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Chinese CA Issues Certificates To Impersonate Google

Trailrunner7 writes: Google security engineers, investigating fraudulent certificates issued for several of the company's domains, discovered that a Chinese certificate authority was using an intermediate CA, MCS Holdings, that issued the unauthorized Google certificates, and could have issued certificates for virtually any domain. Google's engineers were able to block the fraudulent certificates in the company's Chrome browser by pushing an update to the CRLset, which tracks revoked certificates. The company also alerted other browser vendors to the problem, which was discovered on March 20. Google contacted officials at CNNIC, the Chinese registrar who authorized the intermediate CA, and the officials said that they were working with MCS to issue certificates for domains that it registered. But, instead of simply doing that, and storing the private key for the registrar in a hardware security module, MCS put the key in a proxy device designed to intercept secure traffic.

40 of 139 comments (clear)

  1. The Web of trust only works by Virtucon · · Score: 5, Insightful

    When we all agree to the same rules.

    --
    Harrison's Postulate - "For every action there is an equal and opposite criticism"
    1. Re:The Web of trust only works by Feral+Nerd · · Score: 3, Informative

      The Web of trust only works ... When we all agree to the same rules.

      The CA system is broken.Trusting many different CAs has proven to be a bad idea since any CA can issue a certificate for any domain name they please like these guys did plus the fact that many CAs have suffered serious security breaches. What we've needed for years is some sort of DNS like system for certificates where certificates can be revoked and the action will be cascaded through the entire net quickly like domain name changes. There even have been proposals to use DNS for this purpose which as far as I understand it would render CAs redundant. Under the current system Google can only remove the certificates from the CA Root lists Google controls if the bad certificates have made it into those, and politely request that others who maintain CA Root lists do the same. I can only theorise that CA reform has proven problematic since implementing such a system would be taking a bowl of soup from the cauldron of certain set of people who have an interest in maintaining the old system and have resisted reform. I can't imagine any other reason why the certificate system hasn't been changed.

    2. Re:The Web of trust only works by Vlad_the_Inhaler · · Score: 2

      So what happens when the "bad guys" start revoking legitimate certificates? In this context, that would be MCS or CNNIC revoking Google's real certificates.
      I can imagine an NSA pulling a stunt like that as well.

      --
      Mielipiteet omiani - Opinions personal, facts suspect.
    3. Re:The Web of trust only works by blippo · · Score: 3, Interesting

      It's a bit of a scam from the beginning. I remember almost 20 years ago I asked where the safety was in that we had to shell up a relatively large sum of money to some unknown company on the other side of the world, so that they could "verify" our identity (how exactly?) - just because they had bought (?) a place in Netscape's or Internet Explorer's root CA list.

      Since there are so many certificate authorities it's safe to assume that too many are compromised by- or under the influence of- criminal organisations or non-democratic and/or corrupt governments. (Ignoring the just-for-lulz hackers, I'm not that worried about them.)

      I really wished PGP/GPG-style trust chain model worked in real life, but it's a hassle even for techies.

      One idea would be to utilize the existing social networks + phones for something, but I doubt it would be possible to build something that is idiot-proof enough.
      (Especially since a lot of people seems to have no idea who some of their contacts actually are...)

      It could potentially solve email too though.

    4. Re:The Web of trust only works by Anonymous+Brave+Guy · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Trusting many different CAs has proven to be a bad idea

      Trusting any one of many different CAs has obvious vulnerabilities, as this case demonstrates (and it's not exactly the first time the problem of an untrustworthy CA has been observed in the wild). The current CA system isn't really a web of trust, because it ultimately depends on multiple potential single points of failure.

      One way or another, in the absence of out-of-band delivery of appropriate credentials, you have to trust someone, so I suspect the pragmatic approach is to move to a true web-of-trust system, where you trust a combination of sources collectively but never trust any single source alone, and where mistrust can also be propagated through the system. Then at least you can still ship devices/operating systems/browsers seeded with a reasonable set of initial sources you trust, but any single bad actor can quickly be removed from the trust web by consensus later while no single bad actor can undermine the credibility of the web as a whole. Such a system could still allow you to independently verify that the identity of a system you're talking to via out-of-band details if required.

