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A Ph.D Thesis Defense Delayed By Injustice 77 Years

Taco Cowboy writes: A story about a 102-year old lady doing her PhD thesis defense is not that common, but when the thesis defense was delayed by a whopping 77 years, that gotta raise some eyebrows. Ingeborg Syllm-Rapoport studied diphtheria at the University of Hamburg in Germany and in 1938, the 25-year old Protestant-raised, German-born Ingeborg submitted for her doctorate thesis defense. She was denied her chance for her defense because her mother was of the Jewish ancestry, making her an official "cross-breed". As such the Nazi regime forbid the university from proceeding with her defense, for "racial reasons".

She became one of the thousands of scholars and researchers banished from German academe, which at the time included many of the world's most prestigious research institutions, because of Jewish ancestry or opposition to Nazi policies. Many of them ended up suffering or dying in concentration camps. Rudolf Degkwitz, Syllm's professor, was imprisoned for objecting to euthanizing children. Syllm, however, was able to reach the United States and earned her medical degree from the old Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eventually she married a fellow physician named Samuel Mitja Rapoport, had a family, and moved back to Germany in the 1950s, where she achieved prominence in neonatology. Syllm-Rapoport, who is now 102 years old, might have remained just a doctor (if a very accomplished one) had not the present dean of the Hamburg medical school, Uwe Koch-Gromus, heard her story from a colleague of her son, Tom Rapoport, a Harvard cell biologist.

Determined to do what he could to mitigate this wrong, Koch-Gromus arranged Syllm-Rapoport's long-delayed defense. Despite failing eyesight, she brushed up on decades of developments in diphtheria research with the help of friends and the Internet. Koch-Gromus called the 45-minute oral exam given by him and two colleagues on 13 May in her Berlin living room "a very good test. Frau Rapoport has gathered notable knowledge about what's happened since then. Particularly given her age, she was brilliant."

78 of 134 comments (clear)

  1. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3

    That's not a Godwin.

    You have to accuse someone of being a nazi to Godwin. If the story is explicitly about nazis, that's different.

  2. All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by Alain+Williams · · Score: 5, Insightful

    for arranging this. It might be largely symbolic, but I heartily approve of what he has done. Something bright & positive, better than the trials of ancient concentration camp officials.

    1. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1, Insightful

      I understand identifying sexuality is a special challenge for you, so I'll just leave this here:

      Uwe Koch-Gromus

    2. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      WTF? The dude's a guy. Google his pic...he's an old white male with thinning grey hair and knee-low testicles.

      Hard to fuck that up.

    3. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by nbauman · · Score: 1

      It happens a lot. There is a, shall we say, generation gap in Germany and Austria. The Germans also have this attitude about "making things right."

      http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E...
      When Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000, it was claimed in Vienna that he was an "Austrian" Nobel, something he found "typically Viennese: very opportunistic, very disingenuous, somewhat hypocritical." He also said it was "... certainly not an Austrian Nobel, it was a Jewish-American Nobel." After that, he got a call from then Austrian president Thomas Klestil asking him, "How can we make things right?" Kandel said that first, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed; Karl Lueger was an anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna, cited by Hitler in Mein Kampf. The street was ultimately renamed in 2012.[17] Second, he wanted the Jewish intellectual community to be brought back to Vienna, with scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.[18] He also proposed a symposium on the response of Austria to National Socialism.[19] Kandel has since accepted an honorary citizenship of Vienna and participates in the academic and cultural life of his native city.

    4. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by your_mother_sews_soc · · Score: 2

      This is a very touching story. I don't think it was symbolic, given the lengths to which both the examiners and Dr. Syllm-Rapoport went to legitimately defend her research. Kudos all around and a great wrong was righted. (Yes, there are and have been many atrocities committed and their number doesn't diminish the greatness of any individual act of restoration.)

      --
      My user name was a mistake. Input wasn't restricted, my bad.
    5. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by rtb61 · · Score: 1

      So how far have we come in life that, now, further education is a crippling fiscal penalty and not something government strives to achieve in the whole population. You would think governments would be endeavouring to get people to keep learning all their lives but no, higher education is considered a burden that is frowned upon as being a waste unless it generates profits for use by others to stupid to gain it.

      --
      Chaos - everything, everywhere, everywhen
    6. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by SpankiMonki · · Score: 1

      for arranging this. It might be largely symbolic, but I heartily approve of what she has done. Something bright & positive, better than the trials of ancient concentration camp officials.

      FTFY

      I approve of what he has done, and I respect and admire what she has done - and not just because she successfully defended her thesis, but because of her accomplishments throughout her long career.

