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ISS's 3-D Printer Creates Its First Object In Space

An anonymous reader writes: NASA reports that the 3-D printer now installed on the International Space Station has finally finished its first creation. After it was installed on November 17th and calibrated over the next week, ground control sent it instructions yesterday to build a faceplate for the extruder's own casing. The process was mostly a success. "[Astronaut Butch Wilmore] Wilmore removed the part from the printer and inspected it. Part adhesion on the tray was stronger than anticipated, which could mean layer bonding is different in microgravity, a question the team will investigate as future parts are printed. Wilmore installed a new print tray, and the ground team sent a command to fine-tune the printer alignment and printed a third calibration coupon. When Wilmore removes the calibration coupon, the ground team will be able to command the printer to make a second object. The ground team makes precise adjustments before every print, and the results from this first print are contributing to a better understanding about the parameters to use when 3-D printing on the space station."

69 comments

  1. Next step - Semiconductors by mykepredko · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Things will start to get interesting when astronauts can create semiconductors in in space. I believe there are some demonstration technologies using ink-jet printers.

    I would imagine it will be a long time before we can see the amazingly tiny devices that can be built on Earth, but I would expect that replacement electronics for communications and actuator drivers should be achievable in fairly short order. I would guess that replacement solar panel segments and power supply components (including batteries) would be on the menu as well.

    myke

    1. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by TWX · · Score: 5, Insightful

      it's that you can't stock Digikey on the space station, but can "print" all of the knobs, buttons, and switches you need when one breaks. It reduces the number of spare parts needed in inventory and might offer a solution for a broken part that was not anticipated for, or to make something new when otherwise macguyvering a temporary solution.

      think of the cheese spacer from the pizza box scenario as the eggheads are prototyping a solution.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    2. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by TWX · · Score: 1

      I should add, I'm no fan of 3d printers for mass-market goods. Niche market products or niche markets themselves are an entirely different situation though.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    3. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by blue+trane · · Score: 1

      But the same troll was likely used about GPS. Fuck cost effective. Banks create 10 times more money than governments. Fund space at zero cost through the Fed because it is a good idea, in the General Welfare. Why would creating money for space exploration cause inflation?

    4. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Because while it's $5 for the part, it will cost a hell of a lot more once you include the fuel you need to move (some number x) of these parts to space. Also, to be able to replace -any- electronic component that could fail, you'd need to do this for all N parts that you'd want to have replacements for.

      So in the end, it's the cost to send up N1*c1 + N2*c2 + ... + Nn*cn parts, where each Ni is the number of parts, and cn is the cost of each part. Then you multiply that number by the extra weight they add, and the extra cost in fuel to get that weight up there.

      Compare that with a 3d printer that you send up, and which you could (potentially) create replacement parts for anything, and you might understand how this could be a very worthwhile tradeoff.

    5. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by bored_engineer · · Score: 1

      Don't you need to move the spool of abs (or whatever plastic they're using) up there? I don't think this is about the weight that travels up there, but rather the time to deliver parts there. If X plastic widget will get the primary air scrubber(s) working again right now, that vastly trumps relying on a secondary for six months.

    6. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Noah+Haders · · Score: 2

      But the same troll was likely used about GPS. Fuck cost effective. Banks create 10 times more money than governments. Fund space at zero cost through the Fed because it is a good idea, in the General Welfare. Why would creating money for space exploration cause inflation?

      Btw Europe texted, they want their economic paradigms back

    7. Re: Next step - Semiconductors by joel.wiese · · Score: 1

      Maybe they are secretly making one of these. http://www.thingiverse.com/thi...

    8. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I meant this more as if they send spares up with the initial launch in case of component failure (where the N's have been calculated to be optimal with regards to expected mean lifetimes and initial launch weight etc). The point was that there are going to be a -lot- of parts that can potentially fail, and sending spares of all of these up at initial launch is going to be costly and probably wasteful.

      Your point is also quite true, but orthogonal to the one I was trying to make originally.