      --
      If you disagree, post your argument. (-1, Overrated) isn't your personal censorship tool for views you don't like.
  2. Are the CAs that do this revoked? by QuietLagoon · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Or at least their certs removed from valid CA Root lists that, for example, Mozilla uses. If not, why not? A trust has been breached.

    1. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by BenJeremy · · Score: 5, Insightful

      THIS.

      Make an example out of them, at the very least. I doubt MCS or CNNIC will do anything to disengage themselves from the Chinese government (Most likely culprit here). Revoke their authority and put an end to this nonsense.

    2. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by gnasher719 · · Score: 5, Interesting

      It seems that you are right. It very much looks like there was a genuine Certificate Authority behind this, and that means an Internet death sentence needs to be issued - removing that Certificate Authority from the root certificates of Windows, MacOS X, iOS, Android, Linux etc.

    3. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by RelaxedTension · · Score: 4, Informative

      Yup, same as DigiNotar. This company is no longer trustworthy, regardless of if this happened on purpose, or due to being incompetent.

    4. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Insightful

      So are we going to revoke Verisign's root CA certificate (and screw up the millions of websites that use their certs) when we eventually find out that the NSA strong-armed them into doing the same thing?

    5. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by Holi · · Score: 5, Insightful

      If we are serious about trust then yes, otherwise this isn't the beginning of the end, it's just the end. If the cert's cannot be trusted and we are not willing to take the steps to preserve that trust then the whole internet economy goes poof.

      --
      Sorry, teleporters just kill you and then make a copy. A perfect, soul-less copy.
    6. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by meerling · · Score: 2

      A lot of people were predicting this type of problem back when certs were being pushed out and proclaimed to be the solution to security.
      (There have been numerous other issues of fraudulent certs, but I don't think they were as large as Google.)

    7. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by sexconker · · Score: 5, Interesting

      We should. We won't.

      A system built around certificate authorities is broken by design. Self-signed certs are much more secure than anything stamped by a CA.
      And can we start using client certs, please? I should be able to walk into my bank and hand them a unique cert that they attach to my account and use for verification. Additionally, I should be able to request a unique cert on their end that they use only for my account so I can do my own verification.
      Since this is all self-signed shit, it can be easily automated.

      For revocation, all either party has to do is stop using/trusting the cert. No one can regenerate the bank's unique cert that I trust because there is no authority with that power. No one can regenerate mine. If the bank wants to issue a new cert, I have to go in and get the new cert and trust it. You can dumb down your trust if you want - the bank could mail you the cert, mail you a letter saying it's going to be changed, post the thumbprint of the cert on their site, to their support phone line, whatever. If I want to issue a new cert, I have to get them to trust me in a similar fashion.

      Doing it this way is more work, but you have ACTUAL trust, negotiated equally by both parties. You can choose convenience over security if you want, but you're not subject to some government/CA MITMing everything on a whim.

    8. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by praxis · · Score: 2

      The company can generate a certificate (public and private key pair) and send you the public key pair through an unsecure channel. They can then tell you the fingerprint over a secure channel. You do the same. You each verify that the public key of the other party is actually the other party's public key and then you two can communicate securely.

      No, what constitutes a secure channel for key verification? That's where you can get levels of trust from one posted on their website (weak) to one read to you over a phone by a human (weak) to travelling and exchanging (stronger). Of course, if you are travelling you might as well just exchange public keys that way.

    9. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by kbonin · · Score: 2

      Agreed. The ONLY effective punishment for a CA that breaches trust or competence this poorly is to mark its roots as permanently untrusted. In a world that has set aside morals and ethics (or redefined them into doublespeak meaninglessness), the only punishment that will actually make corporations change their behavior are penalties that significantly exceed the full gains of breaking the rule or law. The related challenge is raising the certification bar, so this doesn't become a "whack a mole" with CCNIC2, CCNIC3, TOTALLY_NOT_CCNIC, etc...

    10. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by DarkOx · · Score: 2

      Yes its a To big to Fail problem, just in another form. If your browser throws errors on just about ever site you visit pretty soon "many" people will start using another browsers. So no we won't revoke Verisign's root pretty much no matter what.

      Maybe an independent like Mozilla might would drop them, if the entire Verisign organization was discovered by an NSA front run by vampires with pedophilia it could happen but even then its only a maybe at best.

