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The Mystery of Glenn Seaborg's Missing Plutonium: Solved

KentuckyFC writes: In the early 1940s, Glenn Seaborg made the first lump of plutonium by bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons in two different cyclotrons for over a year, The resulting plutonium, chemically separated and allowed to react with oxygen, weighed 2.77 micrograms. It was the first macroscopic sample ever created and helped win Seaborg a Nobel prize ten years later. The sample was displayed at the Lawrence Hall of Science in Berkeley until the early naughties, when it somehow disappeared. Now nuclear detectives say they've found Seaborg's plutonium and have been able to distinguish it from almost all other plutonium on the planet using a special set of non-destructive tests. The team says the sample is now expected to go back on display at Seaborg's old office at Berkeley.

85 comments

  1. Special non destructive test? by 50000BTU_barbecue · · Score: 3, Funny

    They weighed it?

    --
    Mostly random stuff.
    1. Re:Special non destructive test? by bunratty · · Score: 2

      Don't be silly! They asked to see its ID.

      --
      What a fool believes, he sees, no wise man has the power to reason away.
    2. Re:Special non destructive test? by hey! · · Score: 4, Informative

      They looked at the radiation coming out of the sample to find evidence of Am-241, an impurity that would be formed if the sample were created in a cyclotron but not if it were created in a reactor. This test doesn't require the sample even to be touched.

      --
      Post may contain irony: discontinue use if experiencing mood swings, nausea or elevated blood pressure.
    3. Re:Special non destructive test? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      you could try to rtfa
      the weight does match
      and also it isn't emitting any radiation characteristic of isotopes produced from plutonium created in a nuclear reactor
      almost all extant plutonium was created in a reactor
      so correct weight + not from a reactor = high probability of sample match
      higher than weight alone, especially considering the measured weight is necessarily approximate, as the case the sample is in can't be opened

    4. Re:Special non destructive test? by nojayuk · · Score: 5, Informative

      It's the other way around. Extra neutron captures in plutonium created in a nuclear power reactor produces Pu-241 and by decay, Am-241. The bombardment of U-238 with deuterons doesn't produce Pu-241. No Am-241 in the sample hence it was not produced in a reactor. That's the theory.

      It's more complicated than that, there are ways of producing very pure Pu-239 in a reactor but the extreme purity of the sample in question seems to mitigate against it being produced by the capture of fission neutrons in a reactor.

    5. Re:Special non destructive test? by 93+Escort+Wagon · · Score: 1

      They read the envelope it was in - it was labeled "Glenn Seaborg's Plutonium".

      --
      #DeleteChrome
    6. Re:Special non destructive test? by __aaclcg7560 · · Score: 1

      Nah, they found it inside a dust bunny that was glowing in the dark.

    7. Re:Special non destructive test? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 2, Funny

      What I want to know is which will work best in my space modulator? It was only design for 36.

    8. Re:Special non destructive test? by Gription · · Score: 1

      They found it wearing a thong and lacie bra.

      From the OP it said it disappeared in "the early naughties".

    9. Re:Special non destructive test? by nitehawk214 · · Score: 1

      They weighed it?

      So, they did not use a particle accelerator?

      --
      I'm a good cook. I'm a fantastic eater. - Steven Brust
    10. Re:Special non destructive test? by sconeu · · Score: 0

      Well, back to the old drawing board!

      --
      General Relativity: Space-time tells matter where to go; Matter tells space-time what shape to be.
    11. Re:Special non destructive test? by dl_sledding · · Score: 1

      What I want to know is which will work best in my flux capacitor? It was only design for 36.

      FTFY

  2. I thought Berkeley was a "nuclear free zone" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Just sayin'

    1. Re:I thought Berkeley was a "nuclear free zone" by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Who was the monkey who tossed the sample? I don't know if well be able to tell, but we seem to have the explanation: it's Berkeley.

  3. Pu 241 has 14 year half life by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    So by 2141 the sample will be all Am-241 and it can be used in a smoke detector. Glenn would be happy about that.

    1. Re:Pu 241 has 14 year half life by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      It's pure Pu-239, so that's rather unlikely.