    9. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by TWX · · Score: 4, Insightful

      I think that now that the craziness that was building it so incredibly slowly is over, it's actually doing something useful in that it's teaching us what it takes to live in space, and giving us means by which to test living in space where the consequences of screwing up are relatively minor. We've already learned the full-Russian approach and gained insight from their moments, and ISS is allowing us to see if we've learned from those mistakes.

      I look at it along similar lines to Biosphere II down near Tucson, Arizona. It was the first major attempt to build a self-sufficient (within the scope of allowing for the ambient conditions in the local climate to influence heat) habitat that was supposed to be independent of outside assistance. It failed, but why it failed is important and can be learned from. Unfortunately I don't think that those lessons are being applied to the original facility, so we're not continuing to learn in ways that we should, but hopefully all of the studies of what happened will inform future scientists and engineers of the pitfalls in their plans and designs.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    10. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I'd be more interested than just semiconductors.

      I hope mankind realizes what it has just did: We have the ability to send instructions to create some "thing" from a very long distance. We have shattered the barrier of what we once believed to be a limiting factor: that our resources in manufacturing are limited to what is here on Earth. No, being able to send instructions to set up shop on other planets, without having to be there, and to perhaps make it so those remote plants can send resources or even finished goods back to Earth... we may have found a way to sustain humanity for the foreseeable future.

    11. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Don't you need to move the spool of abs (or whatever plastic they're using) up there? I don't think this is about the weight that travels up there, but rather the time to deliver parts there. If X plastic widget will get the primary air scrubber(s) working again right now, that vastly trumps relying on a secondary for six months.

      It's also about storage space. In all likelihood something will eventually break, but you don't know what. You need a spare part of everything.
      With a functional 3D-printer you only need the mass in raw material, then you can print the replacement part you need.
      This means that you don't have to transport and store all the parts you never ended up needing because the original never broke.

      There is also another benefit, say that someone designs a cup or whatever that is supposed to be convenient in microgravity, instead of just showing it off in a newspaper and then scrapping the prototype the design can be printed and tested by the ISS crew if they are bored enough.

    12. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by l0n3s0m3phr34k · · Score: 2

      Biosphere II's main failure was not waiting until the concrete had completely cured before sealing it off resulting in too much CO2 for the "self regulating" system to handle.

    13. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

      How is it cost effective to put up an ISS, train and send astronauts, tweak and twiddle a free fall 3D printer, so you can save 5$ on a part you can buy at Digikey?

      Because while the part might be cheap from Digikey, the delivery charge is a killer. And the package tends to float away when the delivery guy leaves it beside the airlock.

      What is it about space that shuts off critical thinking?

      Usually nothing. Your symptoms seem to be unique.

    14. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by thegarbz · · Score: 0

      But if you don't have a space station, it won't need knobs. Point is, it's a circular argument,

      So the ISS is a $150billion dollar knob needing and breaking machine designed to prop up the knob industry?

      Or the more likely scenario is that the ISS does more than just print knobs for itself and has a purpose outside 3D printing. Maybe someone closer to the project can tell us if the USA and Russia worked together to spend hundreds of billions of dollars for this single purpose device as the is no information about what else the ISS does available.

    15. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Hognoxious · · Score: 1

      it's that you can't stock Digikey on the space station, but can "print" all of the knobs, buttons, and switches you need when one breaks.

      And another, when that one breaks, which it will. Still, no problem - just print another another one...

      Might as well take a tub of Play-Doh.

      --
      Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
    16. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by taiwanjohn · · Score: 1

      I've always wondered why they didn't try again with another crew, once they figured out the cement thing. (Or if they did, why I never heard about it.)

      --
      XML is like violence. If it doesn't solve your problem, you're not using enough of it. --AC
    17. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Bottom line is there's a *lot* of science experiments you can do to see what happens when the effect of gravity is removed (or reduced). The only way to do that is in space (until we figure out anti-gravity). And most of them cannot be done remotely on a probe so require an environment that can sustain a crew of astronauts.

    18. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      No, the ISS is a gigantic welfare system for adults that didn't grow up.