      --
      Repeal the 17th Amendment TODAY! Also Please Read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html
    11. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by Zocalo · · Score: 2

      Personally, I'd say screw them, revoke the certificates in the OS/browsers, and let CNNIC figure out how to sort out the mess with their customers. Even if you were to then allow them to create a new certificate, they'll still need to go through the financial and administrative pain of having to re-issue all the certificates to their immediate customers like MCS, who will then have to re-issue all their certificates and so on... That's a huge slap on the wrist and a massive deterrant to any other CA messes with the web of trust, or a good defence they can use when their authoritarian government "requests" that they do so, which is more likely what happened here.

      In the meantime, you can always delete the trust yourself. Open your Browsers Certificate List ("Options, Advanced, Certificates, View Certificates" in Firefox), find CNNIC's certs (there are two in Firefox - "CNNIC ROOT" and "China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root") and either delete them altogether or edit the trust and remove the ability to sign websites. That's pretty useless as anything other than a feel good factor though because it doesn't stop you accessing any sites in that particular chain of trust; you'll just get a warning that the site uses an untrusted certificate and prompt to abort or add the site's specific certificate without any upstream CA certificates.

      --
      UNIX? They're not even circumcised! Savages!
    12. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by Ted+Stoner · · Score: 3, Interesting

      I am annoyed that Firefox does not respect my choices for trusted certs when it does an update. Every time FF updates I go in an un-trust certs from CAs from foreign countries (China, Turkey, etc.). But after the next update, they are back. This is not a secure way to operate.

    13. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by Mattcelt · · Score: 2

      If you can't trust that the entity with which you're exchanging information has the security of the information as their highest priority, no amount of securing of channels is going to help.

      How do you know the person handing you the fingerprint hasn't switched it for a manky one?

      How do you know the server that generated the key hasn't been compromised?

      For that matter, how do you know that the remote entity hasn't been strong-armed into simply giving over all of your information? A government threatening to shut down a business or jail its workers shifts the priority to their own self-preservation, which means that in most cases, you're fucked.

      The Certificate Authority model is the best one we've been able to come up with to date. It's been around for 20+ years, and while it does have its flaws, it is the least flawed system I've seen proposed.

    14. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by arth1 · · Score: 4, Interesting

      The irony here is that Google wants https with chain-of-trust certificates, and advocate https, and without self-signed certs harder than anyone. Now it comes back to bite Google's own derriere.

      The reason they want https (or SPDY or HTTP/2.0) everywhere isn't our best interest, but because you can't easily hide behind caching proxy servers, giving them better fingerprinting as well as a higher hit count on ads.

      When I have to go to Google, I go to the non-redirecting http page they have hidden.
      My personal privacy is worth more to me than the risk of a 3rd party listening in on my searches (other than the three letter agencies who already listen in).

    15. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by vux984 · · Score: 2

      Self-signed certs are much more secure than anything stamped by a CA.

      Agreed, sort of. Its true ONLY if you load the client browser with the cert. There no security at all in being presented an arbitrary and here-to-for unknown self-signed-cert when browsing the the web, which means self-signing is suitable for managing your own users securely; more securely than than using the major roots.

      But -- one -- unless you actually remove the major roots; and we assume they're compromised then they can still present valid certs for your stuff - so switching to self signed doesn't really get you much security in that case. Because few of us can really afford to realistically pull all the major root authorities out of our browsers. If I normally self-sign my-private-domain; and then access it from my-laptop with my certs preloaded -- I can still be MITM'd if bad-actor can drop a versign signed cert or my domain in front of my browser -- I won't catch that unless i inspect the cert manually each time i visit; or I pull verisign out of my browser -- neither is convenient.

      And two -- self signed is useless for securing the public web. After all, if I browse to your-domain and get presented a self-signed certificate how do I know its from you? I could be looking at ANYBODY's self-signed certificate for your domain. That's far worse than the current root-CA situation where at worst a small number of entitties can impersonate me... as opposed to absolutely anybody using self-signed certs.

    16. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by sexconker · · Score: 2

      If you can't establish trust in a secure manner, then you cannot trust them.
      Welcome to actual security.

    17. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by sexconker · · Score: 2

      The cert is as secure as the cryptography and implementation.
      The trust is up to you, not some web of "authorities".