    2. Re:Pu 241 has 14 year half life by fnj · · Score: 4, Informative

      And Pu-239 has a half life of 24,100 years.

    3. Re:Pu 241 has 14 year half life by grep+-v+'.*'+* · · Score: 1

      Pu 241 has 14 year half life [while] Pu-239 has a half life of 24,100 years.

      So? Just add 2 and you're all done within 14 years -- problem solved.

      If it's good enough for finance, it's certainly good enough for science.

      --
      If the universe is someone's simulation -- does that mean the stars are just stuck pixels?
  4. They found it all right.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    But who's going to pay for my operation? Lesson learned: don't swallow plutonium, no matter how appealing!

    P.S. The side benefit was, if I had to go to the bathroom at night, I didn't need nightlights...once I started to go, it all glowed in the dark, providing sufficient light to see!

    1. Re:They found it all right.... by nitehawk214 · · Score: 1

      But who's going to pay for my operation? Lesson learned: don't swallow plutonium, no matter how appealing!

      P.S. The side benefit was, if I had to go to the bathroom at night, I didn't need nightlights...once I started to go, it all glowed in the dark, providing sufficient light to see!

      Yes, but why did you piss on the floor in the hallway?

      --
      I'm a good cook. I'm a fantastic eater. - Steven Brust
  5. I recall.... by Mr+D+from+63 · · Score: 5, Funny

    the early naughties, those were the good ole days.

    1. Re:I recall.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      when she was good, she was very very good. but when she was bad, she was very very fun...

    2. Re:I recall.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "GET OFF MY LAWN!"

    3. Re: I recall.... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      If you remember the naughties, you weren't there.

  6. naughty 90's? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    naughties?? When was that? I'd like to live in that era!

    1. Re:naughty 90's? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      It's a perfectly cromulent way to spell noughties.

  7. Hmmm... by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    Mildly interesting

  8. They should all be fired! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    This is completely irresponsible that it was lost. What if it had gotten into the hands of the terrorists?

    1. Re:They should all be fired! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      They'll just get it from the museum again.

    2. Re:They should all be fired! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Informative

      Well, if the terrorists were also able to obtain an equal amount of antimatter, they could liberate about the same amount of energy as you would get from burning 4 gallons of gasoline. You'd also have to worry about 6360 decays per second, which is about as much radiation as you emit. Pu-239 emits quite a bit of radiation per decay, a total of 207.1 MeV of various neutrons, gamma rays, and fission fragments, which is about .2 microwatts.

      The big question though would be, if you made a miniature fission bomb out of it, what would the yield be? Sorry to disappoint, folks, but this is probably not possible. "A spherical untampered critical mass is about 11 kg (24.2 lbs), 10.2 cm (4") in diameter". Calculating the compression required to make the sample mass critical would be nontrivial, but it's well into the "diamond anvil" range, and far beyond what is possible with explosives. Plutonium compresses relatively well, for a metal, but not that well.

      So, in order to avoid the biggest health risks associated with this sample, I recommend that you not eat it.

    3. Re:They should all be fired! by quenda · · Score: 1

      So, in order to avoid the biggest health risks associated with this sample, I recommend that you not eat it.

      A few micrograms? Harmless to eat. Famously compared to caffeine.
      You'd need to inhale it to begin worrying.

      In fact there is some evidence that ingesting plutonium extends life. http://atomicinsights.com/how-...
      (no mutant powers though)

    4. Re: They should all be fired! by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I think he meant the only way it could harm you is if you choked on it.

  9. Putin's men borrowed the plutonimum by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    They had to take care of some dissidents.

  10. Re:Early "naughties" by Strider- · · Score: 2

    It ought to be the Noughties, which is the proper pun for that decade.

    --
    ...si hoc legere nimium eruditionis habes...
  11. Re:Early "naughties" by SuricouRaven · · Score: 1

    Naughties arguably fits in some regions, as one of the characteristic aspects of that decade was a relaxation of sexual taboos.