      See what I did there? There's plenty of respect and admiration to go around here. Maybe you should stop treating this as if it was a zero-sum game.

    7. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by davester666 · · Score: 1

      There's not enough praise to go around to everyone. Either he gets it or she does.

      --
      Sleep your way to a whiter smile...date a dentist!
    8. Re:All kudos to Uwe Koch-Gromus by BarbaraHudson · · Score: 1

      I thought the poster was lauding the woman who defended her dissertation. My bad. Which ring of hell do you wish me to descend to?

      --
      "Transparent" is a shit show that trades on every stereotype going. A man in drag is NOT a transsexual.
  3. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 5, Funny

    what are you, some sort of comment nazi?

  4. she migh thave remained just doctor? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 3, Insightful

    She might have remained just a doctor, but now she's... a doctor doctor!
    ( huh? )

    But seriously, this is awesome.

    Also, WTF slashdot... how about linking to the primary source ( Wall Street Journal )

    1. Re:she migh thave remained just doctor? by AthanasiusKircher · · Score: 5, Informative

      She might have remained just a doctor, but now she's... a doctor doctor! ( huh? )

      Actually, in Germany (unlike, say, in the U.S.) multiple doctorates are explicitly mentioned in the title during formal address. Someone with two doctorates is actually "Frau Doktor Doktor X" someone with a bunch of doctorates (earned and honorary) would be "Frau Dr. Dr. h.c. mult." etc.

    2. Re:she migh thave remained just doctor? by plopez · · Score: 2

      It's that sort of naming convention that makes Organic Chemistry fun!

      --
      putting the 'B' in LGBTQ+
    3. Re:she migh thave remained just doctor? by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 4, Funny

      1,2-didoctorate

    4. Re:she migh thave remained just doctor? by Patent+Lover · · Score: 1

      In the U.S. we would say "Sorry you will be in debt for the rest of your life".

  5. God Thing it Was Diptheria by chill · · Score: 1

    Can you imagine if it had been on Small Pox?

    Hmmm...we actually cured that in the mean time, so... how would they handle that? Brushing up on the new research could be fairly quick.

    --
    Learning HOW to think is more important than learning WHAT to think.
  6. the Nazi regime forbid the university by davstok · · Score: 2

    forbid forbade forbidden. It's forbade.

    1. Re:the Nazi regime forbid the university by gstoddart · · Score: 4, Funny

      Pretty sure it was verboten. ;-)

      --
      Lost at C:>. Found at C.
    2. Re:the Nazi regime forbid the university by Roskolnikov · · Score: 1

      verboten...

      --
      Unix, an obscure operating system developed by bored researchers in an attempt to get a better game playing experience.
  7. Do some editing by wonkey_monkey · · Score: 1, Insightful

    that gotta raise some eyebrows.

    And you gotta learn how to use apostrophes. And not write "gotta."

    As such the Nazi regime forbid

    Forbade, or possibly forbad. If you don't know the correct tense of the verb you want to use, either look it up or think of another one.

    --
    systemd is Roko's Basilisk.
    1. Re:Do some editing by mlw4428 · · Score: 1

      Do I did this correctly?

    2. Re:Do some editing by Em+Adespoton · · Score: 1

      Did you just grammar-Godwin the thread?

  8. Re:Gidwin in the summary by BarbaraHudson · · Score: 3, Funny

    Nah, they're just a Godwin Nazi. :-)

    --
    "Transparent" is a shit show that trades on every stereotype going. A man in drag is NOT a transsexual.
  9. Awesome story by quax · · Score: 1

    Thanks for posting this.

  10. Well done! by Drethon · · Score: 1

    All I have to say.

  11. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Coren22 · · Score: 2

    In the 50's I would have to see a white man who would apply to go to the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania.

    --
    APK likes to ask for responses to the same things over and over. Maybe he just likes the responses?
  12. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    - too bad we don't have some racist and sexist Slashdoter to claim that, even five years after Hitler was in power, a Jewish women could study in a university, while today a White men is denied even to enter because some Black women replace him thanks to racism and sexism...

    I...I think we just did have such a person.

  13. Summary only missed one sentence... by Em+Adespoton · · Score: 5, Informative

    Here's the final sentence from the article that didn't make it into TFS:

    At a ceremony on 9 June, Syllm-Rapoport will officially become an M.D.-Ph.D. and, without doubt, the oldest new graduate of this or any other academic year.