    18. Re:Are the CAs that do this revoked? by Fnord666 · · Score: 2

      In the meantime, you can always delete the trust yourself. Open your Browsers Certificate List ("Options, Advanced, Certificates, View Certificates" in Firefox), find CNNIC's certs (there are two in Firefox - "CNNIC ROOT" and "China Internet Network Information Center EV Certificates Root") and either delete them altogether or edit the trust and remove the ability to sign websites.

      What happens the next time there's an update to firefox?

      --
      'The tyrant will always find pretext for his tyranny.' - Aesop's Fables
  3. Re:Google wants a monopoly... by Shoten · · Score: 5, Insightful

    ...on processing of your private information. It is in its interests to make sure everything is secure until the moment it reaches their servers.

    And if you live there, China wants a monopoly on knowing your private information...plus incarcerating you and even killing you to harvest your transplantable organs should it find that it doesn't like something it learns about you. Like that you think Tibet should be free. Or if you worship the wrong god.

    Please do try to keep a sense of perspective?

    --

    For your security, this post has been encrypted with ROT-13, twice.
  4. One-sided relationship by Tablizer · · Score: 4, Interesting

    Please explain why we offer nearly tariff-free trade with such a prick country? They bleep with US entertainment companies, networking companies, search companies, etc. etc.

    1. Re:One-sided relationship by nitehawk214 · · Score: 4, Insightful

      Because American voters can't see past the end of their noses. If congress enacted laws that increased prices on their Wallmart goods, they would be voted out so fast. Coupled with this the fact that the lobbies of corporations want to keep the status quo that keeps them rich.

      --
      I'm a good cook. I'm a fantastic eater. - Steven Brust
    2. Re:One-sided relationship by gstoddart · · Score: 3, Insightful

      And, so what?

      American spy agencies fuck with everybody else on the planet. Are you laboring under the belief you are special little flowers or something?

      On behalf of the rest of the world, listening to Americans complain about what the Chinese are doing is pathetic.

      Because you don't seem to give a shit about how we feel about you spying on us.

      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    3. Re:One-sided relationship by gstoddart · · Score: 3, Interesting

      Oh, well, if it's commerce it's magically exempt and everybody will know it's divine and protected by god, right?

      Sorry, but do you expect us to use the US wouldn't use spying for commercial advantage if they had a chance? Or that they don't? Or that they restrict how they spy on everybody else int he world?

      The difference between the US government saying "We can break into any system we want" and the Chinese government saying "We can break into system we want" is the self entitled nature of the person who says they're different.

      These two are exactly the same. Claiming otherwise is just exceptionalism. It's just one government hacking security for their own ends.

      To everyone who is neither American nor Chinese, you're both convinced magical unicorns give you the right to do as you please.

      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    4. Re:One-sided relationship by currently_awake · · Score: 2

      It is said that a Capitalist will sell you the rope you use to hang him. American companies have willingly sold out their own industrial base in order to gain a few extra percent of profit for the next quarter.

  5. At what point do we stop playing? by tekrat · · Score: 5, Interesting

    Sooner or later, greed trumps useability. Companies are going to screw one another over in attempts to dominate. We, the users of the internet, lose when these entities play their games on one another, and sooner or later we are going to take to take our marbles and go home -- it's not worth it to play.

    I feel we have already reached this state; between the NSA essentially hacking every router as it leaves the factory to China issuing false certs to Google putting their own interests at the top of every search, it seems that the time has come to either consider some international organization to regulate the internet, or abandon TCP/IP and start again with a whole new internet based on something else. Clean sheet.

    The way we are currently headed will breed a cesspool of an internet you can't trust for anything -- so why would you use it for shopping, news, banking, or any other activity if you KNOW that every single time you do, you will regret using this medium for anything?

    If Amazon, Google, CNN, and heck even Facebook want to stay in business, they need to learn to stop fucking around with their users, because I've essentially had it, and I'm guessing that I cannot be alone in my disdain and distrust of what has become of an internet I used to like.

    --
    If telephones are outlawed, then only outlaws will have telephones.
    1. Re:At what point do we stop playing? by cavreader · · Score: 3

      Oh yes another International organization. The current ones have such a wonderful track record. Maybe the UN can take over the internet regulations.

  6. Bet the US can as well ... by gstoddart · · Score: 3, Insightful

    Can't pretty much any high enough level certificate authority issue any damned certificate it wants?