      Isn't this 3D printer a bit of a letdown when compared to the feverish fantasies people had about space in the '60s?

    19. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Dunbal · · Score: 2

      I think the argument is that if you need a critical replacement for which you have to wait 6 months for until the next launch, it's better to print one and have it right away even if it costs 10 times as much.

      --
      Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
    20. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by gl4ss · · Score: 1

      we're not too close to 'printing' electronics on earth either. printing a chip takes a fab now.

      replacement brackets and such though, sure, today. you can also print circuit boards today(with special inks that form into metal layer when mixed.. google cartesian co). but circuit boards are quite far from printing semiconductor electronics as such. solar panels too. power supply components are mostly coiled coppers and chips. making good enough caps on iss in short order.. maybe not.

      i would expect them to be doing titanium parts on iss before semiconductors. though the common currently in use technology for doing that kind of relies on having gravity.

      --
      world was created 5 seconds before this post as it is.
    21. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Actually, since gravity is such a weak force, one boggles at the thought that there a "lot" of experiments you can do.

      Technology gets better, remember? You no longer need to run experiments long enough for puny human senses to register anything. Simply 3D print a custom reaction chamber (we need 3D printing because simply using a plastic box is Luddite, and 3D printing is the future), and drop the thing down a mine shaft.

      I mean, if there is SO MUCH science that can be done, surely the market will figure out a cheaper and quicker way to do at least SOME of this "lot of science", right?

      Right?

      Or no, it *must* be middle-aged white men in rockets. Because science.

    22. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Dunbal · · Score: 1

      I think you don't know what welfare is. The space program(s) are government money being spent on engineers and experts in all sorts of fields who work hard and come up with creative solutions to unusual problems. This gets them experience. It also benefits humanity as a whole because those engineers then go on to use their experience in other things they do in life.

      Welfare is paying lazy people to sit around and continue being lazy.

      --
      Seven puppies were harmed during the making of this post.
    23. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What is it about space that shuts off critical thinking?

      You tell me, you're the one that thinks Digikey do free delivery to low Earth orbit.

    24. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Rei · · Score: 4, Interesting

      They did. But first off, to correct the GP: Concrete does not release CO2. It absorbs CO2 (slowly taking back the carbon that was released during the cement's creation). So this messed up their balance equation. Metabolism was supposed to consume O2 and make CO2, while photosynthesis was supposed to consume CO2 and make O2. But with the concrete locking up the CO2, the output of metabolism was being locked up and not being converted back to O2, so the O2 levels declined.

      It's a simple oversight, but one that we're very lucky was made on Earth and not on, say, Mars. More foresight could have caught it, but there's always something that slips through the cracks. A number of other issues showed themselves, such as unexpected condensation adding rain to areas supposed to be rainless, less light than anticipated making it into the habitat, certain inspect species proving incompatible with the environment while others proving to be pests, so and so forth. They also had big problems with wild fluctuations in CO2 by time of day and season - they didn't have a massive amount of atmosphere to buffer it, so levels collapsed during the day and shot up at night. A lot of people complained that the project wasn't focused enough on the science, but I think they learned an awful lot of important things that could prove critical if ever trying to grow crops on another planet.

      (The psychological aspects and how the crew split into two bitterly divided factions is also a real cautionary tale)

      So anyway: after the first Biosphere 2 experiment was terminated, they sealed the concrete and started another one. But the second experiment was more doomed by politics than anything else. The on-site management was foreceably evicted by federal marshals. Former biosphere members broke into the facility so that the people inside could know what was going on outside (in the process, ruining the sealed environment). And then a couple months later the management company was dissolved. Altogether the second mission lasted less than half a year. It was a total disaster.

      --
      Trick People Into Clicking Your Headline With This One Weird Trick!
    25. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Rei · · Score: 1

      What world do you live in where mine shafts allow objects to fall for hours, days, weeks, months, or years at a time?

      And FYI, this "weak force" is the reason your muscles aren't atrophied and you're stuck to this ball orbiting the sun. It matters.