    1. Re:Summary only missed one sentence... by tnk1 · · Score: 1

      Sorry, but if you were black, jew, or a dog back then, you had no chance to become someone "important" in Germany unless you knew something about physics, rockets, nuclear reactions, aeronautics, etc.

      Wait... Dogs were important in Germany if they knew about physics, rockets, nuclear reactions, or aeronautics?

      You're lying. I never saw that on the History Channel.

    2. Re:Summary only missed one sentence... by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

      I think it is fair to say that a dog who knows something about physics, rockets, nuclear reactions, aeronautics, etc. would be considered important anywhere at any time, if only for the entertainment value.

      --
      Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
    3. Re:Summary only missed one sentence... by N1AK · · Score: 2

      And they were pretty good at it to. Why do you think dogs made it into space four years before humans did!?

  14. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    even five years after Hitler was in power, a Jewish women could study in a university, while today a White men is denied even to enter because some Black women replace him thanks to racism and sexism...

    The discrimination is bad enough for Whites, but Asians actually have it even worse.

  15. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by PRMan · · Score: 3, Interesting

    And yet you can read online all day long, "Kill all Christians." Why is it wrong to hate on one religion but okay to hate on a different one?

    This is his point. These sorts of "injustices" are way too influenced by time and relativism for his taste.

    --
    Peter predicted that you would "deliberately forget" creation 2000 years ago...
  16. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Except if they're Al-Qaeda, AMIRITE?

    Al-Qaeda is to Muslims as the KKK is to Christians ... I have not problem wiping out Al-Qaeda or ISIS as that is just providing assistance in them meeting the Prophet, now wiping all Muslims is an entirely different story same applies to KKK vs. Christians.

    Though honestly in my experience all "Children of the Book" are assholes.

  17. Re:Gidwin in the summary by tomhath · · Score: 2

    I...I think we just did have such a person.

    No, that was a racist and sexist Slashdoter claiming that claiming reverse discrimination isn't discrimination is racist and sexist.

  18. Re:Gidwin in the summary by antiperimetaparalogo · · Score: 1

    even five years after Hitler was in power, a Jewish women could study in a university, while today a White men is denied even to enter because some Black women replace him thanks to racism and sexism...

    The discrimination is bad enough for Whites, but Asians actually have it even worse.

    Yes, i agree, (eastern) Asians have it worse in USA, but i am from Europe, where not so many (eastern) Asians exist, so... White Europeans have this "privilige"!

    --
    Antisthenes: "Wisdom begins by examining the words/names." - excuse my English, i am (slightly...) better with my Greek!
  19. Okay, I thought *I* took a long time... by jeffb+(2.718) · · Score: 1

    I just really enjoyed grad school too much to want to finish, and they eventually made it clear to me that I'd better defend soon or they'd kick me out. Of course, I also wasn't accomplishing nearly as much in the interim as the article's subject.

    It's an inspiring story. All the same, my dissertation defense is something that I'm just as happy I won't have the opportunity to tackle later in life...

  20. A nightmare by clovis · · Score: 5, Funny

    I still have this nightmare.
    I'm back in school 50 years later and have to finish some schoolwork I'd forgotten.
    The only variable is whether I'm naked or just in my underwear.

    1. Re:A nightmare by theskipper · · Score: 1

      Is the teacher still hot?

    2. Re:A nightmare by myid · · Score: 2

      I sometimes have this nightmare: I haven't been attending a class that I'm signed up for. (Usually because I didn't know that I was signed up for it.) Since I'm so far behind in the class, I have to drop the class, and there's just a short time left to drop it. I'm frantically rushing to drop the class before the deadline, after which you can't drop the class.

      My friends have had the same kind of dream.

    3. Re:A nightmare by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

      I have it too.

      This makes me think that there really are subliminal messages fed to us through TV somehow, or maybe on the radio, and the people behind this grand experiment are reading this thread in not-so-quiet anticipation. Bastards.

    4. Re:A nightmare by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

      Given her age, lets hope for the sake of the auditors that she was at least wearing underwear.

      --
      Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
    5. Re:A nightmare by willworkforbeer · · Score: 1

      I had the same nightmare. About you. And you were indeed naked, as well as being Scarlett Johansson's hotter sister.

      Wait, how did we get on this topic again?

      --
      Pretending this is my office full of bitter coworkers..
    6. Re:A nightmare by KGIII · · Score: 1

      This is /. - they would have mentioned the erection.

      --
      "So long and thanks for all the fish."
  21. Other. by PopeRatzo · · Score: 1

    My PhD thesis defense was delayed for three years, but for a different reason:

    https://youtu.be/WeYsTmIzjkw

    --
    You are welcome on my lawn.
    1. Re:Other. by KGIII · · Score: 1

      I have an interesting story about him that I probably should not share and most certainly should not share under my moniker... However...