  12. Re:Early "naughties" by ScentCone · · Score: 0

    It ought to be the Noughties

    Except that's pronounced "Nawftees." Just doesn't work.

    --
    Don't disappoint your bird dog. Go to the range.
  13. Re:Early "naughties" by AK+Marc · · Score: 2

    Just like every decade for as long as any of us have been alive?

  14. 2000s by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_%28decade%29

    On January 1, 2000, the BBC listed the noughties (derived from "nought" a word used for zero in many English-speaking countries), as a potential moniker for the new decade.

    1. Re:2000s by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      On January 1, 2000, the BBC listed the noughties (derived from "nought" a word used for zero in many English-speaking countries), as a potential moniker for the new decade.

      What's weird is that I live in the UK and don't recall hearing the name "noughties" at all until 2010, i.e. shortly *after* the decade was past and being post-mortemed. (I'd wondered on more than one occasion what the decade I was living through was meant to be called, but didn't give it much thought beyond that; I'd have said "2000s", if anything).

    2. Re: 2000s by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      noughties != naughties
      I'd hate to see any of your if statements....

    3. Re:2000s by rossdee · · Score: 1

      But of course the 21st century didn't start until Jan 1, 2001
      (there was no year zero)

  15. Found in Van with Stinger Missile by PaddyM · · Score: 1

    It's distinguishable from other plutonium, because it got here from 1985.

  16. Plural of cyclotron by eric31415927 · · Score: 0

    = cyclotron's ?
    I simply stop reading when an author makes obvious grammar mistakes.

    1. Re:Plural of cyclotron by Frosty+Piss · · Score: 1

      I simply stop reading when an author makes obvious grammar mistakes.

      They haven't taught grammar in schools since the early naughties

      --
      If you want news from today, you have to come back tomorrow.
    2. Re:Plural of cyclotron by Deadstick · · Score: 1

      Well, that's one way to wean yourself off the Internet...I usually grit my teeth and press on.

      Though I still lose it when somebody writes "ex-patriot".

    3. Re:Plural of cyclotron by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      Though I still lose it when somebody writes "ex-patriot".

      Errr, why? It would seem a perfectly sensible construct for someone who used to be a patriot but for whatever reason (money, loathing for their home-country's debased political establishment) has ceased to be a patriot.

      There's the other homophone "expatriate", for someone who lives in another country to that of their allegiance, but that's a completely different concept. For example, I mostly earn my income as an expatriate, but it would be impossible for me to earn anything as an ex-patriot (since I have never been a patriot).

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
    4. Re:Plural of cyclotron by tehcyder · · Score: 1
      I think the OP's whole (non explicit) point was that people write "ex-patriot" when they mean "expatriate".

      It's not really a grammatical error, more a sign that the writer doesn't read much, and hence indicative of illiteracy. It's like using "to all intensive purposes" instead of "to all intents and purposes", or "should of" instead of "should've": it shows that you've only ever heard it said, not written down

      --
      To have a right to do a thing is not at all the same as to be right in doing it
    5. Re:Plural of cyclotron by Deadstick · · Score: 1

      What tehcyder said...sorry I wasn't clearer. A lot of people (at least, in online fora) would indeed call you an ex-patriot out of semiliteracy. And it's misleading as to what the motivations of an expat are.

    6. Re:Plural of cyclotron by RockDoctor · · Score: 1

      Reading someone's motivations from their actions has always been a pretty fraught guessing game. It's not as if people are reknowned for their consistency or lack of hypocrisy in general.

      --
      Birds are not dinosaur descendants;birds are dinosaurs, for all useful meanings of "birds", "are" and "dinosaurs"
  17. Misleading title and summary by Jiro · · Score: 1

    The method described did not help them find the plutonium. The method helped them identify it as being the right piece once it was found.

  18. The bigger loss.. by HotNeedleOfInquiry · · Score: 2

    Is the gradual re-purposing of the Lawrence Hall Of Science from a museum explaining the history of nuclear research to just another science museum presenting dinosaurs, earthquakes and global warming. LHS used to be a unique historical resource. "Concerns about radiation" and political correctness turned it into a generic and politically correct science museum.