    You think America or any other country can't do this stuff? You think they don't?

    Sorry, but when every other damned nation is spying and lying, WTF difference is it when China does it? You don't get to pretend it's OK for one country but not another.

    Until we start designing stuff which is inherently more secure, and which doesn't have back doors for government .. this is the state of security. You may or may not have it, you have no control over that fact.

    America doesn't want people to bypass their spy apparatus any more than China does. Let's not pretend this is any different.

    --
    Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    1. Re:Bet the US can as well ... by SuricouRaven · · Score: 4, Insightful

      The big difference is that China got caught. I'm sure the US has this capability too - but they use it only in targeted intercepts, so as to maintain deniability.

  7. geo-block this crap by tommyatomic · · Score: 2

    My company had massive amounts of fraudulent connection attempts originating from china. We geoblocked china and 95% of it went away. I feel for what the people who live there have to endure but I give ZERO $hits about the negative effects of blocking access to a country that blatantly allows and endorses state sponsored criminal hackers attacking businesses.

    I believe in one set of rules for everyone. How do you suppose China would respond if the tables were turned and the governments of GB,France,Germany,USA, Australia, and Canada all set China in their crosshairs and declared open season.

    1. Re:geo-block this crap by tommyatomic · · Score: 2

      That is two significant leaps past being idiotic. An internet connection is not required for a cash transaction and registers dont all use integrated credit. ATM's and integrated credit cash registers authenticate to the merchant service subscribed to by the business which would in turn authenticate to various card issueing banks. Zero authentication through China. Geo-block the crap out of China and your ATM's and Cash registers will run just fine.

  8. Revoke the certs by Imagix · · Score: 5, Insightful

    At a _minimum_ MCS's rights need to be revoked. There needs to be an independent audit of any cert that CNNIC has issued _at CNNIC's expense_, and of their operations (both CNNIC, and the organizations to which they've issued certs), or CNNIC should have its rights revoked as well. MCS is completely untrustable, and CNNIC has to prove that they are currently trustable. CNNIC's operations need to be audited or they may just turn around an issue a new cert to MCS. (Or "MCS" with a new name)

  9. Re:Let me see if I got this right by Xenx · · Score: 2

    The issue isn't about Google giving them their key or anything. CNNIC is a root level CA and is considered trusted by all the major operating systems. CNNIC gave their keys to MCS temporarily and MCS used that authority to issue certs with falsified info.

  10. Re:Google wants a monopoly... by Shoten · · Score: 2

    Nothing wrong in pointing out that an advertising company whose sole business is spying on their users would make sure that any competition is eliminated.

    It is possible to dislike both. Please do try to use your brain.

    There is when it's totally off-topic and entirely irrelevant. It doesn't matter that Google is involved; this is about China and spying on their own citizens. Google's business model has nothing to do with it. Disliking Google has even less to do with it...because Google is, to date, the only tech company that has ever stood up to China over things like this. In this situation Google is actually the good guys.

    And, for the record, every company wants a monopoly. That's why monopolies were outlawed. I think it's you that should use your brain.

    --

    For your security, this post has been encrypted with ROT-13, twice.
  11. Re:Google wants a monopoly... by swillden · · Score: 2

    Google is completely OK with sharing personal info with all governments

    Not true, not in the slightest. Google has fought hard to minimize the information they have to give to governments, and to be as transparent as the law will allow about what they do give. Remember that Google created the transparency report, and was the company that managed to negotiate permission to share aggregated data about National Security Letters. Many other companies have followed suit, but Google led the way.

    They have already been caught supplying users' data to the US government.

    No, Google has been shown to comply with legal requirements, and to fight questionable requests in court. Snowden also revealed that the NSA was tapping Google's fiber. Google responded by encrypting the data on that fiber.

    They make money on that as well because they charge the US government a fee for that service.

    Cite? Since Google is a publicly-traded company, it should be easy to point to that line item in their SEC filings.

    Stood up and achieved what? Get told by the Chinese government to STFU or GTFO?

    No, told by the Chinese government to participate in government-mandated censorship or GFTO. Google participated for a while and then decided it wasn't what they ought to be doing, and so chose to GTFO of the biggest market on the planet (albeit one in which they had a small market share.

    --
    Note to ACs: I usually delete AC replies without reading them. If you want to talk to me, log in.