      I had a younger friend call me and ask if I had any good weed. I, of course, did. They wanted to share some "Maine Skunk" with this gentleman as he was doing a gig at Sunday River. It is a rather long drive but I meandered down and was rather kind. So this old man met Afroman and I am going to stop the story here. The first part I am absolutely positive will impact nobody other than myself (if anyone) but the rest is, most certainly, private and rather surreal. A good time was had by all, that is the important bit.

      --
      "So long and thanks for all the fish."
    2. Re:Other. by PopeRatzo · · Score: 1

      I have an interesting story about him that I probably should not share

      Since you seem to be a pretty forthcoming fella, let me ask you a question about your part of the country.

      My wife's been offered a position at UVM in Brunswick, VT. You have any opinion about quality of life there? I'm a little worried about New England winters, but I can't imagine it's much nastier than Chicago. It looks beautiful and the wife's an avid skiier. We're probably pretty close in age to you, maybe 3 or 4 years younger. I'm semi-retired and teach Chinese martial arts now. I'd hope to do the same up there, even if just casually.

      --
      You are welcome on my lawn.
    3. Re:Other. by KGIII · · Score: 1

      There are a lot of fake liberals there. I am not saying this with political motivations. Vermont is not as liberal as people think. They are, well, slow but the quality of life is good, the policing is lax, and the weather is probably a bit tamer actually as I have been to both in the winter.

      --
      "So long and thanks for all the fish."
    4. Re:Other. by PopeRatzo · · Score: 1

      There are a lot of fake liberals there.

      Having dealt with the Chicago "limousine liberal", I think I know what to expect.

      It doesn't really worry me. I can find decent people anywhere. Thanks for the heads up.

      --
      You are welcome on my lawn.
  22. Re:Gidwin in the summary by antiperimetaparalogo · · Score: 2

    - too bad we don't have some racist and sexist Slashdoter to claim that, even five years after Hitler was in power, a Jewish women could study in a university, while today a White men is denied even to enter because some Black women replace him thanks to racism and sexism...

    I...I think we just did have such a person.

    Really? That's great! Who is he? Let's make Godwin proud...

    --
    Antisthenes: "Wisdom begins by examining the words/names." - excuse my English, i am (slightly...) better with my Greek!
  23. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by phantomfive · · Score: 1

    Someone who systematically kills millions of people deserves a worse name than 'assholes.'

    --
    "First they came for the slanderers and i said nothing."
  24. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by bluefoxlucid · · Score: 1

    You see what I mean, folks? Assholes. They show up everywhere.

  25. Missing bits of information by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    What's missing from TFA is that she wasn't just a "normal doctor" but became the first professor for neonatalogy ever worlwide - in the German Democratic Republic (i.e. the socialist part of Germany at the time), where she had moved to from the US, being a socialist and afraid of persecution during the McCarthy period.

    1. Re:Missing bits of information by EmagGeek · · Score: 1

      "being a socialist and afraid of persecution during the McCarthy period."

      My, how things have changed...

  26. payback time by bugs2squash · · Score: 3, Funny

    She'll be at least 150 years old by the time she's paid off the student loans.

    --
    Nullius in verba
    1. Re:payback time by KGIII · · Score: 1

      She will pay that after she gets tenure at the same university. It will take a little longer though.

      --
      "So long and thanks for all the fish."
  27. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    What a load of steaming bull. Injustice is tightly tied to reality. Yes the individuals were responsible and are assholes - but you can't just white out the systemic and social side of things like it never happened. That is willful ignorance, that is choosing to be blind. People like you like to pretend hate crimes do not exist, ignore the effects of symbolic violence on entire groups of people, and in general make a fetish of "its just people, man". The injustice of a system that treats one group of people worse than another is more than just the result of individual actors - and you need to fight both the individual AND systemic side if you want to win.

  28. Old by nospam007 · · Score: 1

    "earned her medical degree from the old Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. "

    102 years old? Wow. But she wasn't so old when she earned her degree in the 'Old Women's Medical College'.

  29. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by tnk1 · · Score: 1

    You have obviously educated stupid brain. Four corner, 24 hr simultaneous days is truth. One-ness is demonic religion. Internet is always right, and also has four corners.

  30. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

    "Godwin right there in the summary - how often do you see that"

    Well up until today? Never. As of today? Still never.