    --
    "Eve of Destruction", it's not just for old hippies anymore...
    1. Re:The bigger loss.. by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      OH NO! POLITICAL CORRECTNESS! THAT AND TERRORISM! THOSE ARE THE MAJOR FACTORS THAT WILL RUIN SOCIETY!

      kfhdk bdjughyebfv hgsdlfkjhvgzldkuhr zxcipugvsad,gm iug sfd,.mznxc poayseht ;kzxjv lizusf;lskdnhg; sejxcv zsldkgf vnopisdhfg vzxfc, nvzsidjfg
      kfhdk bdjughyebfv hgsdlfkjhvgzldkuhr zxcipugvsad,gm iug sfd,.mznxc poayseht ;kzxjv lizusf;lskdnhg; sejxcv zsldkgf vnopisdhfg vzxfc, nvzsidjfg
      kfhdk bdjughyebfv hgsdlfkjhvgzldkuhr zxcipugvsad,gm iug sfd,.mznxc poayseht ;kzxjv lizusf;lskdnhg; sejxcv zsldkgf vnopisdhfg vzxfc, nvzsidjfg
      kfhdk bdjughyebfv hgsdlfkjhvgzldkuhr zxcipugvsad,gm iug sfd,.mznxc poayseht ;kzxjv lizusf;lskdnhg; sejxcv zsldkgf vnopisdhfg vzxfc, nvzsidjfg
      kfhdk bdjughyebfv hgsdlfkjhvgzldkuhr zxcipugvsad,gm iug sfd,.mznxc poayseht ;kzxjv lizusf;lskdnhg; sejxcv zsldkgf vnopisdhfg vzxfc, nvzsidjfg
      kfhdk bdjughyebfv hgsdlfkjhvgzldkuhr zxcipugvsad,gm iug sfd,.mznxc poayseht ;kzxjv lizusf;lskdnhg; sejxcv zsldkgf vnopisdhfg vzxfc, nvzsidjfg

  19. Plutonium in Berkeley?? by berchca · · Score: 2, Interesting

    Aren't such things illegal in Berkeley because of the Nuclear Free Berkeley Act (Chapter 12.90):
    http://codepublishing.com/CA/Berkeley/cgi/NewSmartCompile.pl?path=Berkeley12/Berkeley1290/Berkeley1290.html

    1. Re:Plutonium in Berkeley?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      No, since none of the sections apply.

    2. Re:Plutonium in Berkeley?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      what are you going on about? let's all just talk crap now

    3. Re:Plutonium in Berkeley?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is in... Livermore, not Berkeley.

    4. Re:Plutonium in Berkeley?? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      "Lawrence Hall of Science" != "Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"

  20. Re:Early "naughties" by Zontar+The+Mindless · · Score: 1

    Please don't tell us how you pronounce "thought". Thanks.

    --
    Il n'y a pas de Planet B.
  21. Top Right Desk Drawer by Kozar_The_Malignant · · Score: 1

    >the sample is now expected to go back on display at Seaborg's old office at Berkeley.

    Because every self-respecting academic has the odd bit of plutonium lying about. It really helps with the mad scientist cred.

    --
    Some mornings it's hardly worth chewing through the restraints to get out of bed.
  22. Re:Early "naughties" by circletimessquare · · Score: 1

    the noughties were dominated by dreadnoughts on the high seas

    call them the dreadnoughties?

    --
    intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it
  23. speck by harvey+the+nerd · · Score: 1

    Lump? 2.7 micrograms, I'd call it a small speck.

  24. In the fiesta ware coffee cup pencil holder by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

    United Nuclear is your friend. Doesn't everyone keep interesting stuff around: bars of tungsten, 1 microcurie sources of Co60, just in case you need some gamma rays, low melting alloys to cast teaspoons out of, etc.

  25. What? by Stormy+Dragon · · Score: 1

    We went to check on Seaborg's plutonium, only to discover it had been replaced with a piece of uranium-235!!

  26. Re:Early "naughties" by ScentCone · · Score: 1

    Thuft.