      --
      Trick People Into Clicking Your Headline With This One Weird Trick!
    26. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Rei · · Score: 4, Funny

      Close, but your syllable count is a bit off. Something like this would work:

      fuck ink jet printers
      fuck all those fucking printers
      i fucking hate them

      Technically, though, you're supposed to have a connection with nature for it to be proper haiku. So maybe something more like

      ink jet printer rests
      at the bottom of the bog
      piece of shit printer

      --
      Trick People Into Clicking Your Headline With This One Weird Trick!
    27. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Applehu+Akbar · · Score: 1

      There was another problem with Biosphere 2: use of window glass, rather than quartz glass, to let sunlight into the structure. Even in Arizona, window glass does not let enough UV through for adequate photosynthesis. But just as the ISS allows us to find out what happens to the human body in long periods of microgravity, Biosphere was our first test of social interactions on a long voyage in isolation.

      Lessons learned: watch that CO2-absorbing concrete and UV-absorbing glass, and don't staff with whiny prima donnas.

    28. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      buying the part is easy. getting the part to the station is hard. And then you have to wait weeks for the next resupply mission with a busted part because you can't fix it without keeping a large spares bin.

      Gets even worse for things like a mars mission where if your hull gets holed, you spend the rest of the trip with a hole in your hull vs getting the electron beam printer on and printing a new panel.

    29. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by LifesABeach · · Score: 1

      Then probably you're no fan when someone at NASA will decide what could be done if a 3D printer was put on an asteroid and is instructed to build a deep space sensor? Or most likely when a 3D printer is place on an meteor and instructed to build a container structure with a solar sail to fly back to the Moon?

      I just thought, what a great game and movie idea...

    30. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by LifesABeach · · Score: 1

      Poor A/C, stick that which does not Baffle; because in space, there is very little to Baffle.

    31. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      What if the chips created as replacement parts for what's already up there turn out to last longer or run cooler or use less juice or otherwise work better because of the microgravity or lack or contaminants or some as yet unknown space magic in which they are created? How the Fuck else are we supposed to find out?

      Columbus should have stayed home, right? The first monkey to climb a tree to reach for the moon should have stayed in bed, yes?

      Fuck you.

    32. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      Close, but your syllable count is a bit off. Something like this would work:

      fuck ink jet printers
      fuck all those fucking printers
      i fucking hate them

      Technically, though, you're supposed to have a connection with nature for it to be proper haiku. So maybe something more like

      ink jet printer rests
      at the bottom of the bog
      piece of shit printer
      Burma Shave

      FTFY

    33. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by DanielRavenNest · · Score: 1

      Today you need to launch a spool of ABS plastic, but one spool is less mass than a spare of every possible part that can break. It reduces spares inventory. This is also a very small first step towards making everything you need in orbit. ABS plastic is mostly Carbon and Hydrogen, which are both present in Chondrite type asteroids. The remainder is Nitrogen, which can be scoop-mined from the upper atmosphere. Combined you have all the ingredients for the plastic. You need other stuff in larger quantities in orbit - fuel, radiation shielding, oxygen, water, etc, so those will be produced first.

    34. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by TWX · · Score: 1

      I wonder if a mixed-gender crew could really handle a long space mission without being set up to be intentionally polyamorous or hedonistic, assuming that sex in such an environment is possible. Let's face it, the people we'd send on a long-term mission need to be in the best shape of their lives when the leave and need to have the kind of physique that remains healthy and wiry without a whole lot of exercise, so it'll be filled with sexually-desirable people. If the crew factionalizes on sexual lines or finds members fighting or ostracized then it could fail in its mission.

      The only solution that I see is to recruit people that will be polyamorous without developing excessive jealousy. Our society officially doesn't approve of such an arrangement, though popular culture fantasizes about it more than society wants to admit.

      --
      Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    35. Re:Next step - Semiconductors by taiwanjohn · · Score: 1

      The only solution that I see is to recruit people that will be polyamorous without developing excessive jealousy.

      "I must say, that is an astonishingly good idea you have, Doctor!"