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  31. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 4, Insightful

    When someone starts bombing civilians we have passed pretty clearly by the "ideological" into the "corporeal". I can guarantee you if ISIS / Al Queda were sitting in their corner of the world spouting their ideology at the top of their lungs we really wouldn't care. They are fair game not because of their ideology but because they go beyond having a belief, to trying to force it upon others with violence. It is the latter, and not the former, that absolutely makes it OK to wipe them out entirely. They have literally exclaimed that they will kill us if we don't kill them first, and then acted upon it. See the difference?

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  32. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

    True, but Bush was already taken :-)

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  33. Time scale by Livius · · Score: 1

    While the injustice was definitely egregious, the original injustice was not the reason for all 77 years of the 'delay'.

  34. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by KGIII · · Score: 1

    If I call him a Nazi am I invoking Godwin or telling the truth??? This is my paradox... That is not pair of docs, that is when you have two versions of the manual and no about.txt to figure out which version you have.

    --
    "So long and thanks for all the fish."
  35. Re:Gidwin in the summary by dave420 · · Score: 1

    Abject nonsense, you scared little man.

  36. Re:Gidwin in the summary by antiperimetaparalogo · · Score: 1

    Abject nonsense, you scared little man.

    You have a problem with shy retarded midgets?

    --
    Antisthenes: "Wisdom begins by examining the words/names." - excuse my English, i am (slightly...) better with my Greek!
  37. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Dog-Cow · · Score: 2

    Pedophilia is only bad because society decided it was bad. Before we decided it was bad, it wasn't. There's no proof that there is any psychological damage to children who engage in sexual acts with adults that isn't caused by how such children are treated by other adults, and how sex in general is treated. In other words, children feel violated because they are treated as having been violated. If you convince a child to eat an ice cream cone, we don't consider that abuse, even if they wouldn't have eaten it without your encouragement. It is only because we view sex as requiring some higher level of acquiescence that the idea of statutory rape can exist.

    Don't treat children as victims and they won't feel they are victims. Sex is physically-induced pleasure. Like a good massage.

  38. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    [...] you simply have to compare someone to a Nazi, or an idea to a Nazi idea [...]

    You know, that is actually something Joseph Goebbels used to do a lot.

  39. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Anonymous Coward · · Score: 1

    Godlost?

  40. Re:Gidwin in the summary by Tyrannicsupremacy · · Score: 1

    I'm a heterosexual male.

    --
    http://i.cubeupload.com/T6cyLu.png
  41. Sooo what you're saying is... by DarthVain · · Score: 1

    hate all religions equally?

  42. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

    I can only assume you are intentionally misdirecting the conversation. The U.S. has never declared war upon an entire nation or people, and then proceeded to target everyone including all civilians, women and children first if they can have it. Try not to be such an ass next time.

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  43. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

    No. Darth Vader is no different.

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  44. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Plumpaquatsch · · Score: 1

    When someone starts bombing civilians we have passed pretty clearly by the "ideological" into the "corporeal". I can guarantee you if ISIS / Al Queda were sitting in their corner of the world spouting their ideology at the top of their lungs we really wouldn't care. They are fair game not because of their ideology but because they go beyond having a belief, to trying to force it upon others with violence. It is the latter, and not the former, that absolutely makes it OK to wipe them out entirely. They have literally exclaimed that they will kill us if we don't kill them first, and then acted upon it. See the difference?

    Gee, are you trying to force your beliefs on me here? I see what you are doing there, problem is you don't.

    --
    Of course news about a fake are Fake News.
  45. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Plumpaquatsch · · Score: 1

    I can only assume you are intentionally misdirecting the conversation. The U.S. has never declared war upon an entire nation or people, and then proceeded to target everyone including all civilians, women and children first if they can have it.

    Yeah, they only kill them "by accident". Try not to be such an American next time.

    --
    Of course news about a fake are Fake News.
  46. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Zero__Kelvin · · Score: 1

    You are a complete idiot. The only belief I am going to "force upon you" is that if you announce intent to harm me, and it is clear that your words are not merely words but you instead have established a record of actually acting on such words, then you can expect I'll force my belief that you deserve to die right down your ignorant throat.

    ... and make no mistake about it, you are a seriously stupid douchebag.

    --
    Guns don't kill people; Physics kills people! - John Lithgow as Dick Solomon on Third Rock From The Sun
  47. Re:This wasn't delayed by injustice by Plumpaquatsch · · Score: 1

    You are a complete idiot.

    You are a complete Murkan. Fuck off and die painfully like all the innocent victims of American aggression. IOW HAND

    --
    Of course news about a fake are Fake News.