    --
    Don't disappoint your bird dog. Go to the range.
  27. Glenn Seaborg - a great man by Cliff+Stoll · · Score: 4, Informative

    I was honored to know Glenn Seaborg while working at Lawrence Berkeley Labs in the 1980's. By then, Manhattan Project was long behind him, as was his Nobel prize, the Atomic Energy Commission work, and his chancellorship of the University of California. Yet he was still a kind and supportive scientist who was deeply interested in any research - whether in physics, astronomy, chemistry, or biology. He recognized the need to teach music and art alongside science and math, and would visit local high schools to encourage students.

    I once met him at the Lawrence Hall of Science, walking around the old cyclotron. When I asked him about it, he said that he'd been wondering how the field magnets had been mounted (it was perhaps 40 years after the Manhattan Project). After a short chat he invited a few 12 year old kids over, and told stories about using the beast to create new elements. Amazing guy.

  28. Safety? by seven+of+five · · Score: 1

    TFA says the sample was removed from a display for safety concerns. According to this source, Pu 239 has a specific activity of .063 curies/g. For a 2.7ug sample, that's 0.175 uC. I don't get why anyone thought safety was an issue for such a tiny source.

    1. Re:Safety? by tinkerton · · Score: 1

      Alpha emissions are easily shielded too. On the other hand, if the sample is broken and dispersed they can't avoid closing the whole place down. Small amounts of plutonium function great in dirty bombs.

    2. Re:Safety? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 0

      I would expect that breaking a 2.7ug sample into pieces may be harder than you seem to be implying here

    3. Re:Safety? by tinkerton · · Score: 1

      Could be, I don't know. Dissolve and spray? But you really need very little to close the place because the actual extent of the danger doesn't matter much. Perception runs its own course.

  29. Re:Early "naughties" by drolli · · Score: 1

    Reminds me when i wanted to text "Sweta" (Short calling name for "Swetlana") on my phone to a colleague of mine and my phone corrected it to "Sweetie".....

  30. Re:Early "naughties" by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

    So early naughties were the nineteen-sixties?

    --
    Ezekiel 23:20
  31. Re:Early "naughties" by K.+S.+Kyosuke · · Score: 1

    Only if you're a Brit.

    --
    Ezekiel 23:20
  32. Re:Early "naughties" by circletimessquare · · Score: 1

    the brits built the first dreadnought, yes. everyone was so impressed everyone built one

    --
    intellectual property law is philosophically incoherent. it is your moral duty to ignore it or sabotage it
  33. Perfectionists by waynemcdougall · · Score: 1

    It was correctly labelled, at the correct institution, in the place you would expect it to be stored, and it weighed the correct amount.

    But that wasn't good enough. They had to wait and see if it wouldn't decay in a particular way.

    I am never going to let these guys tidy up my lab or do the filing.

    --
    Recycle PCs and build a wireless community network www.hillsborough.org.nz
    1. Re:Perfectionists by vandamme · · Score: 1

      Somebody could have substituted anothe dust speck, and nobody would be the wiser.

  34. The coments for this article by sjb72 · · Score: 1

    I now have a headache and my cheeks hurt from laughter. Thanks everyone for all the great comments. It was refreshing to hear all the jokes and not all the anger and hatred that usually comes with public sites. Who said nerds aren't funny? Cheers and keep moving forward Science On!

    1. Re:The coments for this article by vandamme · · Score: 1

      You new here? Stick around, you'll find plenty of both.

  35. Re:Early "naughties" by tehcyder · · Score: 1

    It ought to be the Noughties

    Except that's pronounced "Nawftees." Just doesn't work.

    Is that a joke about the vagaries of English spelling/pronounciation (rough, through, bough, etc)or do you really not know that it derives from "nought" which rhymes with "ought"?

    --
    To have a right to do a thing is not at all the same as to be right in doing it
  36. Re:Early "naughties" by ScentCone · · Score: 1

    Is that a joke about the vagaries of English spelling/pronounciation (rough, through, bough, etc)

    Fank you for having more of a clue than a few other folks, apparently!

    --
    Don't disappoint your bird dog. Go to the range.