      -- Russian Ambassador to Dr. Strangelove

      --
      XML is like violence. If it doesn't solve your problem, you're not using enough of it. --AC
    36. Re: Next step - Semiconductors by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Seriously??? GayWAD??? Are you five years old??? Grow up. I'm sure you can find better things to do with your time.

  2. Coupon? by TWX · · Score: 1

    bad choice of term. Sounds like the license is really unfavorable.

    --
    Do not look into laser with remaining eye.
    1. Re:Coupon? by bored_engineer · · Score: 2
      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F...

      In this context, they're talking about a test sample. Perhaps the summary should have been edited to say so in plainer English.

  3. Houston, we have a problem. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    > We're missing a part for our IKEA couch AND the 3D printer is broken...

    ABORT!

  4. it has to be said by the+simurgh · · Score: 1

    ppppppppppiiiiirrrraaaaacccyyy iiiinnnnnn sssspppaaaccceee the MPPA/RIAA must be crapping their pants.

  5. ISIS has the ability to build weapons in space??? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0, Funny

    At first I thought they were a bunch of backwards anti-technology morons, but seems they have real capabilities. The only thing they could be making up there is space weapons, aimed right at America and Israel. Normally I'm against war, but maybe now is the time to take these guys out. Before they take us out first.

  6. Slightly wrong ... by BarbaraHudson · · Score: 1

    After it was installed on November 17th and calibrated over the next week,
    ...
    Wilmore installed a new print tray, and the ground team sent a command to fine-tune the printer alignment and printed a third calibration coupon.

    An "alignment coupon" is printed before each job. So, the first TWO objects printed by a 3d printer were "alignment coupons".

    FTFA:

    installed the printer on Nov. 17 and conducted the first calibration test print. Based on the test print results, the ground control team sent commands to realign the printer and printed a second calibration test on Nov. 20. These tests verified that the printer was ready for manufacturing operations. On Nov. 24, ground controllers sent the printer the command to make the first printed part: a faceplate of the extruder’s casing. This demonstrated that the printer can make replacement parts for itself

    --
    "Transparent" is a shit show that trades on every stereotype going. A man in drag is NOT a transsexual.
  7. Re:Next step - More materials by taiwanjohn · · Score: 1

    Things will start to get interesting when astronauts can create semiconductors in in space

    Things will also get even more interesting when the full range of 3D printing materials can be used in microgravity. From ceramics to metals, polymers of various types... it will soon become possible to make virtually anything in space.

    When things really start to get interesting is when we can also create these 3D printing materials in space, from in-situ space resources like asteroids and lunar surface mines. When we can do the whole prociss up there, without needing to "up-mass" anything from Earth, that will be a major turning point for humanity.

    I'm very curious to see how various chemical processes, such as distillation, might be adapted to a microgravity environment. But I'm sure somebody will figure it out.

    --
    XML is like violence. If it doesn't solve your problem, you're not using enough of it. --AC
  8. "The process was mostly a success." by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You mean, like Philae landing?

  9. Re: Next step - More materials by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    You still have to "up-mass" the raw materials. The advantage of printing is that you only have to send up the raw materials that you expect to need, not a bunch of spares prefabbed that you might never need. Given how overengineered space equipment is, and how fragile printed parts can be, that might not be a vast advantage for now. The big thing is that's a first step towards being able to deliver bulk raw materials and turn them into something in space; eventually you could create a fab plant on an asteroid or some other source of materials and make ships or other complex things. Eventually. Maybe. But probably not until we've all died here on earth.

  10. Re: Next step - More materials by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Why does your space religion always include this doomsday scenario?

  11. Re: Next step - More materials by Zontar+The+Mindless · · Score: 1

    You might do better to ask why yours seems to pretend it couldn't happen.

    --
    Il n'y a pas de Planet B.
  12. AWESOME by l0n3s0m3phr34k · · Score: 0

    Now we can start cluttering up orbit with useless plastic trinkets instead of just old rocket / satellite peices!

