me alive (not at any cost) and that bias would likely get even stronger if I had family members in the car! But how plausibly can a car judge whether keeping me and my 2 year old infant alive is more or less important than the unknown occupants of another car?
Now a really difficult situation would be, what should the computer do if another car is going to crash but your car could minimise loss of life by doing something that would harm or kill you? In this situation your car isn't the cause of the accident, nor perhaps even would be involved. Should your car intervene,potentially killing you, for the good of society as a whole?
post a bug report.
Wealth is the gift that keeps on giving.
The simplest solution, and the one that I imagine most autonomous car manufacturers will take, is to avoid the question entirely.
When an accident is inevitable the car will simply try to stop as quickly as possible. It won't make any attempt to swerve or select a target. It's only consideration will be stopping the car as quickly as possible. It's a sound tactic from a legal point of view. Unless the car itself made a mistake leading to the accident any resulting injuries are someone else's fault.
Ethically stopping is the right thing to do too. The car can't predict other people's or other car's reactions. If it swerves towards them they might take evasive action as well, causing even more carnage. In the case of a choice between the driver's life and other people's lives it is almost certainly going to be the case that a human driver would have chosen themselves, and the accident was probably caused by the other people anyway (since autonomous cars drive very conservatively). It really is hard to imagine a situation where the car could be blamed for simply braking.
const int one = 65536; (Silvermoon, Texture.cs)
SJW, n: "Someone I don't like, and by the way I'm a fuckwit" - AC
Why not? The simplest method is to choose the collision with the lowest speed differential. In fact, this whole post is pointless. The self-driving car doesn't need to choose based on abstract concepts--choose the collision with the lowest speed differential. Lower speed differential means less energy transferred in the impact means less damage and less injuries. Moreover this is trivial for the cars to determine at this stage already. They can already calculate relative speeds between themselves and other objects, so if not all of the objects can be avoided, the choice is obvious.
While a complex guidance system may be designed from the top down with such sorts of questions raised, a crashing vehicle is always a deadly weapon. Effort in reducing the risk of the accident, itself, by improving brakes, sensors, headlight effectiveness, and crash resistance of the vehicle itself is likely to be far more efficient and reliable than complex advance modeling or moral quandaries. The sophistication needed to evaluate the secondary effects of a crash is far, far beyond the capabilities of what must be a very reliable, extremely robust guidance system. Expanding its sophistication is likely to introduce far more _bugs_ into the system.
This is a case where "Keep It Simple, Stupid" is vital. Reduce speed in a controlled fashion: Avoid pedestrians, if they can be detected, because they have no armor. Get off the road in a controlled fashion.
So you would have it choose to mow down the stationary infant in its stroller as opposed to tapping a parking pickup truck backing up at at 10 MPH?
The problem with his original question is that he assumes the self-driving car has knowledge of the type, mass, and vulnerability of things around it. This might be the test case for the three laws of robotics - do not ever choose to hit an unprotected human (probably includes motorcyclists, bicyclists, and pedestrians). If you know (by a beacon or whatever) that a vehicle is completely autonomous and does not contain humans and has comparable delta-V, give that preference. If hitting a vehicle likely containing a human is inevitable, choose the lowest speed impact.
Tiller's Rule: Never use a word in written form that you've only heard and never read. You will end up looking foolish.
The car would of course make an online crosscheck to the economic value of the potential targets. And check their medical records in case somebody is terminally ill, you yourself included if a wall is an option too.
I, for one, would start car pooling with lots of small children inside. With a big enough critical mass of children I would even qualify for green lights, just for me!
That said, you can calculate how fast the politicians would add "features" (like with ISPs and mandatory website filtering) which would automatically upload a secret white lists and black lists into your car.
I am guessing here:
White list: Nobel prize winners, The Pope, politicians and multinational CEOs.
Black list: The no-fly list from the US.
I wonder if we would be allowed to make a personal priority list for your own car. For example, to take out mimes and lawyers first.