  13. Re:Next step - More materials by l0n3s0m3phr34k · · Score: 1

    Ask the Russians...you can't tell me they didn't try to distil some vodka on the MIR

  14. Re: Next step - More materials by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    I think there's a wealth of evidence that within the next century, everyone who is currently alive will either have died or will be very old.

  15. Next step... by MinamataHG · · Score: 1

    ...printing a moon base. http://www.esa.int/Highlights/...

  16. The process was mostly a success. by Hognoxious · · Score: 0

    Supid nucularphopic yoorpan's. Should've used an RTG.

    I have a huge beard and a shaved head, I'm totally rad!

    --
    Confucius say, "Find worm in apple - bad. Find half a worm - worse."
  17. Re: Next step - More materials by taiwanjohn · · Score: 1

    You still have to "up-mass" the raw materials.

    For now, yes. That's why I said the real revolution would be learning how to harvest raw materials from space. And it won't take nearly as long as you seem to think.

    I'll be surprised if it's more than five years before the first privately owned fuel depot begins operating in LEO. And I'll only be slightly less surprised if it takes more than ten years for the first lunar-mined fuel to be delivered to that depot.

    Maybe you hadn't heard, but there are people being paid to work out how to do all these things, and have been for years already. And in case you hadn't noticed, SpaceX is about to slash the cost-per-pound to orbit by an order of magnitude, once they can land and re-fly a booster (scheduled in the next few months). The next few years and decades in space are going to be pretty spectacular.

    --
    XML is like violence. If it doesn't solve your problem, you're not using enough of it. --AC
  18. Re: Next step - More materials by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    As yours pretends we can do anything about it.

  19. ISIS have a 3D printer?! by MarcNicholas · · Score: 1

    Is nobody else concerned that ISIS have a 3D printer?!

  20. Re: Next step - More materials by itzly · · Score: 1

    If the SpaceX cost to orbit will be reduced by an order of magnitude, we won't need those orbiting fuel depots, or the insanely expensive lunar mining operation.

  21. Re: Next step - More materials by taiwanjohn · · Score: 1

    We'll need the fuel depots in any scenario, simply because LEO is a more versatile launch/assembly venue, capable of handling much larger missions than anything that could be launched (with or without fuel) from Earth.

    And don't assume that mining the moon will be "insanely" expensive until you've seen the methods that are being worked on right now. Bottom line, the cost of the fuel itself will be just a tiny fraction of the total cost to deliver it on orbit. And as it turns out, there's a significant advantage for producing fuel on the moon -- it takes a bit more than 3x as much delta-v to move a certain mass from Earth to LEO as it does from the moon to LEO (9.3 km/s vs. 2.74 km/s, respectively).

    Let's say Elon gets launch cost down to $125/lb to LEO. That means he's paying $1000 per gallon, just for transport to the depot. Which means my "insanely expensive" lunar miners can spend $500 per gallon to extract the fuel, and still beat Elon's price at the LEO depot. That is a significant forcing function, sufficient to drive mining activity on the moon for decades to come.

    --
    XML is like violence. If it doesn't solve your problem, you're not using enough of it. --AC
  22. Re: Next step - More materials by DanielRavenNest · · Score: 1

    > Maybe you hadn't heard, but there are people being paid to work out how to do all these things,

    Yup, I'm one of them. I'm working on the idea of a "Seed Factory" ( http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/S... ), which is a starter kit of machines which you expand by making parts for more machines. A 3D printer is likely to be part of the starter kit, but you need several others. The engineering R&D questions are what machines should be in the starter kit, what is the optimal growth path, and how do those vary with available raw materials and the desired end outputs.

    The point here is sending a whole industrial plant into orbit to process an asteroid is much too massive. You want to bootstrap up from a minimal starter kit, and build the rest out of the asteroid itself, as much as possible. You won't reach 100%, some stuff will still need to come from Earth, but saving 85-98% of the launch weight (what we think is a reasonable goal) is still a huge advantage.

  23. Re: Next step - More materials by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Right, and if your little fantasy actually worked, why would we need space?